The American Submarine Fleet Suvora lives on the American Submarine Channels during the Other Light War. Submersible tubs type "T", Great Britain

At the rock of the Other light war baked battles were fought not only on land, but on the water, and even under it. Fighting submarines carried greatness to the enemy fleet. It was a great pardon to underestimate the potential of the new waters, as they were the ideal war machines.

1. T-type submersibles, UK

Combat submarines of the "T" type (Triton Class) were being prepared from Great Britain in the mid-1930s. A total of 53 freshmen were called, all of them took an active part in the other world. "Tritons" were not equal for the combat intensity of the midst of the WWII submarine soldiers. It was only a riddle about her that called out to the sailors fear. 11 torpedo salvos instantly sink the fortune-telling military cruiser. There were a few torpedo tubes and machine guns near the shrill nose of the nadbudov.

The British were among the first to equip the Tritons with the new ASDIC sonar. In an hour of war, English submarines went through a long battle path and won dozens of victories. "Tritons" fired up an active operation in the Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, sank a sprat of Japanese cruisers near the Pacific Ocean. Two submarines of type "T" near Murmansk ran into chotir and fortune-telling ships with thousands of soldiers on board. After the war, "Tritoni" stood on the British Navy until the 1970s.

2. Submarine channels type Gato, USA

American submarine cruisers of the “Gato” type entered the war of 1944 and suffered a lot of inaccuracies for the Japanese in the Pacific Fleet. "Gato" tightly cut off most of the naval approaches, the line connection and the link, in fact, leaving the Japanese army without reinforcements, and the countryside - without normal promiscuity. In the baked huts with American submarines, the imperial fleet has deployed two aircraft carriers, a sprat of cruisers and a sprat of dozens of destroyers.

Chovni, named in honor of the species of shark, are small garni moves like that of an arduous sight. On the "Gato" there were 10 torpedo tubes and a new radio technical equipment. The majestic autonomy of the navigation made it possible to launch flights from the Russian base in Hawaii to the Japanese coast without refueling. The very tightness of the submarines of the Gato type, the Americans knew how to win in the Pacific Ocean.

3. Submarine type "VII", Nіmechchina

One of the largest Russian submarines is not less than a watch of WWII, but the first in the entire history of the submarine fleet. Between 1935 and 1945, 703 Type VII submarines were produced. This underwater ship can rightfully be called the most efficient military ship in history. "Simki" ran all the time: aircraft carriers, cruisers, lincolns, destroyers, oil tankers and fly enemy aircraft. Zbitki in the form of German U-boots were not chuvani. Yakby the United States often did not compensate for the spending of the allies, then the German “simki” would have little to no real chance to strangle the English and Russian fleet and change the head of the war.

The success of the German serial submarines is simple - obviously cheapness, simplicity of construction, and even with this miracle, that massiveness. For statistics, on the cob of war on one German "Simka" in the middle, falling one opposite ship, the stench felt like practically indifferent rulers of the ocean. The situation has fundamentally changed, if the opponents of the German Empire saw the entire fleet of the German submarine fleet and began mass creation of powerful submarines.

Submarines of type "C", "Serednya" or "Stalinets" - the common name of a series of radyansky submarine vessels, which were developed in the period from 1936 to 1948. During the VVV period, 30 class “C” chovnіvs were victorious, but apparently a small number of combat vehicles could sink a lot of fortune-telling ships. There are 19 ships, 7 warships and 1 German submarine boat on the “Esok” rahunka.

Usyi had six torpedo launchers and stilts and spare shells on flail racks, two additional garnets and sprats of guns on board. "Eskі" also aroused good sea spirits. At the surface camp, the submarine could develop the speed of 20 knots, allowing it to overtake practically any fortune-telling convoy.

At the end of the war, the Soviet Socialist Republic needed a negaine settlement of the Pacific Fleet. For this bulk, about a hundred combat mini-submarines of the “M” or “Malyutka” series were induced, which could easily be transported across the country by pulls. Despite the small dimensions and the weakly visible fire (two torpedo launchers), the "Baby" small system of airborne armoring and, with a good command, could sink any kind of underwater vessel of the Third Reich.

From the other side, behind the words of the water workers, the service on Malyutki was a real nightmare. In the end, you should wash your mind, open spaces, post-yna "chatter". Not a skin sailor is instantly vitrimati such psychological and physical testing. The smallest misfortune on board the zdebіsh's submarine threatened the death of the entire crew. Prote for the rocky VVV submarines of the "M" series sank 61 ships and 10 warships.

Rating of nuclear submarines in Russia and the USA. Who is the strongest?
The Americans say that once a nuclear-free war Russian submarines will be charged for 12-15 decibels. Movlyav, use the stench of the galasli, they are easy to strike and sink with the greatest torpedoes and bombs. Chi tse bluff?

We urged the readers to take a bite at the deep sea of ​​the Light Ocean. I marvel: who is the strongest under the water - American submarines and Russian submarines. I who has a tighter armor. This year, military expert Colonel Mykhailo POLEGHAEV and observer of the "KP" Colonel Viktor BARANETS continue to balance the waters of the two superpowers.

Who makes more noise?

Mikhail Oleksandrovich, how many nuclear submarines do Russia and the USA have at the same time?

We only need submarines with ballistic missiles, right? In Russia, there are only 12 such formations, and the average “vіk” has 26 rokіv. Chovniv, which carry over 16 missiles, no. Well, the basis of the Russian fleet to become less than 6 submarine missile carriers of the project "Dolphin" (for the NATO classification Delta-IV). The United States has 18 Ohio-type submersibles, 4 of them are undergoing a mid-term repair and modernization. Leather choven carry 24 rackets.

The Americans say that once a nuclear-free war Russian submarines will be charged for 12-15 decibels. Movlyav, use the stench of the galasli, they are easy to strike and sink with the greatest torpedoes and bombs. Chi tse bluff?

Let's make the most of the underwater ship to fight yoga. To make noise all: mechanisms, outbuildings, gvinti and water that surrounds the hood. Noise in the dermal type of skin. Who first felt, having revealed, that win. And to show the first one who has the lowest level of noise and is sensitive for acoustics. Therefore, one of the main tasks of the underwater shipbuilding is the reduction of noise. The program for the development of atomic underwater channels is to build up the order of the most attainable advance in the range of manifestation and less noise. And in whom Americans have achieved success.

Ale superechki schodo "who is strong, who is weak" is theoretical. The correctness of this other side can be brought only by practice, tobto war (thu-thu!). At the same time, it is respectful for the peaceful minds of submarine ships to follow one by one and determine the characteristics of the “opponents”. For example, the American submarine chauvin type "Los Angeles" and the Russian "Pike" (for the American classification Victor-III) are approximately equal ships. The Americans are aware that "Pike" detects "Los Angeles" near deep water areas at a distance of 125 miles, and "Los Angeles" - "Pike" at a distance of 500 miles.

If you talk about Russian submariners, they often tell stories about those who, as if with their periscopes, hardly smell the sides of American ships, but you do not suspect anything.

Have you been? In the winter of 1996, the Russian embassy in London went to the command of the British Navy to help the sailor, who had undergone an operation on board the Pike. The new vine has peritonitis; "Pike" whimpered, the destroyer "Glasgow" fell, the yoga helicopter took the sick and delivered to the shore. The British ZMIs hung in unison: at that hour, when there were talks in London about the evacuation of the sick, at the Pivnichniy Atlantic, in the very area where the "Pike" was known, NATO's counter-maneuvers were taking place. However, the underwater choven was farther away than just one, if the wine itself had drained the camp near the surface of the water, in order to transfer the unfortunate sailor to the helicopter.

And how do you evaluate the technical ability of such nuclear submarines in the United States and Russia, how can they change at the ranks at once?

In tієї zh "Pike" є tsіlkom modern "ditincha" - "Pike-B". Riven її noisiness 4 - 4.5 times lower than the noise level of "matus". Here Russia navit outperformed the Americans. The range of the hydro-acoustic complex "Skat-3" increased in the same way as the American AN / BQQ-5.

In addition, on the new "Pikes" a system was installed for detecting underwater channels and ships of the enemy along the wake, which has no analogs of light, through a rich year after their passage.

On "Pikes" there is a unique system of steps, which allows you to read the following of fortune-telling lines. On the water!

Choven for a billion

What's ahead?

The basis of the submarine fleet of Russia until at least 2015 is to be laid down by Kalmari (which will be replaced by cruisers of the Yury Dolgoruky type) and Dolphins.

How does the nuclear fleet manage? Can you name the numbers?

For the life of "Dovgoruky" the treasury already spent close to a billion dollars. Under the hour you will get a figure of growth for a sprat of tens of millions. Leather "Bulava" - also a sprinkling of dozens of millions. That's up to 1.5 billion dollars for the versatility of the finished "Dovgoruky" zroste singsongly.

Please let me know. At the end of the last year, the Pivnichny and Pacific Fleets lost 12 nuclear-powered underwater missile cruisers from the combat warehouse. More "Dmitro Donsky" project 941 ("Shark"). The price of such a skin ship is about a billion dollars.

US Nuclear Fleet Why to teach Russia?

The United States, as the main superpower in the military life, gave priority to the military-sea forces and us in front of their nuclear missile depots, focusing on nuclear missile submarines up to 65 - 70% of the nuclear potential. Aje tse not just like that? Another one click. І on the new one to get evidence. Don't hesitate...

"Bulava" flew successfully

On the 18th of spring, the strategic submarine missile cruiser "Dmitro Donsky" conducted another test launch of the ballistic missile "Bulava". Yakshcho viriti official dzherelam, polit buv succesfull. Following the words of the assistant to the head committee of the Russian Navy, Igor Digalo, the launch of the underwater station in the waters of the White Sea.

The parameters of the trajectory are in the normal mode, - Digalo said. - The main blocks reached the testing ground "Kura", which was planted on the Kamchatka breeding island, 380 km on the breeding ground from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

The prote successful launch of the Bulavi does not open the way for a new subway line in the next hour. At the Headquarters of the Navy, KP correspondents were told that the missile would be accepted for launch in 2009.

Underwater chauvin "Flasher" without drowning the fortune-telling aircraft carriers or transporting with tanks, actively releases "blood of war" - naphtha - from the Japanese economy. Tsya submarine sank to the bottom of these tankers with a salvage tonnage of 50,581 GRT, which approximately equals the capacity of a thousand standard saloon tanks. For his career, Flasher did not take off his fighting ears, butit is possible and worthy not to be attacked by fortune-telling anti-terrorist ships, which have become a rare butt of success and high efficiency in sea warfare.

Submarines of the Gato type (in the translation from English - “cat shark”) and the most numerous submarines of the US military fleet hours in the Other light: the war took the fate of all 73 monies. The most famous American submarine “Flasher” (SS-249), which has a tonnage of sunk ships of 100,231 brt, belongs to this type (for the support of the Committee for Evaluation of the Army and Navy, JANAC).

Technical characteristics

The waterways of the Gato type were small in design, which was formed from two buildings. The inner hull of the Volodya was built with a high mіtsnіstyu, and the light, sound one was supplemented with a deck above the bud, which was small in the back and in front, the place was built with a rozrachunk for the installation of a harmat.

The inner hull of the chovn with a diameter of 4.9 m and a wall thickness of 14.3 mm at the horizontal plane is divided by water-tight bulkheads on the highest windows, leather from which is divided into the upper and lower sections. The conning tower was driven in nine times, fastened over the hull and received from it through the entrance hatch.

Between the hulls, ballast tanks were rolled out, designated for the safety of burying and merging of the underwater chute and combined into chotiri groups, which were small for the purpose.

The cisterns ensured that the cisterns were buried at a depth of up to 90 m.

"Flasher" near the surface of the Atlantic Coast of the USA, 4th leaf fall, 1943.
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Crew and yogo accommodation

To the warehouse of the regular crew of the submarine included 6 officers (captain, senior commissar, lieutenant and 3 junior officers), 5 senior non-commissioned officers and 49 sailors. The maximum possible number of crew was 85 osib. The officers lived in four cabins, roztashovanih at the upper section of the bow battery vіdsіku (captain, senior lieutenant and lieutenant - in single cabins, young officers in the triple cabin), senior non-commissioned officers - in the same place near the fifth cabin. The sleeping quarters of the sailors were arranged in three positions: 10 (for the rest 14) months - at the bow torpedo room, 36 - at the stern battery room, 15 - at the stern torpedo room. In normal minds, there were too many sleeping quarters on the chovni (nezdijsnennaya mriya for the submariners of other fleets!), and two shifts occupied more than two shifts for the maximum number of crew. So think about living, they were smart by the trivial term of patrolling, like they could lead submarines (for the project - up to 75 decibels).

Conditioning and regeneration repeat at the vіdsіkah

One of the main problems is the safety of the life of the underwater chovn and the support on the yogo board of the warehouse for food. For whom it is necessary:

• pіdtrimannya pіvnya sour (when falling yogo іvnya lower for the minimum allowable breath);
• pіdtrimannya equal to carbon dioxide (if the admissible level is exceeded, it becomes unsuitable for breathing);
• moisture control and temperature control to reduce sourness and increase the presence of carbon dioxide.

* - zastosovuєtsya for rozrahunkіv on trival chovnіv chovnіv under water

A separate regeneration system was stagnant on the underwater chandeliers of the hour of the Other Light Winter, which was formed from balloons with sour and by means of cleaning again in the presence of carbon dioxide, to the rest there were regeneration cartridges, which were used for electric suction machines. In addition, the system was zastosovuvaetsya, the principle of dії yakої gruntuvavsya on the building of regenerative installations for claying carbon dioxide and paris from time to time, seeing the sour at once. On the water distribution system, which ensured the safety of small submerged water bodies up to 48 years old, and the larger ones up to 72 years old, the regeneration plants did not save energy, they worked silently and could ensure the ship’s water rebooting by the term up to 15 days.

On the underwater channels of the Gato type, 37 containers with carbonic acid absorbent were poured for purification again from the carbon dioxide and vicor, and they were evenly distributed for the livestock. When reaching a chotirohpercentage level of CO2 concentration, the container was punished with a crack and a rozsipati equal absorbent ball on chotyroh legs, which is not enough to speed up the treatment of shkidlivy gas.

To increase the concentration of sour on a level of 17%, there were 11 sour balloons in the rivers: two in torpedo tanks and one in all others, including the conning tower.

"Flasher" at Pearl Harbor, April 1945. You can clearly see the emblem of the chovna and the twin 20-mm anti-aircraft gun.
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Energy plant

The diesel-electric installation of the Flasher underwater tank was made up of several General Motors diesel engines with an intensity of 5400 k.s. and electric motors General Electric 2740 k.s. The maximum wind speed at the surface position was 20.25 knots, at the underwater position - 8.75 knots. The maximum cruising range in the surface position was 11,800 miles with a speed of 10 knots, in a submerged position - 100 miles with a speed of 3 knots.

Restoration

The main weapons of the submarine were ten torpedo tubes of caliber 533 mm: six bow and two stern. The ammunition load consisted of 24 torpedoes: 10 in vehicles, 10 spare torpedoes at the bow torpedo port, 4 torpedoes at the stern torpedo port. In the course of the war, the Americans fired two types of torpedoes: the steam-gas Mk14 and the electric Mk18, built on the basis of the captured German torpedo G7.

Formally, the Mk14 is small in terms of technical characteristics compared to the Mk18, but it lost its track on water and, regardless of the number of reworks, it has a small low pressure. So, in the course of testing in 1943, ten torpedoes, thrown from a height of 27 m onto a steel plate, did not work on seven torpedoes. The operation revealed a number of shortcomings in the Mk18:

• borrowing water, which is seen by batteries;
• increase in the course of torpedoes at a lower temperature of the batteries in cold outboard water;
• weak tail plumage.

After the addition of Mk18 torpedoes, they became the most advanced in the American fleet: for the fates of the Other Light War, they sank 65% of the total number of enemy ships.

To control the torpedo firing, vicoristovuvavsya prilad calculus rate Torpedo Data Computer Mk.III, which allows you to calculate the kut zabobіgannya, whether it be from ten torpedo launchers okremo or for all shots.

127-mm star from the Flasher underwater chute in the Nautilus Park exposition (Groton, Connecticut).
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Artillery armoring for the project was formed from one 76-mm armored armored steel on the deck in front of the wheelhouse, as well as two 12.7-mm and two 7.62-mm machine guns, which were climbed in the middle for an hour. During the war, the 76-mm armor was replaced with a 127-mm armor, and the machine guns were replaced with a 40-mm Bofors armor and a paired 20-mm Oerlikon installation.

Sobi visual and radio technical manifestation

Diving channels of the Gato type were equipped with two periscopes (a small combat type Type 2 and a universal Type 3), as well as radar stations for monitoring the surface of the SD (until the end of the war it was replaced by SV) and the water space - SJ (since 1944 they were replaced by ST). Tsikavo, that all American radars, Crimean SD, could vikoristovuvatysya clear, that zanorivsya on the periscope clay. The presence of the radar essentially improved the ability of submarines to follow the fortune-telling convoys, and also improved their safety at the surface station, which was important for an hour of three-way crossings.

Submarines of the Gato type did not have a few visible technical characteristics, they were the prototypes of the outstanding shkoda for the Japanese military and civil fleet: ten of the leading American submarines for the sunk tonnage of the highest water class.

Service history

Submarine hull «Flasher» (SS-249) was laid down on 30 September 1942 at Electric Boat Co. shipyard. off Groton, Connecticut, launched 20 March 1943 and departed 25 September 1943. Lieutenant Commander Reuben Thornton Whitaker became the first commander.

Postal leaflet in honor of the launching of the underwater tub "Flasher".
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During the hour of Another light war, six total combat campaigns were carried out, spending 326 days at sea, and about 210-240 days without a break in the zone of active combat operations.

The results of the combat campaigns of the underwater shell "Flasher"

Pokhid							together
Trivality of the campaign, days
Warships sunk
Tonnage of sunken ships, t
Sunk transports
Tonnage of sunk transports, brt
Tankers sunk
Tonnage of tankers sunk, gt
Poshkodzhenі ship
Tonnage of small vessels, gross weight				no data

* - including 34 days near the zone of active combat operations

In the minds of the military hour, the terms of the combat training of the submarine were even stiffer. Already in the twenties of the leaf fall of 1943, the fate of the chauvin began the transition from New London to the combat zone. She arrived at Pearl Harbor on 15 September, and on September 6, 1944, she had her first combat expedition.

Fighting ensign of the underwater chovna "Flasher".
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First trip (6 September - 29 February 1944)

As a method of the first military campaign, there was a patrolling of the water area near the islands of Mindoro and Luzon, as they enter the warehouse of the Philippine archipelago. Its combat fireworks "Flasher" was already on the 18th of September, torpedoing for 140 miles on the approach-aircraft approach to the island of Minamitori, the ship "Yoshida Maru" with a tonnage of 2921 gross tons, which was victorious by the Japanese like a gunboat.

On the 5th of the fierce, having arrived at the combat patrol area, the submarine sank the Japanese army transport "Taishin Maru" with a tonnage of 1723 brt 60 miles away from Mindoro.

On the 14th of the fierce underwater battle, having torpedoed the battle of the island of Luzon, the army transport “Minryo Maru” and the tanker “Hokuan Maru” (tonnage - 2193 and 3712 brt per day) were torpedoed. After the completion of the patrol "Flasher" arrived for repairs to the Australian port of Fremantle, which became the base for all offensive campaigns.

Another trip (4 April - 28 May 1944)

The method of another campaign was patrolling near the Pivdenno-Chinese Sea, saving French Indo-China. Tsikavo, that the ships that went under the ensign of the formally neutral French state, more like Vichy France, became victims of the underwater line in another campaign. The French sukhovantage "Song Giang Go" with a tonnage of 1065 brt became the first victim of the underwater hull, a kind of "Flasher" torpedoed 29 April five miles from the misa Varella (the ship sank the next day).

Having run out of a dry-ship, the submarine continued to save money and on April 30 in the area of ​​Hainan Island sank the French gunboat Tahure, after which it headed for Phillipini. On May 3, 300 miles away from the misu Varella, she sank the Japanese transport "Teisen Maru" with a tonnage of 5050 brt, and a few days later, near the island of Mindanao, she sank the transport "Aobasan Maru" with a tonnage of 8811 brt. It is important to say why, for another hour, the Americans did not finish the torpedoing of the ship. Possibly, it became possible through the marriage of combat dosvіdu, or in the aftermath of the fortune-telling of the protichovnov defense.

Underwater choven "Flasher". The photo was edited at the hour of the Other Light War.
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Third march (19 chervnya - 7 serpny 1944)

Under the hour of the third military campaign "Flasher" in the patrol of the Pivdenno-Chinese Sea near the warehouse "Vovchoy zgra" together with the lines "Angler" (SS-240) and "Crevalle" (SS-291). At the first stage of the "Flasher" there was only one: 28 chervnya vyn having detected a convoy of thirteen vessels on the evacuation route from Singapore, and 29 chervnya attacked yoga in the surface position. The Americans managed to sink the transport Niho Maru with a tonnage of 6079 brt and destroy the tanker Notoro. The transport “Koto Maru” with a tonnage of 9557 gross tons became the attacking victim of the underwater chute, sinking twelve miles on the pivnich from the misa Varella.

One of the two most important attacks by the Flasher on 19 July 1944, torpedoed the Japanese cruiser Oi with a water tonnage of over 5,000 tons. For some tributes, it was 280 miles from Varella, for others - 570 miles from Hong Kong on the way to Manila. Attacks on cruisers were carried out in comfortable minds, shards through problems with Oi machines collapsed with a total of 12 knots. Before the first hour of the attack, "Flasher" launched a couple of torpedoes, two of which were sunk into the left side of the cruiser. The vibukhs brought to the flooding of the fire and the flooding of the bow engine compartments with water, the ship took off the roll on the left side and spent the head.

The cruiser destroyer "Shikinami", having tried to attack the "Flasher", had no success: the submarine didn't take any damage, but in the past, in its history, it was called for a second attack. Two years later, after the first attack, an underwater vessel from a distance of 3 km fired more torpedoes at the cruiser. Behind the American tributes, one of them vibrated in the area of ​​the forward engine port on the left side, behind the Japanese - all the torpedoes passed later, and the vibe, which had torpedoed the cruiser, stood in the middle of it. So chi іnakshe, “Oi” sank in two years, and the honor of the yogo sinking, without a doubt, belongs to the underwater shell of “Flasher”.

Japanese cruiser "Oi".
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The first attack of the submarine “Vovchoy Zgray” was carried out in the night from 25 to 26 limes against the Japanese convoy on the exit from the island of Luzon. The victims of the Flasher submerged tanker were the tanker "Otorisan Maru" (for other tribute - "Otorijama Maru") with a tonnage of 5280 gross tons and the transport "Tosan Maru" (with further tribute - "Tozan Maru") with a tonnage of 8666 gross tons. At his third trip, the chauvin of the decks was active, but already on the 7th sickle, the bov zmusheniya will turn to Fremantle, hitting all the torpedoes.

Fourth march (Serp 30 - Zhovt 20, 1944)

At the first stage of the fourth combat campaign, "Flasher" joined the water lines "Hawkbill" (SS-366) and "Becuna" (SS/AGSS-319) in ryatuvav American pilots, zbitih pіd potryanyh naliotіv on Filippіni. Vtіm, tse did not bother you to sink the Japanese auxiliary cruiser Saigon Maru with a water tonnage of 5350 tons on the 18th of spring in the Manilsk Bay.

Naprikintsі spring - on the cob of zhovn choven deyav near the island of Luzon, on 27 spring having sunk the transport "Ural Maru" (tonnage - 6374 gt) and having sunk the tanker "Tachibana Maru", and on the 4th day having sunk the transport "Taibin Maru" (tonnage - 6886 gt) ). After the arrival of the ship at Fremantle, a change of command took place: on August 31, Lieutenant Commander George William Grider became a captain, having previously served as a senior assistant on the submarine "Hawkbill".

Fifth departure (15 leaf fall 1944 - 2 September 1945)

Under the command of Grider "Flasher", which together with "Hawkbill" and "Becuna" to the warehouse of the new "Vovchoy Grass", having created his most successful flight. The method of the campaign was patrolling in the Pivdenno-Chinese Sea on the way to the island of Luzon and saving French Indo-China.

The first victim of the “Zgra” was a convoy of many Japanese tankers and escort ships, attacks by the submarine ship “Hawkbill” and attacks by the submarine ship “Flasher” on 4 December 1944, approximately 275 miles from Manili. Under the hour of the first attack "Flasher" from a distance of 1650 yards by launching a couple of torpedoes behind the destroyer "Kishinami". Judging by the report about the five combat trips of the Flasher submarine boat on September 3, 1945, two hits in the area of ​​the engine room of a Japanese ship were reported. For Japanese tribute, at once with the destroyer, Yogo commander and 90 crew members perished. After the strike on the destroyer "Flasher" I launched two torpedoes from the stern vehicles on the tanker "Hakko Maru" (the report indicated that I would burn strongly on the Japanese ship). Try the ship's escort and attack the American chauvin to no avail. Having rechecked, "Flasher" drained in the evening of the same day and finished off with a torpedo that the tanker was on fire.

The attack became even greater in the distance, carried out on 22 December for 250 miles to save V'etnam. The day before, the submarine detected a convoy of five Japanese tankers, which were at the escort of the destroyer and three patrol ships, and after a thirteenth time it attacked from a surface station for 11 miles on a water landing in the Ba Lang An Missile. During the first attack, "Flasher" fired three torpedoes from bow tubes at the lead and other tankers, judging by the report, making two hits on the skin of them. In the course of another attack, the chauvin fired chotiri torpedoes from the stern boats on the third tanker, which vibrated and sank. Defying the attack, "Flasher" successfully shrugged off a Japanese destroyer: for American tributes, chauvin was not detected by the enemy. The victims of the attack were tankers Omurosan Maru (9204 GRT), Otowasan Maru (9204 GRT) and Arita Maru (10238 GRT). On the 2nd of the night, the chauvin turned to Fremantle. At the report on September 3, 1945, the fighting spirit of the її crew was assessed as "already tall", the purity of the ship - yak "viklyuchna", technical mill - yak “Better for good, for the wine of the head engine No. 3”.

Tanker "Otowasan Maru".
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Sixth trip (September 29 - April 3, 1945)

The least productive became the first and, as it appeared, the rest of the fighting campaign, which was significantly affected by the decrease in the activity of Japanese merchant shipping, and also, the change in the number of potential targets. At the patrolling of the Pvdenno-Chinese Sea "Flasher" 21 fierce firing from the deck artillery of the Japanese transport vessel (name, type and water capacity unknown), and 25 fierce near Hainan Island torpedoed the transport "Koho Maru" (tonnage - 850 brt). After the completion of the patrol, the chauvin was not at Fremantle, but at Pearl Harbor, the stars on April 7 were sent to the US coast for major repairs.

The Riddle of Somogocampaign

For some tributes, turn around until the end of the war "Flasher" already did not catch. For the rest - on 15 September 1945, the fate of the viishovs by the sea, ale, having reached the island of Guam, having repented of the order to send their family away from the link with the end of the war.

"Flasher" is getting ready for the next military campaign, June 24, 1945.
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For tribute, for reference in the official history of the chovna, on March 16, 1946, the won was written off and included in the warehouse of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. On January 1, 1959, rock її was excluded from the maritime register, and on May 31, 1963, rock was sold for evil.

Underwater choven "Flasher". The photo was edited after Another World War.
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The Americans respected for the impossibility of simply rozrazat the ship's merits, three awards of the president and awards of six stars. A battlehouse and a deck-mounted harmonic installation of a bollard in the middle of an underwater chute and installed as a memorial near Nautilus Park (Groton, Connecticut).

Cutting of the underwater chute "Flasher". Svitlin 1991 rock.
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At the sight of sisterships, underwater chauvin "Flasher" without sinking aircraft carriers or transporting with tanks, actively letting out "blood of war" - naphtha - from the Japanese economy. Vaughn ruled at the bottom of these tankers with a salable tonnage of 50581 brt, which approximately equals the capacity of a thousand standard saloon tanks. For his career, "Flasher" did not take away the combat opportunities, but perhaps not be attacked by fortune-telling enemy ships, becoming a rare butt of success and high efficiency in the sea war.

Dzherela and Literature:

1. Magazine "Marine collection" №6 for 2009 рік
2. U.S.S. FLASHER (SS249) – Report of Fifth War Patrol
3. navsource.org
4. pacific.valka.cz

For example, in the 1930s, the world saw the approach of war. For the first time America, madly, could not get away. Therefore, we can look at all types of American mid-water chovnіv, as if the United States was ahead of the war.

Underwater chauvin R-6 (SS-83).

Tipi R ta "Barracuda"(type R - 17 pcs.; type Barracuda - 3 pcs.: Barracuda, Bass, Bonita)

Two of the oldest and most recent types of American submarine chovniv, the stinks were in combat formation until the middle of 1942. They were victorious for patrolling the Skhidny shore and protecting the Panama Canal, and then they were reclassified to the main units.

Launching of submarine S-5. Portsmouth Navy Yard 11/10/1919.

Type S(type S - 36 pcs.)

The type S chandeliers were the oldest of the American underwater chandeliers, as they took the fate of the Other Light War. The stench was called to the “first line” not as a good life, but to the one who did not hang out fighting cloaks, to close all areas, where they straightened the cloaks for patrolling. In principle, there were other straight lines - the Aleutian and Solomon Islands.

Structurally, type S is a development of type R in the period of the First Light, three times a larger analogue (900 tons, 5000 miles of range) of the German underwater vessel type VIIA. Chovni were divided for the Atlantic with a radius of dії.

American chauvin type "S" (S-20) at the Panama Canal. Photo of the 1920s.

Submarine S-1 with on-board hydraulics.

In the 1920s, the marine theorists of the rich krai sveta rozmirkovuvaly about the dossilin_nіnіnіn_nіnіnіnі podvdnih chnіvnі light rozvіdіvіnі aeroplanіv. Not passed tsia hvil and American submariners. At 1923. underwater chauvin S-1 (SS-105, born in 1918) with a cylindrical deck hangar. A special selection biplane Martin MS-1 was based on the shell. Testing did not reveal whether there were any advantages of an underwater chovn with hydrolithic, further experiments were directly pinned to it.

Argonaut(Argonaut - 1 pc.)

Having once again perekonatisya in the correctness of the order "The best is the enemy of the good," the Americans shrugged off the U-140 trim with a minimum of U-117. On the newly designed chovnі, two small pipes were put in the stern, and 30 min each skin. As a result, the light appeared the first and the last in the American submarine fleet, the SS-166 "Argonaut", the fleet's buildings at the quarter 1928 of the Portsmouth Navy Yard.

Underwater choven "Argonaut".

A special mini Mk-10 mod.II was made for the chute, and two six-inch garnets were placed on the deck. With a submerged water tonnage of 4164 tons, the vessel was the largest in the American fleet before the advent of nuclear submarines. Reconstruction - 4 torpedo launchers in the nose of 16 torpedoes (for the remainder of the modification of the American underwater vessels of the oceanic class, yak made war, - "Tench" with a submerged water tonnage of 2428 tons carried 24 torpedoes or 40 min).

"Argonaut" was a development of the "Baracuda" type and was specially designed for operations near the Pacific Ocean. Vaughn was conceived as an oceanic vinischuvach of trade and an hourly explorer from a sailboat on board that great swimming radius. For an idea, such a ship, during a general battle, could go ahead of the line forces and at once put the mine out of town on the path of the enemy. As a result, the middle building was drenched in water. Under the water, the chauvin was carefully managed, and not in a moment did you see the planned speed. In the wake of the SS-166, it was necessary to find the worst of the average of all American sub-seasons of the pre-war period - 14/8 nodes (deputy of 21 planned). To finish about the underwater mines, you can show that you won a recent combat trip and turned back to the base in 1942 with a planned autonomy of 90 days. Chauvin did not put her own mini in her fighting minds, but after the first campaign, they won at the transport operations. Numerical changes in specialization were reflected in changes in side numbers: V-4, A-1, SM-1, APS-1. The most beautiful side in the biography of a recent minzag was the raid on the Makin Atoll near Serpni 1942.

Having sunk the choven near the Coral Sea on the way to Rabaul, sinking by the Japanese destroyers "Akizuki", "Hamakaze" and "Yukikaze" from the warehouse guard the convoy, if you try to attack the transport. Imovirno, for my service, the speed is small and the noise of the American underwater cruiser minzagu is great. It became 01/10/1943.

Submarine "Argonaut", crafted in light gray colors of peacetime (Standard Navy Gray). Near the district, the ice commemorated the pre-war writing V4.

Type "Narwhal"(type Narwhal - 2 pcs.: Narwhal, Nautilus)

The idea of ​​a cruising ship took off its further development in the submarine SS-167 "Narwhal", which took off until May 15, 1930. Vaughn spent min pipes, then 2 TAs were added, the torpedo stock increased to 24 units, the speed increased by 3 units. There were 9 underwater cruisers in the Americans, and all the stench appeared not far away, absolutely not correcting the calm hopes, as if they had relied on them for the first hour of everyday life. Two channels of the “Narwhal” type were only three well-detailed models in a pair of 4 forward channels of type V. As well as other V-rings, the stench was great, more important and important kerirovaniem, although they were small and three more improved operational strength of the bone (17 knots) with three water tonnage (2915t). As in the front chovniv, their diesel engines never reached the stunned tightness, and the hulls tormented the crews with constant overruns.

Underwater chauvin "Nautilus" (V-6) with an unconventional silhouette - a raised deck in the middle part of the ship. With its water tonnage close to 3000 tons, it was the largest submarine in the United States until the appearance of a one-dimensional nuclear vessel in 1954.

At the rocks of the war "Narwhal" and "Nauyilus" were victorious for different tasks. Chovni passed through the fire, they were given 4 torpedo launchers each. Two additional devices were placed in the nose, and two - in the midsection area (the stench was oriented backwards for shooting in the stern).

Narhal fought 5 combat patrols, having sunk 6 prophetic vessels. SS-168 "Nautilus" sank 5 ships in 5 patrols. After that, Nautilus joined the S-166 Argonaut, transporting naval infantry to Makin, and at the same time, from Narwhal, flying a landing party to Attu. Because of this insult, the chovni were victorious only in special transport operations from the transportation of vantages to the Philippine partisans. On the cob 1945 offended chovni was placed in reserve. In total, for the fates of the war, Narhal made 15 military campaigns, Nautilus - 14.

Dolphin(Dolphin - 1 pc.)

Recognizing the obvious failure in the design of the remaining 6 sub-seasons, the US Navy tried to cardinally review its installations for the design. The back of the SS-159 "Dolphin" was designed as a type V (V7) chergovina, but in the world the "Batkivsky" project index was changed to D1. With a water tonnage of 1560 tons, wines may be smaller than Narwhal, but not the same with approximately the same swedish indications. Smaller in size "Dolphin" is more manoeuvrable and easy to manage.

The idea of ​​the project as a whole was productive, but, unfortunately, on the level of the technologies of the 1930s, the United States was unable to induce middle-age developments without sacrificing the project's sustenance. When the Dolphin was folded, the designers changed the radius of the dії (9000 miles) ahead of us, and the hull had a chance to loosen the hull, which could change the muddy mud.

For example, in the 1930s, the underwater chauvin "Dolphin" was turned into a black color. At the rocky vіyni choven vikonav 3 combat patrols, and after victoristovuvavsya like a chief. For example, another military campaign to the coast of Japan showed a serious turn of the solarium on the chovni. At the turn of the hour, Commander Mash Morton worked out the plan, as if with a zustrichi from the enemy, vryatuvat team, and then pidirvati chauvin at once with the Japanese. The plan was called "deathtrap" (deadly pasta), but, fortunately, it didn't come to fruition until its implementation.

Being approximately the same rozmіrіv, scho and the main chant of military fates Gato, Dolphin did not reveal himself in combat events, and after three unsuccessful campaigns of translations at the navchalnі chnі.

Submarine CI "Cachalot" (SS-170) has an unmodernized look (like a bula was launched).

Type "Cachalot"(Cachalot type - 2 pcs.: Cachalot, Cuttlefish) The SS-170 "Cachalot" (V8, CI) and SS-171 "Cuttlefish" (V9, C2) ducts became a further test for the release of small light underwater ducts for wokry in the Pacific Ocean. With 1170 tons of water tonnage, the stench appeared smaller, lower to the Dolphin class, and blew up in front of the front in rich parameters. The constructive features of the chovniv were shaped by their swedish, but true, with an additional radius of diy. I, zreshtoyu, for the combat parameters of the new chovni appeared to be more equivalent to the front class "Dolphin". Obviously, their range of 12,000 miles did not allow a person to leave Pearl Harbor, patrol the coast of Japan and turn back.

Vіdmіnnoy soblivіstyu type has become a wide variety of zvaryuvannya, especially in the constructions of the military building and smelting tanks. The windings, especially those of the heavy tanks, were significantly higher, lower in the front ones. (For example, for 30 days of initial trips in 1941, Narwhal spent 20,000 gallons of paliva through a winding). Moreover, what was more expensive for spending, a commemorative trace of naphtha smelting was reaching for the chute, which made it easy to reveal the submarine of the anti-aircraft aviation. If you want, in a flash, zastosuvannya zvaryuvannya type C can be entered into a number of dotsilnym: it allowed to reduce the power of the greater mentality. And the problem of hermetic sealing has been eliminated in the future.

Initial underwater platform SS-171 "Cuttlefish". Photo 11/15/1943.

The initial submarine chauvin SS-170 "Cachalot". Photo 05/31/1944. When modernizing in the sides, it was added to open, in order to increase the tightness of the zanurennya.

Another important innovation was the installation of TDC (Torpedo Data Computer) on the channels. This is a mechanical analog controller, which automatically sets the mark, viperedzhennya and the depth of the torpedoes for the data, transferred from the place to the torpedo gyroscope. With these two innovations, the American fleet for a few years outperformed the fleet fleets of the world.

Chovna of type C appeared to be small for a real winchester in the Pacific Ocean. Having made three mayzhe unsuccessful battle trips (one failed tanker) submerged lines From the boulevard they were transferred to the head quarters.

Type R(Type P - 10 pieces: Perch, Permit, Pickerel, Pike, Plunger, Pollack, Pompano, Porpoise, Shark, Tarpon) chovnіv type P the American submarine fleet, having begun the development of a new line of submarine chovnіv, as if perfecting the series from series to series (so do not take two small channels of M to respect) led the way to the military series “Gato” and ended in 1951r. strings like "Tang". In por_vnyannі s type Z the increase in water tonnage of claves is 140t, which as a result has increased to a water tonnage of 1310t. The stench was on the 8th day, which became the 92nd day. Speed ​​increased to 19 knots within a radius of 10,000 miles.

Submarine strings of this type were victorious with a stretch of the battlefield. From Pearl Harbor to the cob 1944r. they were overpowered in combat operations. Chotiri from ten hours P was spent under an hour of fighting. The Ukrainians who survived the war, made about 8 combat campaigns of the skin, and only SS-178 "Permit" went on combat patrol 14 times.

Submarine SS-172 "Porpoise". Photo 07/20/1944.

The Stingray choven is a typical modification of the 1942 Salmon / Sargo choven. Sounds of innocence: sighting maydanchik on the scar, reports SD or S J radar, two additional torpedo tubes on the nose.

Salmon/Sargo type(Salmon type - 4 pcs: Salmon, Seal, Snapper, Stingray; Sargo type - 10 pcs: Sargo, Saury, Sculp in, Seadragon, Sealion, Searaven, Seawolf, Spearfish, Squalus/Sailfish, Sturgeon)

After the successful Type P, the American Navy praised the decision about the correction of the shipbuilding program for the minds of the crisis. Added up to 6 chnіv Salmon type and then 10 chnіv Sargo type. Type «Salmon» was a newer variant of chovn_v type R. New chovn were built (94m) and bigger (1450t). At the same time, the designers were able to increase their speed by 1 vuzol, both on the surface and under water (20/9 vozlіv). Doubled battery capacity doubled the underwater range up to 85 miles. To reduce the offensive tension of the Salmon hulls, they were equipped with a pair of additional torpedo launchers (on the Batkiv type P, two torpedo launchers were installed on the front of the ship). The stock of torpedoes was 24 torpedoes. During the modernization on the SS-186 "Stingray" 2 torpedo launchers were installed, increasing the total number of launch vehicles to 10 - the number, like Lockwood and yogo pribіchniki, was considered the minimum necessary for a daily underwater line.

All the way away from the bagats of the type "Salmon", prote, suffering from one fatal design flaw. Ventilation hatch, through which the supply of fresh air to strong diesel engines was vented, curling up insufficiently. Incidents with the help of automatics were trawled on the SS-185 Snapper and SS-187 Sturgeon, and the indication at the central post was also in order. And the axis "Squalus" sunk (the history of yoga is described more), 23 individuals perished. This defect was, in principle, easily swallowed, but the reputation of the underwater parts of the “Salmon” type was destroyed. Irrespective of their unpopularity among the seafarers, men of this type were actively victorious in the fates of the war. Like the ranks of type P, more of them killed more than 8 combat campaigns. Vynyatkom є choven "Stingray", a victor in 16 military campaigns - the leader of the middle US submarines.

Underwater chauvin "Sculpin", which already guessed in the story about the death of the chauvin "Squalus". Sign 05/01/1943, before the death of the chovna, 6.5 months.

Submarine SS-182 "Salmon". Photo 1938.

Tambor type(Tambor type - 12 pcs.: Gar, Grampus, Grayback, Grayling, Grenadier, Gudgeon, Tambor, Toutog, Thresher, Triton, Trout, Tuna)

T-type boats have become the next logical step in the evolution of American submarines. The 12 Tambor-type chandeliers reduced the impact force (10 torpedo launchers) while retaining the design features of the Salmon-class hulls. In this rank, the stench was a long time ochіkuvani fleet of chins. The submarines were to reach far-reaching, to reach the shores of Japan, and to reach the strong, to fight such a far-off enemy of your shkodi. Possessed by TDC, the troops could successfully interact with surface forces. Ale ... Take on the construction of qi chovni, the stonework under the water forces was stunned and it was good enough for the selection of two obviously not far off, who are not invested in the strategic concept of zastosuvannya, small underwater chovnі M. dії obviously did not hang out.

Underwater chauvin "Gar" leaving Pearl Harbor 05/31/1944. have their own 12 combat patrols. Choven ozbroєny 5 "/25ca1 zbroєyu.

Submarine SS-201 "Triton" photographed at the exit from Dutch Harbor in early 1942.

Tambor became the last underwater barns, accepted for rebuilding until the ear of war. With an ear of battlefield stinks, they represented the main striking force, docks from the end of 1942. new submarines of the “Gato” type began to be pressed. The proteges of T continued to serve at the first line for the remainder of 1944, after which it was transferred to the head center and other straight lines. Of the 12 T-type ships, 7 were lost. The SS-199 "Toutog" ship was the leader in the number of shipwrecks and ships sunk.

Type M(Type M - 2 pcs.: Mackerel, Martin) D. Inright's book says: “Navigation at sea was carried out on board American submarine vessels - Mackerel (SS-204) or Marlin (SS-205). Here are the new small submarines of the US Navy from the most recent possessions. Your radius did not allow victors to be trained in military campaigns near the Pacific Ocean, but the stench was entirely suitable for training that training. The training was carried out at the Long Island protoci. The destroyers based in Newport served as "targets".

Tipi "Gato", "Balao" and "Tanch"(Gato type - 54 pieces: Albacore, Amberjack, Angler, Barb, Bashaw, Blackfish, Bluefish, Bluegill, Bonefish, Bream, Cavalla, Cero, Cobia, Cock, Cod, Corvina, Croaker, Dace, Dorado, Drum, Finback, Flasher, Flier, Flounder, Flying Fish, Gabilan, Gato, Greenling, Grouper, Growler, Grunion, Guardfish, Gunnel, Gurnard, Haddo, Haddock, Hake, Halibut, Harder, Herring, Hoe, Jack, Kingfish, Lapon, Mingo, Muskallunge , Paddle, Pargo, Peto, Pogy, Pompon, Puffer, Rasher, Raton, Ray, Redfin, Robalo, Rock, Runner, Sawfish, Scamp, Scorpion, Shad, Silversides, Snook, Steelhead, Sunfish, Tinosa, Trigger, Tullibee, Tunny , Wahoo, Whale

Balao type - 120 pcs.: Archerfish, Aspro, Atule, Balao, Bang, Barbero, Batfish, Baya, Becuna, Bergall, Besugo, Billfish, Blackfin, Blenny, Blower, Blueback, Boardfish, Bowfin, Brill, Bugara, Bumper, Burrfisli , Caberon, Cabrilla, Caiman, Capelin, Capitaine, Carbonero, Carp, Catfish, Charr, Chivo, Chopper, Chub, Clamagore, Cobbler, Cochino, Corporal, Crevalle, Cubera, Cusk, Dentuda, Devilfish, Diodon, Dogfish, Dragonet, Entemedor , Greenfislt, Guavina, Guitarro, Hackleback, Halfbeak, Hammerhead, Hardhead, Hawkbill, Icefish, Jallao, Kraken, Lamprey, Lancetfish, Ling, Lionfish, Lizardfish, Loggerfish, Macabi, Manta, Mapiro, Menhaden, , Perch, Picuda, Pintado, Pipefish, Piper, Piranha, Plaice, Pomfret, Queenfish, Quillback, Redfish, Roncador, Rouquil, Rozorback, Sabolo, Sablefish, Sandlance, Scabbardfish, Seacat, Seadevil, Seadog, Seafox, Sea Owl, Sea Peacher, Sea Robin, Segundo, Sennet , Skate, Spadefisli, Cutlass, Diablo, Irex, Medregal, Odax, Pomodon, Quillback, requin, Runner, Sea Le opard, Sirago, Spinax, Tench, Thornback, Tirante, Togo, Torsk, Trutta)

Submarine SS-212 "Gato", which gave the name to the whole type. Photo 11/29/1944.

Submarine choven "Barb" 20 worms, 1942. Chovni, prompted by Electric Boat Co., were shocked by the shape and opening at the light hull.

Underwater choven “Scabbardfish” is a typical choven of the “Gato” type of the latest release series. Withdrawal before the first combat campaign 05/30/1944.

Chauvin SS-249 "Flasher", the leader in sunk tonnage in the American submarine fleet. Photo 4.11.1943.

The first type of "Gato" type was the submarine SS-228 "Drum", which was delivered to the Navy warehouse on 11/1/1941, and at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, only "Gato" entered the battlefield. Vaughn became the first of 73 new chovnіv of this type, zamovlenyh in 1940. and became the main chunami of the United States in the war. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, 132 more shells similar to the Balao type were covered.

Gato has become a larger version of the outdated Tambor series. The prices were 350 tons more (1825 tons) and 1.2 m deep (92 m). Most of the transcendental vag fell on fully equipped diesel engines and batteries. Other changes hit the living quarters (for example, there were more tanks for fresh water).

The Balao type is rather close to Gato and sometimes does not look like an okremy type. There were two main features: first, a number of hull elements were made more technologically advanced for serial production, in another way, the power elements of the hull were redesigned for a greater pressure, which allowed the hull to be 100 feet higher, at a time - 400 feet. Chovni were even more popular and more than once brought their high vitality.

"Gato" took away from them all the burden of war from 1942. and to the end. Of the 73 ships received to the Navy depot, one (SS-248 "Dorado") was sunk in the Caribbean Sea by an American aircraft on the way to the Panama Canal and 18 were wasted in the Pacific Ocean as a result of the opposition. The most famous ships, the names of which became famous in the rocky wars, were underwater ships of the Gato type - SS-249 Flasher (a ship that leads in sinking tonnage), SS-220 Barb, SS-215 Growler, SS -236 "Silversides", SS-237 "Trigger", SS-238 "Wahoo" and a lot of other ones, which didn't take enough to get to the top of the group.

In the photo above: the underwater chauvin "Growler" at the fierce fate of 1943 got stuck with Japanese transport. On the photo of 05/05/1943, after the first repair, it is necessary to go for testing.

Three of 22 sea lions, vryatovanyh chin Tang under the hour of his other patrol. Ryatuval operation in the area of ​​Truk Island, April 1944.

Three 132 “Balao” chants on the remaining 10 chants were canceled at the end of the war, 21 chovens were at the stage of combat training and did not take part in combat actions. The remaining 101 submarines took part in the battles from Japan. Most of them have entered into a battle of greatness, in order to achieve a lot of military campaigns and achieve significant results. For this plan, the SS-304 Seahorse and SS-306 Tang became the culprit. 10 parts of the Baloo type were used.

For example, 134 channels of the Tench type were built. Ale, before the end of the combat days, they were able to launch only 30, of which 11 were able to complete the combat training and go to the battlefield. Joden choven type "Tench" intrusions buv.

Characteristics of American underwater chandeliers Other light war

Chovna cabin "Dolphin" (type N). Tsya felling of a light gray-blakite color of a typical pre-war invasion of American submarines. You can clearly see two radio antennas from the sides of the cabin.

Three photographs (1 above and 2 below) show the deckhouse of the submerged boat "Bashaw" from the other sides, moored to its mother ship, Brisbane, 9 September 1944. To put respect on the hatch for maintenance of the deck armor in the forward part of the cabin and TVT, mounting at the box-shaped sponson along the side of the cabin (replacement of the bow or stern edge, as it was practiced to sound). "Bashaw" was made for one of two gray-black camouflage schemes adopted from the red 1944. Imovirno, the scheme of Measure 32 / 3SS-B is light.