I in succession to the throne, and in the preparation of reforms. The half-brother of Peter the Great for 6 years of rule (from 1676 to 1682) began richly from what the emperor of All Russia successfully completed. Fall of the Russian throne Fedir Oleksiyovich Romanov was born in the capital in 1661.

The court of the tsar, who was nicknamed the Quietest for his kind character, with Mary Miloslavskaya appeared rich in recessions: five blue daughters were born to her friend. Ale, all the naschadki were not disturbed by my health. Three blues died in childhood. At Ivan Oleksiyovich, the youngest of the children of Tish, the doctors diagnosed Rozum's disease.

The monarch put all his hopes on Fedor, who is sensible and loves science. Ale and wine appeared unhealthy: the tsar’s ailment for scurvy, walking, spiraling on a chick, and rarely climbing out of the palace. The blessing of Fyodor Oleksiyovich fell on the shoulders of Simeon Polotsky - a philosopher, theologian, poet and playwright, who was famous for his universal knowledge.

Under yoga kerіvnitstvom spadkoєmets vivchiv polsk, old Greek and latin mov, shifting the psalms and folding the verses. And I also choked on music and that spivom. Fyodor Oleksiyovich was crowned on the 1676th year, if 16 years were crowned for you. The ceremony of crowning the kingdom took place at the Kremlin, in the Assumption Cathedral. Hurry up through the rapt death of the father - Oleksiy Mikhailovich.

The cob of rule

The first months of the reign of the young tsar were marked by the severe illness of Fyodor Oleksiyovich. Patriarch Joachim, the near boyar Artamon Matveev and voivode Ivan Miloslavsky were cherishing the power. Ale, in the middle of 1676, having dressed and restored Romanov, having tried to take power into his own hands, Matveev was sent to send.

Fedir Oleksiyovich after the first two fates of the government, saying the father’s decree about the invisibility of the vtikachiv, as if they were going to serve in the military. In addition, 1678 conducted a census of the population, and through the rіk they clapped yoga with a direct tax, which was paid from the income to the mine. Pіznіshe yogo, the youngest blood brother of Peter the Great, uvіv soul tax. The gift, rozpochat Fedor Oleksiyovich, reminded the treasury of a penny, but it raised the remembrance of the kripakiv, unsatisfied with the gnat, that it was possible.

The king, inheriting the Western European rulers, having protected the arthropod and remembered the criminal punishment. The test went off frequently. On the frontier cordons of the state (Wild Field) Fedir Oleksiyovich punished the fortification of the defense. This helped the nobles to increase the amount and expand the land volodinnya. The tsar prepared the provincial reform introduced by his successor, falling asleep for the voivods of that population under the treasury administration.

Historians call the main internal political reform of Fyodor Oleksiyovich the “overhead seat” of the Zemsky Sobor. Behind these old laws, a person took off the rank, which made the father serve as a service. Such a line of speeches did not allow the powers to develop effectively, galmuyu її poking forward.

Razryadnі books, in which the relics of the settlements were saved, were burned by order of the tsar, having installed family books in their place. They entered the names of the Russian nobility, not indicating the place of the Duma. Fedir Oleksiyovich, a kind of christening of the world, having sunk the church into the hands of the state authorities, having made more choice from church maetkiv. Nezabar Petro completed the process of budding with his brother, liquidating the patriarchate.

Politics

Fedir Oleksiyovich Romanov moved the center of gravity of sovereign decisions to the Duma, increasing the number of members from 66 to 99. A number of reforms of the king directed to the centralization of power, replacing the positions of the nobility. The fates of the reign of Peter the Great's successor were marked by the life of palace churches, chambers and orders, under the Kremlin's spores they laid the first sewerage system.

They put things in order near the capital, seeing in Ukrainian places and monasteries of the same brothers and the same brothers. Up to 20 years old, they worked at monasteries, started crafts, and 20 young people were enrolled in the service or in tax (taxable obov'yazok). Fedir Oleksiyovich did not, as if planning, wake up the courts for learning the craft of homeless children.

The enlightened names of the tsar insinuated themselves at the request of foreign scholars and vikladachiv to the capital. On the cob of the 1680s, the monarch, having developed the project of the first academy, was conceived in life through 6 years of zooming, Petro Oleksiyovich. The reforms of Fyodor Oleksiyovich were provoked by the rejection of the various states and the social denunciations. In 1682, the fate of the Striletsk rebellion near Moscow.

The new policy of the monarch is to try to turn the powers away from the Baltic Sea, as Russia spent the first hour of the Livonian war. Fedir Oleksiyovich added more respect to the outfit and uniform of the military, lower yogo father. The Turks and the Crimean Tatars honored the roses of the “Baltic zavdannya”, as they fought raids on the Russian cordons. For this reason, the autocrat of the Romanov family in 1676, having started the Russian-Turkish war, successfully ended in 1681 with a peace treaty near Bakhchisar.

For the minds of the agreement, Russia was united from the left-bank Ukraine. For the orders of the tsar, on the pivdni of Russia, Izyumska rice appeared 400 versts long, which she covered in the empty Turkish-Tatar raids of Slobidskaya Ukraine. The last line of defense was continued, having crossed the Bilgorod zasichnaya boundary.

Head reforms Fedir Oleksiyovich zdijsniv remaining three years of government. Having pinned the middle tortoises of those convicted of criminal misdeeds, raising the state to a new slab of civilization. The taxpayer recognized the change, the contraction of the taxpayer was in order.

Tsar Fedir Oleksiyovich, being a human being lit, standing at the monastery at the monastery in China, the city of the Drukarska school, is called the forerunner of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. Romanov undertook the project of introducing ranks in the state (Peter the First completed the reform, introducing the Table of Ranks) and divided the power of the military and the hromadyanska. Fedir Oleksiyovich, having developed the project of the Russian Academy, but did not succeed.

Life Specialist

The favorites of Fyodor Oleksiyovich in the first years of the government were spritni, ale bezrіnі bed-keeper Ivan Yazikov and the steward Oleksiy Likhachov. The stench played a role in the special life of the tsar chimal, knowing Romanov with a girl, remembering wine, taking the fate of a horseradish move. Yazikov and Likhachov said that the beautiful name was Agafia Grushetska. Dyakovi Zaborovsky, the guardian of Agafia, was punished not to see the girl abroad and to follow the decree.

Agafia Hrushetska, the first team of Fyodor Oleksiyovich

In the fate of 1680, Fedir Oleksiyovich and Agafiya Grushetska got married, but tragically broke off their dreams: through the river, the squad died half an hour later, giving the squad Fedor's fall. Nevdovzі neonarodzheny died. The queens attribute a salutary infusion to the person: on її prohannya tsar zmusiv noblemen cut their beards, wear Polish kuntushі and shablis. Schools appeared, children were taught Polish and Latin languages.

Marfa Apraksina, a friend of the squad of Fedor Oleksiyovich

For the ailing widowed king, who, having spent spadkoєmtsya, named the term. Prepared by those Yazikov and Likhachov. Fedir Oleksiyovich took Marfa Apraksina for the squad, and for two months he loved three.

Death

The king died on the 21st anniversary of the spring of 1682, without leaving the throne.

Fyodor Romanov was buried near the Moscow Kremlin, in the Archangel Cathedral. The brothers of Fyodor Oleksiyovich, the half-womb Ivan and the half-blooded Peter, were voted kings.

The name of Tsar Fyodor Oleksiyovich Romanov is not widely known today, like the names of his father Oleksiy Mikhailovich and the young brother of Peter Oleksiyovich. I for nothing.

Otrimavshi in the form of the father strengthened the country, scho pіdbadirila after troubles and hromada wars, Fedіr Oleksiyovich becoming the forerunner of rich reforms and rework, like mi pov'azuєmo z im'yam Peter. Everyone knows that history does not tolerate the intellectual way. I, not less than that, we can admit that the yakbi Fedir Oleksiyovich did not die so early, today we would talk about the great reformer of that reformer of Russia, Tsar Fedor III.

Short life and short reign

Fedir was another son of Oleksiy Mikhailovich and the first team of Mary Illivna Miloslavskaya. Oleksiy Mikhailovich gave birth to 13 children, four of them blue. May all the daughters of Mary Illivna were healthy and healthy, and the axis of the blue was weak. The elder son Oleksiy died at the age of 15, Simeon having lived to three years. Two blues of Mary reigned: Ivan Oleksiyovich, who was the ruler of Peter I, and was not in good health, or intellect, and Fedir, who was so weak in health, like brothers, then he had the makings of a sovereign dyacha.

Vin was born on May 30, 1661. The monk Simeon Polotsky, one of the most brilliant people of his time, a spiritual writer, theologian, sings that translation. Vіn pinning Fyodor's interest to foreign culture in the Polish version. Under the inspiration of Simeon of Polotsk, the tsarevich learned Polish, Latin language, and began to learn about the practices of European scholars and philosophers.

The kingship of Fedor began in 1676, after the death of Oleksiy Mikhailovich. The first months of the reign Fedir is very ill, suffering from "scrobut" - scurvy. The power was actually cherished by the friend of the late Oleksiy Mikhailovich Artamon Matveev - the baptism of the father of another squad of the late sovereign Natalia Narishkina, a relative of the first squad Ivan Miloslavsky and Patriarch Joachim. However, having risen to his feet, Fedir zhorstly took the power into his own hands and started from the one who had set Matveyev on the mischief, who already sympathized with little Pyotr Oleksiyovich.

The short reign of Fedor lasted less than 6 years, 1682 died. Ale zrobiti for the whole hour the young sovereign caught chimalo.

The main transformation of Fedor Oleksiyovich

Before the main merits of the young tsar, one can trace the claim of mysticism - the order of occupying the settlement, founded not so on the special qualities of the applicant, but in that, the settlement was captured by his ancestors. Mіstsevіst was a good tractor for the Russian state, which respected the recognition of the truth of these people, and drowned whether it was in the super girls on the topic: who to whom can be rooted. Fedir punished to burn all the different books, in which plantings were indicated, as representatives of noble ranks occupied. Natomist vіn zaprodavali genealogical books defixed genealogy.

Let's come with an important croc bula turbota about the enlightenment of Russia. At the Drukovany yard, they opened a drukarny, where they began to see books: liturgical literature, scientific practices, create worldly poetry, translate from Latin. Fedir Oleksiyovich having developed the project of the initial pledge, which was the first letter of recognition after his death, having removed the name of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.

For Fyodor Oleksiyovich, they took away a new development of a part of the army, as if they were manned by that army for the European sign and were called "regiments of a foreign way."

Having taken the young tsar and reforming the sovereign apparatus: having given a number of orders, having united the orders, similar to each other for functions.

In 1678, a massive census of the population was carried out, and through the rivers, subsidies were introduced. Tse was overcome by the yielding oppression, then the rush of koshtiv from the state treasury was called out.

Chimalih uspіhіv Fedіr reached out to the old politics: the black war against the Ottoman port and the Crimean Khanate ended with victory. Turkey and Poland were embarrassed to recognize Russia for the Livoberezhnu Ukraine and Kiev. Namagavsya Fedir Oleksiyovich turn and go to the Baltic Sea, but to no avail. Tse zavdannya zmіg realіzuvati yogo younger brother Petro.

Bagato zrobiv Fedir for the improvement of Moscow. Here the streets began to be paved, the first sewerage was laid, and trade rows were cleaned from Chervonoy Square. In addition, the sovereign, having created a system of credits for Muscovites, yak spent money through the fire, yak in the wooden capital were even parts.

Nareshti, for Fedor Oleksiyovich, the Russian aristocracy began to wear a European robe. The young boyars began to burn their beards, cut their hair in the Polish manner, dress in the Polish fashion. In single rows, that ohabnyah appeared at the courtyard, it was fenced. For Fyodor Oleksiyovich in Russia, the first periodic sight appeared - "Kuranti". That is true, the “digest” of manuscripts of novelties from European newspapers, which was read to the Tsar and the Boyar Duma by the ambassadorial mandate. At this hour, foreign mods penetrated into painting, artists began to paint portraits in the European style, they took away the name "parsuni".

Fedir Oleksiyovich said the strata, so, like a vіdsіkannya of hands, vuh, vіdіzannya mov, and vzahali, thinking about the humanization of punishment. Tse, vtim, did not bother you to punish the bedroom of the head ideologist of the Old Believers, Archpriest Avakum Petrov. To say that the reason for such a decision was the fact that Avakum figuratively spoke about Yogo Batka at the sheets to his relatives.

Fedir told about the education of his young brothers - Ivan and Peter, writing books, globes, models of ships and other helpers for them.

It was a little ruined, and even more projects were so abandoned with projects, the shards of 1682 Fedir Oleksiyovich died.

Food about succession

Fedir Oleksiyovich buv dvіchі odruzheny. The first yoga team - a Pole of the Smolensk nobles Agafia Grushetska gave birth to youma in 1681 son, who was named Illea. The lad died on the 10th day of his life, Queen Agafia also died. Another hat from Martha Apraksina took three more than two months. The sovereign died 20 years ago.

I didn’t manage to give any orders for the decline of the wines, the dynastic crisis called for this, which called for a sharp struggle between the prihilniks of Tsarevich Ivan and Tsarevich Peter. The praises ended with compromising decisions: the brothers were appointed as joint rulers, recognizing Tsarina Sophia as regent for them.

In the history of Russia, it is important to know the autocrat, about whom not only a wide reader, but fakhivtsi-historians would know very little, like about the son of Oleksiy Mikhailovich and the elder brother of Peter I - Tsar Fedor. On the right, not in what the documents are. Sovereign archives of the Russian state for tsі roki were saved quite well. “They didn’t depict” the king of Fedor, those contemporary writers - litoprists, authors who spoke, those court writers, foreign mandrivers, those diplomats, all-existing (already the same!) newspapers.

V. Vereshchagin. Tsar Fedir Oleksiyovich

I officials, who documented the sovereign activity of Fyodor Oleksiyovich, and the certificates of his reign were about to write. If, as a result of a scorched court struggle, the boyars brought to the throne the legitimate decline of Oleksiy 15-river Fedor, the stench changed, so you can’t govern from behind the back of the puppet tsar. Illuminated, energetic and God-fearing tsar, for the rock of the rock, reached success in the reformist activity and so incited the opposition, so that he had a mind for a palace coup and the evil of locking up after death.

A. Vasnetsov. Moscow end of the 17th century

Tsar Fedir Oleksiyovich Romanov

Fedir Oleksiyovich Romanov (1661-1682) - Russian Tsar (since 1676), senior son of Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich "Quiet" and Mary Illivni, daughter of the boyar I.D. Miloslavsky, one of the most celebrated rulers of Russia. Born on May 30, 1661 in Moscow. From the childhood of being weak and sick (suffering from paralysis and scurvy), and yet on the 12th anniversary of the official deafness to the throne of the fall. The first teacher of yoga was Pamfil Belyaninov under the Ambassador's order, then Simeon Polotsky changed yoga, who became yoga's spiritual mentor.

Simeon Polotsky

Zavdyaki yoma, the young tsar, knowing old Greek, Polish language, Latin, he himself folded the verses (behind Fedor, two more professionally translated psalms of Tsar David, as they were seen in Simeon Polotsky's drukarn); similarly to his father, he choked on music, singing mysticism, especially, and he himself sang the deacons of sleep (on a plate from a recording of the old Russian music of Yurlov’s choral capella 60-pp. of the XX century. So Simeon of Polotsk pinned his powaga and the interest of the tsar to a zahodny pobutu. A book that thought before the sciences, Fedir Oleksiyovich supported Polotsky's thought about the enlightenment of the higher school in Moscow, and became one of the initiators of the project of creation of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. However, this dream was instilled in life by my sister Sophia.

Oleksandr Apsit. Simeon of Polotsk read verses to children

Oleksandr Finnish. Monument to Simeon of Polotsk, m. Polotsk

A. Sontsiv. Boyar robe of the XVII century.

After the death of the father, on the 15th, they crowned the kingdom in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin on the 18th day of 1676. The stepmother, N.K. Friends and relatives of the young tsar, boyar I.F. Miloslavsky, Prince. Yu.A. Dolgorukov and Ya.N. V.V. Golitsyn, “people illumined, healthy and sumly”, close to the tsar and small in infusion, energetically began to create a fief power. With a splash, you can explain the transfer under Fedor to the center of gravity of accepting sovereign decisions from the Boyar Duma, the number of members for a new adult from 66 to 99. Peter I.

Prince Vasil Golitsin

Rule of Tsar Fedor

In 1678-1679 r.b. Fyodor’s order carried out a census of the population and ordered Oleksiy Mikhailovich’s decree about the invisibility of military personnel, they signed up for military service, the subway was provided for vouchers (they immediately replenished the treasury, but it helped to strengthen the strong oppression).

A. Sontsiv. Altar cross of Tsar Fyodor Oleksiyovich

A. Vasnetsov. Stara Moscow

In 1679-1680 r.b. It was smashed to try to remember the criminal punishment, zokrema, for theft, the hands were slapped. The beginning of the existence of defense disputes on the pivdni of Russia (Wild Field) showed the possibility of giving the nobles maєtkas and estates. In 1681 p. It was introduced voivodship and local government administration - one of the most important preparations for the provincial reform of Peter I.

A. Sontsiv. Golden censer, crushed for the prayer of Fyodor Oleksiyovich

The most important feat of Tsar Fedor Oleksiyovich was the reduction of the first hour of the meeting of the Zemsky Sobor in 1682, which gave the opportunity to go through the service not only noble, but illumined and reasonable people. All at once, all sorts of books were burnt with replicas of the settlements, like "brands of guilt" of the mischievous super-books and claims. The number of books of birth was punished to start a book of Rodovid, in the yak they entered all noble and noble people, but even without a designated place in the Duma.

S. Ivanov. At the command of the Moscow hours

So at 1682 p. at the church cathedral, new dioceses were founded and they came to life to fight the split. The Crimea was created by the commission for the development of a new system of taxes and "warfare". Tsar Fedir Oleksiyovich, having seen the decree against luxury, at some kind of skin I would become like a kriy robe, and a lot of horses. In the rest of the days of Fedor's reign, a project was put together about the recognition of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy and the Theological School for Moscow for thirty years.

N. Nevrev. Pobutov scene XVII cent.

For Fedor Oleksiyovich, a project was being prepared about the introduction of ranks in Russia - a prototype of Peter's Table of Ranks, like a maw to divide civil and military power. Dissatisfied with the mischief of the officials, the oppression of the archers led to the revolt of the lower ranks, supported by the archers, in 1682.

A. Vasnetsov. Moscow XVII century.

Having taken away the foundations of the worldly enlightenment, Fedir Oleksiyovich was an opponent of the church that Patriarch Joachim at the holy blue. Vіn setting zbіlsheі norms zborіv іz church maєtkіv, rozpochavshi process, scho culminating for Peter I liquidation of the patriarchate. At the fate of the government of Fyodor Oleksiyovich, not only churches, but also secular budivels (mandates, chambers) were kept alive, new gardens were laid out, and the first sewerage system of the Kremlin was created. Also, for the expansion of knowledge, Fedir asked for foreigners for reckoning from Moscow.

A. Sontsiv. The royal breastplate and "golden" tributes to Prince V.V. Golitsyn for the Crimean campaign

I. Yu. Pestryakov. Kangalsky prince Mazari Bozekov at the reception of Tsar Fyodor Oleksiyovich. 1677 p.

At the old politics, Tsar Fedir tried to turn Russia out to the Baltic Sea, as it was spent in the rocks of the Livonian war. The antiquity of this food was honored by the raids of the Crimean Tatars and Turks from the day before. The great Russian-Turkish war of 1676-1681 became the great political action of Fyodor Oleksiyovich, which ended with the peace treaty of Bakhchisarai, which closed the union of the Left-Bank Ukraine with Russia. Kiev Russia took off earlier for the agreement with Poland in 1678. in exchange for Nevel, Sebezh and Velizh. Under the hour of the war 1676-1681 pp. on the pіvdni kraїni boulder was created Іzyumska zasіchna boundary, later it was connected with Bіlgorodskaya.

I. Goryushkin-Sorokopudov. Scene from the XVII side

A. Sontsiv. Stand that quarter of Tsar Fedor Oleksiyovich

By decree of Tsar Fedor, the Zaikonospassky School was opened. Reprisals were continued against the Old Believers, zokrema, and burns with their closest associates, Archpriest Avakum, behind the legend that he had passed the death of the king close by.

A. Vasnetsov. Usikhsvyatsky stone town

Private life of Tsar Fedor

In 1680, Tsar Fedir Oleksiyovich, after kicking a girl on a horseradish walk, was worthy of you. Vin entrusted Yazikov with the inquiry: who won, and Yazikov told you that the daughter of Semyon Fedorovich Grushetsky is there on behalf of Agafiya. The tsar, not destroying the children's voices, having punished the clicks of the natovp of the girls and choosing them Agafia. The boyar Miloslavsky, having made a discordant hat, having blackened the royal name, but he did not reach the point and he himself spent it in the court. 18 Lipnya 1680 the fate of the king made friends with her. The new queen was of an humble family and, as it seems, a Pole for her adventures. For a bit, the queen is small, a strong splash on a person. At the Moscow court, Polish people began to enter. For the “navіyuvannyam” of the queen in Moscow, people began to cut their hair in Polish, burn their beards, wear Polish patterns and kuntush, and also learn Polish language. The king himself, wiggled by Simeon Sityanovich, knowing Polish and reading Polish books. Mov after the tsar’s coat, having taken the rank of okolnichi, and Likhachov, having stepped in his place at the rank of bed-keeper. In addition, having approached the tsar, the young prince Vasil Vasilovich Golitsin, who, by the way, played the most important role in the Moscow state.

Through the river after the wedding (14th lime, 1681), Queen Agafia died in a half-life, and after her, the new people were not born, damned under the name of Ill.

A. Vasnetsov. Old Moscow. Street in China-city on the cob of the XVII century

The king’s hour of the day was weak, but the neighbors lifted him up in a new hope for dressing. February 14, 1682 Fyodor was made friends with Marfa Apraksina, the sister of Peter I's possible associate, Admiral Fyodor Matviyovich Apraksin.

Tsaritsa Marfa Matviyivna Apraksina, a friend of the squad of Tsar Fedor Oleksiyovich Romanov

The young tsarina in a short hour gained a lot of strength, which reconciled the tsar with Natalia Kirilivna and Tsarevich Peter, with whom, according to the words of the co-worker, the new boule was "untidy bastards." Alya had a short time to live with a young retinue. Two months later, after a short period of his life, on April 27, 1682, Vinraptovo died on the 21st cycle of life, without stopping the recession. Two brothers were voted by the kings - Ivan and Petro Oleksiyovych. Fedor was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

“Tsar Fedir Oleksiyovich? Is hiba buv like this? - someone marvels richly, having first felt about the sovereign of the Romanov family. True, the atrocities of Peter I completely stifled the sixfold rule of the elder brother. Even this remaining Muscovite tsar having planted richly from the one who later created the first Russian emperor.

Why is Fedir Oleksiyovich mayzhe zabuty? Why did the Romanovs themselves think about this, rarely and reluctantly?

Spadkoєmets that spadshchina

On early September 30, 1676, Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich died quietly, confirming his nickname Quietest.

Neighbor boyars came to Prince Fyodor's mansion, thoughtful people and voiced: "Oleksii Mikhailovich all the Great and Mali and White Russia autocrats, having abandoned the kingdom of the earth, settled at the eternal monastery." The prince is sick, his legs are swollen, and he is so shocked. Ale Yogo was taken under his arms, led to the Palace of the Facets and put on the throne. The courtiers immediately began to swear allegiance to the new tsar, the Moscow nobles and the Viyskys appeared for the Kremlin sacks.

Fedir Oleksiyovich, who became the king of the 16 different ages

Two more years ago, the tsarevich buv "deafening" of the church, the court and the people as a fall to the throne, and yet the death of the father of that yogo king appeared to be incongruence, and the oath of the unholy body of the king of the tsar was obscenely shvidkoy. There were various reasons for those. Nebіzhchik buv odruzheny dvіchі. From the first squad, Mary Miloslavskaya, three blues were born - Oleksiy, Fedir and Ivan, and six more daughters, among them Sophia.

Maria Illivna Miloslavskaya

After the death of the squad, already in the frail state, Oleksiy Mikhailovich became friends with Natalka Narishkina, and Petro and Natalya were born in whose love.

Unfortunately, all the boys from the first school suffered from a ailment similar to scurvy or avitaminosis, all three did not live long, and the youngest, Ivan, was so perplexed. Then the son of another ship, Petrusha, is a healthy and rickety lad, as they said, not walking, but big.

The noble relatives of the Narishkins had a formal reason to recognize the legal recession under the drive of yogo illness and try to put the tenfold Peter on the throne. Such a development of the underworld is small, no one wants a new turmoil, that still the party of the Miloslavskys did not linger on the oath.

At the funeral of Father Fyodor Oleksiyovich they carried him on burdens. Ale, in this kvolom tіlі, a non-gamous spirit was laid. Fedir was less sick at the day of important attacks, at the hour it was over the top. Loving the vines, loving the horseback ride, pleasing the birds of prey, miraculously shooting from the bow, hooting with the crumbling thunder, at the sight of the current shadow. The new first one had a small amusing fold made of a toy armor prepared by the best maisters of the Zbroyovo Chamber.

Falcon watering

From the other side, Fedir Oleksiyovich, in a European way, we will illuminate that young man. The first book with pictures was presented to you at the end of two years, and from that hour the books became yoga companions. The special library of Fyodor Oleksiyovich had two volumes in stock - for those hours the most rich collection. Yogo teacher buv Simeon Polotsky - a prominent church deacon, she sings a philosopher.

Simeon Polotsky

It’s not surprising that Yogo learned “better folded”, appreciating painting and music (he himself wrote the songs “Gidno є”, which is often celebrated today), knowing the Polish language and Latin.

Tse bula, as always, a person of the Renaissance epoch, even though it sounds marvelous. Europe was already standing on the threshold of the New Hour, but in Russia, with the improvement of the її fasting and at the link with the traces of the Smoot, as it taunted the її roses even more, the 17th century was less familiar to the Middle Ages. And Fedir Oleksiyovych, as if to me, already absorbing "illuminate the spirit."

Farther down they showed that a young man, maybe a lad, thinking about the future king of the future. To that, already in the tract, the rank of crowning the kingdom of wines has grown the istotnі change. Previously, the Russian tsars obstructed their right to rule against us in front of the legislature and the decline of the throne. Now it was voiced that the tsar takes power, first, according to the church law, in a different way, like the only Orthodox sovereign in the world, and only in the rest of the black - "for the call of the ancient tsars and the great princes of Russia."

I’m looking forward to feeding: Fedir Oleksiyovich’s self-reliant buv at his vchinkah, who stood behind his back? Understandably, the new one had sensible people, tyamuschi vikonavtsi, and cherubov with the help of the work of wine himself, being the initiator of reforms, an active participant in the development of projects and the most important documents. Before the speech, the deacons from the “spіvrobіtnikіv” of the elder brother passed “at the recesses” to the reformer Peter.

So the sixteenth century without two months Tsar Fedir II Oleksiyovich began to rule Russia. Chi enviable tse bula spadshchina? Russia, for Oleksiy Mikhailovich, became the greatest power in Europe, moreover, the cordons were constantly slipping through the Skhid and pivden. Ale Bula was sparsely populated, poor, unrepentant, few gifts were taken, the state constantly demanded pennies. It was not practical for the European mind to order: there are too many departments (mandates) with fuzzy functions and the swaville of the Boyar Duma. Weak organization of military and, as they say now, power structures. Kwola legislative system. The court is already not shvidky and right. I, wherever you go, conquer that swaville everywhere.

Kolishny Tsar, Oleksiy Mikhailovich, was called the Quietest, that reign was called quiet: two wars, Swedish and Russian-Polish, which stretched with breaks for thirteen rocks, a church split, the rebellion of Stepan Razin and Midny rebellion. And yet not all the changes shake the “quiet” rule. The union with Ukraine became truly a "troubled state" for Moscow, and it made the already tense air from Poland, Turech and Crimea even more smutty.

Let the Duma - think

tsar and boyar Duma

The change of power has been tied up with the adoption of many new approaches and the new ones. From the reign of Fyodor Oleksiyovich, the relatives of his mother, Miloslavsky and others, fought over the actual head of the order under the late sovereign - the boyar Artamon Matveєvim - and in the distance from the court of the queen-widow and її children. Shchodo Matveyeva is a young king, who is called, bowed down. Ale Fedir Oleksiyovich still didn’t go to the last place, having become obsessed with the confiscation of the boyar (having left the boyar on the hedgehog with one shirt). And by the age of machuhi, that one-blooded brother and sister - rested. The stinks continued to live near the Kremlin, near the royal palace.

Yogo mother, Maria Miloslavska

Petrusha was so much a lover of Fyodor Oleksiyovich, before that he was a godfather. Tse elder brother, having received the future emperor to the Viysk іgors, started archery, giving him a playing room with a tent, a toy horse, a regimental drum and a toy armor.

vchennya "Potіshnyh vіysk"

If, later, Miloslavsky again saw the settlement of Natalia Kirilivna with her children from the palace, Fedir Oleksiyovich thought and thought - and prompted new mansions for himself.

Prote z chogos treba Bulo rozpochinati change. We know more about the Boyar Duma from historical novels. Their boyars are represented by caricatured elders, who fight through those who are closer to the king, and also, most importantly, repair everything new and progressive. Ale, the boyars in the Duma were different: some were arguing about the greed of the state, others were arguing about power. The boyars were the most important assailants, but, apart from them, “dumny dyaks” sat at the Duma - in fact, the guards of punishments (formally, the boyars stood on the choli of punishments). The “dummies” themselves knew better than others the standard of justice, and in their judgments there was no special corrosiveness.

The young tsar knows the original solution - he wins sharply, on a trety, having outnumbered the number of judges at the Duma. New Dumas were not included in the grouping, moreover, the Duma became a permanent body: “To the boyars, and roundabout, and thoughtful people, stand at the top of the first year (on the sweatshirt) and sit at the right,” punishing the young tsar. Vіn acknowledging the working year and for punishments, і for judges. At that hour, Russian people began to ring out after the insult, so the working day was divided into two parts: “out of the light” until the hour of five years and the night before dark.

Then the king took up the reorganization of orders. The number of deacons, pid'yachihs, clerks and other servants of the kings was increased, so that they could stand up with paper's tug. Having established the terms for accepting the decision on all right, and on the steep slopes, ordering to transfer the vodnosiny to the Duma, or to you especially. Over the usim orders of the vins, having lifted the Reprisal chamber (Reprisal the sensi over the sensi, and the sensi - cope with the important rights). In order to increase the authority of the cherivniks, Fedir Oleksiyovich allowed the judges and the dubious dyaks of an ignoble adventure to be named after their fathers: honor is indescribable. Ale and v_dpov_daln_st of the authorities was promoted: the executors of orders were hindered to sign papers together with comrades (protectors), only one-sidedly; I struggled to look at the relatives and loved ones.

Vlasne, at what hour we can know that Russia has a detachment. And yet, Fedir Oleksiyovych expanded his orders to judge. The term for looking at the right vineyard is 100 days (at the same time!). At the time of the transfer, the guards were sent to themselves, and a fine was imposed on the judge. The early warnings became humane: the tsar, having said “dicks,” for a steal, and replacing them with messages to Siberia. Moreover, having fenced the children (before it was bulo y take). Zvelіv so polіpshiti utrimannya at vyaznica and remission of early warning, scho vіdbuli, without the necessary outposts or guarantees.

The state, as it seems, takes away pennies from looking for taxes, as in the 17th century it was called "tax". Direct and indirect contributions were drawn by impersonality, the system was swindled. Fedir Oleksiyovich carried out a census in all krai, clearly delineating who and what can bear the tax. Let's spend the wine, so be it, a single tribute - "shooter's pennies and bread."

The pennies went most importantly to the Ukrainian consumption, and the bread was taken to the state granaries. For the grain harvest, the standard honeycomb was ordered to come in with the coat of arms, they were called “eagles”. All other tributes were forfeited, a lot of arrears were forgiven, and suvor punishment for non-payers was put in place. In the decrees about the tributes of the kings, he did not only punish, but explained why the population was vigilant, “so that the wealthy and the other people are in front of the rich at the profits, and the poor are not in front of the wealthy at the tractor.”

Reforming and mіstseve management. Following these decrees, all the power in the monasteries was in the hands of the voivods of the city, and the nameless graveyards - “anniversaries” were sacked. Only in one voivode were they seriously enslaved: now the stench is not small enough for a state execution.

Taєmnitsa Fortress Chigirin

The army of Russia was not the most powerful in Europe, but one of the strongest. Ale, there was not a lot of military elements. Striltsі, nobility kinnota, pomіsne viysko, and now Ukrainian Cossacks - all parts were molded, lived and served for the old statutes and old way of life.

Zavazhav raznobіy at the numerical warehouse molding, at the named commanders. Looked like a swindler in ranks.

Russian autocrat Oleksiy Mikhailovich, father of Fyodor

True, even for the first Romanov, Mikhail Fedorovich, a torik appeared in the Russian army "police of a foreign mode", organized for a European srazk, under the command of foreign officers. For Fedor Oleksiyovich, such infantry regiments, dragoons and reytars (cavalry in cuirasses and sholomas) already became a significant part of the army. The famous colonel, and then General Patrick Gordon, the first military teacher of Peter, came to serve in Russia with the helpless Swiss Franz Lefort, who became the lover of the future emperor.

Patrik Leopold Gordon of Okhlukhris

Franz Yakovich Lefort

The tsar spared the parts that were recruited on a timchas basis, and turning such servants to the plow - let them carry the tax better. In the cordon regions of the wines, they organized military districts with their own headquarters - punishment huts. All regular units were now deployed to thousands of police, all commanders and officers wore the rank of chief. Nareshti, Fedir Oleksiyovich, having created a guard - the title of "selected soldiers" stood in a camp on the outskirts of Moscow near Butirki.

The nobles served as commanders of the various equals, of course. The state paid the service of the nobles with maetkas, they were also called salaries. "Sit on the salary" meant to serve on the right. If the son of a nobleman is to serve for the father, then the right of this to maєtok was confirmed. The noblemen’s maetka became less powerful for the recessionary power, and the axis of the villagers were already krіpaks, it’s true, for the time being, with the right transition to the other maetkiv. The state paid the servants less pennies on campaigns - it was important that at that hour the stink could not be mastered. Fedir Oleksiyovich, as a year and Petro, hotiv, so that the nobles served. The tsar's decree ordered all nobles to be enlisted in the regimental service, then the thought "judged" that they should have fun with the maetkiv.
Ale, for the complete enlightenment of the nobility, I will go to the service of a lot of land. Fedir Oleksiyovich vyrіshiv take tsі zemlі beyond the pіvdenniy cordon, from the so-called "Wild Field", the stars of the long-standing checks of stepoviks-nomads and krimtsіv. The tsar moved the line of cordon fortifications far into the day, bringing 30 thousand square kilometers of black earth to Russia. And in order to provide enough security for the future population of that region, Oleksiy Mikhailovich himself there roztashuvav the main forces of the renewed army. The influx of the nobility into the army began. On the relatives of that good defense of the land, the peasants pulled themselves together.

But the folding nature of Fyodor Oleksiyovich's military transformations led to the fact that the stench was carried out at the beginning of the war, on the go. The Western European threat at that hour was the aggressive Turechchina and її vassals, the Krimsky Khanate. At the same time in 1672, the Turks took Kam'yanets-Podilsky, prepared to go to Kiev, to which Russia announced the war of the sultans.

Kam'yanets-Podilsky

Ale fought їy had a chance of self-harm: an ally, the Commonwealth, fought and laid a separate world with the Turks.

The first grip of the Turks and the Crimeans is terrible. The Turkish sultan especially commanded the attack on the Right-Bank Ukraine, and the Crimean Khan tried to break through the defense lines of the Russians. The battles went to a wide front from the Dniester to Azov. The Russian warriors knew how to attack and break through to the Sea of ​​Azov. On the sea ahead, a galley fleet was launched, prompting at the Voronezh shipyards. Russian galleries with a landing force of Ukrainian Cossacks launched a raid to Krimu. As a result, the khan of turmoil would climb home to protect the power of the Volodymyr. The sultan entered. The defeat struck the Turks and Tatars with a blatant hostility.

Nadal the theater of combat actions turned its attention to the Right-Bank Ukraine. Hetman Doroshenko, who ruled there, served the Poles halfway, then spread to the Turks.

Petro Dorofiyovych Doroshenko

Vin handing over to the Ottomans the headquarters of the right-bank Cossacks - the Chigirin Fortress. From that hour, the name of the fortress became such a symbol of the war with Turechchina, like Ochakov at the advancing capital. By the spring of 1676, Russian regiments and Ukrainian Cossacks went to Chyhyryn. After the unfortunate taxation, and after successful negotiations, the garrison of the fort was built.

The 60,000-thousand Turkish army under the command of Ibragim Pasha, on the prestige of Shaitan, entered the attack near the Russian Chigirin. At the warehouse of this military bula there was a good number of “spagi” and about 15 thousand janichars.

Krim is reluctant to post 40 thousand tops. And Chigirin was kidnapped by less than 5 thousand Moscow archers and selected soldiers. Three coins were minted, minted on Russian coins and Ukrainian Cossacks.

Our forces crossed the Dnipro under the heavy fire of the enemy, threw the curtains of the Crimea and went on the offensive. The Russians have not yet completed the crossing, but Shaitan's army has already flown in, throwing artillery and convoy.

On the offensive, in 1678, the Turkish army was bigger, and it was commanded by the vizier Kara-Mustafa, the commander’s report, who had recently stood under the walls of Vidnya.

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha

The garrison of Chigirin also increased to 13,600 men, the artillery had 82 garmaty and 4 mortars. Keruvav defense Major General Gordon.

But the main forces of the Russians once collapsed to the rescue in full, robbed marvelous maneuvers. After a month of support, having recognized the heavy losses, the defenders of the fortress managed to break through to their own. Those who didn’t grin, blew gunpowder, taking 4 thousand enemies with them. Gordon was at the tale, but writing down at the student: “Chigirin was deprivation, but not roots.” Words about the voivode's zrada went around Moscow.

And for the sake of life, there was no boom, there was a great policy. Tsar zrozumіv tse i now shukav svіtu. Merging the term truce with Poland, if Russia is too small to turn Kiev. And then there's Chigirin! It seemed that Russia did not just come to the Left Bank of Ukraine, but raked the Right Bank.

So let Chigirin get away from the Turks (they told him so), and then you can talk about Kiev about Poland. I Fedir Oleksiyovich sent a secret decree to the commander of the main forces, Prince Romodanovsky: do not openly call Chigirin, but try so that the Turks get the blame.

Fedir Yuriyovich Romodanovsky

It is necessary to say, Fedir Oleksiyovich repeatedly giving his trusted people taєmnі, so say it, under the heading “quite taєmno”: “so that you and me were at home”. Tsar Volodya was inspired by the mysticism of encryption and, as a boy, he wrote to his father in secret writing, grafting with the saints.

The Russian-Turkish "invisibility" of the war of 1672-1681 was seen as a "white flame" in the history of the country. Andje in the course of the tsієї vіyni for the first time in Europe, it was given to the victory of the Turkish Empire, to win the glimmer of victory over the most powerful enemy. In the meantime, the Prutsky campaign of Peter I against the Turks in thirty years ended ingloriously: the Russian warriors were beaten, sharpened, and the emperor himself did not spend much on the full.

І music lover, і teslar

Zmalku the future king stretching to the beauty. Children's wines have a clockwork musical screen with dancing people, a small organ; I love my room garden, I will embellish like a sleeping bird. Later on, having mastered musical notation, having acquired a unique library of notes, and becoming king, having replaced the old-fashioned record of music with an infamously accepted line. At the court, it sounded like they were holding vocal concerts, the stench was called partesny spiv. Truth, theatrical performers, who were distinguished by the remaining fates of the reign of Oleksiy Mikhailovich, didn’t like blue chomus, and the theater near Preobrazhensky came to the desert.

Moscow Kremlin

The Kremlin courtiers appeared to sing, Simeon of Polotsk and Sylvester Medvedev wrote verses "out of spite"

the most important under the life of the state. This tradition was lifted by Trediakovsky, Sumarokov and Lomonosov at the coming capital.

For Fyodor Oleksiyovich, the richly decorated chambers of the Kremlin were decorated with inscriptions on biblical subjects and evocative ornaments. The painters worked their way through iconography to realistic painting, and a reliable portrait appeared – “parsuna”. The Kremlin itself was embellished with new palaces, temples and gardens (gardens) for its reign.

Derev'yana Moscow often burned, city dwellers all over Russia were overwhelmed to heat the stoves, to cook hedgehogs on the fire was only allowed on the windowsill. Crowds in the future were great, the view of the streets, which were vigorated, and the whole villages, ignoring the sovereign - often he himself saw on the fires and cherubs in the gas. Fedir Oleksiyovich gave the Muscovites a pilgrimage loan for the life of the muranovannyh houses. With tsomu vin upershe vvіv budіvіlnі standards for stone blocks, tsegl, rosemіri budivіvel rіznіv. Appointed superior post-employees and contractors. And having punished them to bridge the streets, they stomped earlier in the forest and the currants. For the first time, the first sewerage was carried out, for the time being only in the Kremlin. From the head square, Fedir Oleksiyovich ordered to clean up the trade marks, and the won became the true Chervonoy, tobto garnoy. Moscow step by step swelled the capital's bliss.

The Tsar of Rozums, which is rich in Russia in the face of non-government, and dbav about the expansion of books. At the Drukovany yard, he opened a doctor's shop, independent of church censorship. The first translations of Latin authors, worldly books, the first scientific work on the history of Russia appeared - "Genealogy" of Archimandrite Ignaty Rimsky-Korsakov (the ancestor of the great Russian composer). Even before that hour, the Russians represented the history of the fatherland behind the orders and legends, even though they were tskavimi, but unreliable. The tsar wanted to create an Academy, similar to European universities, having created the project himself, giving the initial pledge of indignity for Russia and the palace privileges, not casually calling the project itself “Priviley”. Unfortunately, the whole project was abandoned. Then, having fallen asleep on the vlasni koshti of the Slavic-Latin School, as the first step of the spiritual and secular enlightenment. here the Slov'yano-Latin academy was established

Fedir Oleksiyovich robbed the merciful policy of the last power: “Bidni, kalitsі and old people, like no robots can work ... but you can’t put on your own head - and you can live until death.” Podbav vіn і about orphans and bezpritulnіv: having punished the pickers їх from special yards, primuvat and read there the sciences and crafts necessary for the state. Tse bula was not only charitable on the right, but she was very curvy. The streets of the city were teeming with zhens, among them there were few thugs (they were called "prudents"), and the middle was a breeding ground for theft, a robbery that drinking.

close to the colo

Vіn bv an independent ruler and at the presence of obvious peremozhtsіv. The young and not so noble noblemen Ivan Yazikov and Oleksiy Likhachov became the authors and vicons of this transformation. Princes Vasyl Golitsin (tse vin keruvav “Operation Chigirin”) and Grigory Romodanovsky, who was repeatedly trusted by the tsar to command all the military (by the year of Romodanovsky, an associate of Peter, being appointed chief prosecutor - “the sovereign’s eye”), hung from the family. In order to educate that literature, the king spired to help Sylvester Medvedev, for the sake of helping Sylvester Medvedev, tse vin christened the first free doctor.

Simeon Agafonovich Medvedev

Tsey soft and kind for a gift, the ruler of the mind, buti and zhorstky. For yoga, by order of the letters, they were burned on the fires of Archpriest Avakum.

Petrov Avakum

Maybe, such a decision was not easy for the tsar. Ale, the rebellious fanatic of dyshov to the extreme embitterment, yogo pidburyuvalni promote those leaves were terrible for the "evil leaves" of False Dmitry. It went to the point where Avakum, having given the Turks a victory over "Nikonian" Moscow.

Avakuma bedroom and yoga room

Mayzhe at the same time, Fedir Oleksiyovich, sent away the dead Nikon from his solemn admission to the Kirilo-Bilozersk monastery and allowed him to live in the beloved New Rusalim monastery near Moscow. Ale, along the way of this famous ієrarkh of the Russian church died. For example, the sovereign of his reign turned from the misguided boyar Artamon Matveev, the batkiv's lover.

Another example of the ruler of Oleksiy Mikhailovich the Quietest patriarch, becoming Joachim, the votive and volovy church fiend.

Patriarch Joachim

Winning the kingdom of the young sovereign. However, European veneration, especially Latin language and creation, were given to the patriarch and yogo to the Greek-fellows who were not safe. They didn't praise the Academy's project, they hated the sight of the Vilnoy Drukarnі and the Slov'yano-Latin School, which they did. But it was impossible for the tsar to cross over. Natomist after death, the nursery was destroyed, the books seen by Sylvester Medvedev were cursed, and the seer himself paid for them with his head.

The prote church and the patriarch pidrimali one of the king's "volovyh decisions" - the story of mysticism. The essence of this ancient order lies in the fact that the nobility of the family was implicitly tied up with a service rank or a settlement. And Fedir Oleksiyovich hotiv, schob, the repairs were given exclusively “for merit”. Vіn vyrіshiv dіyati "from below" - zіbravshi representatives from different stations and services, vin navmisne including up to їkh depot of selected officers in new regiments, shards of stink were zatsіkavlenі in otrimanni ranks for merit, and not for controversy.

As a result, they recommended: “Be among yourself without a place, and don’t name anyone else with a rank, and a rank in the misfortune of that place in the place of devotion.” Now it was necessary to bare the court of that boyar upper-class. In front of Fedir Oleksiyovich, having chided on his own father of the patriarch, leading God himself to read: “Do not raise yourself above the lad.”

On September 12, 1682, fate before the Duma, the court of that noble nobles of the kings voted the petition of the chosen people. I added to myself that the mysticism of the “all” is the enemy of the human race and it’s less to harm the “immoral people’s crust”. The Patriarch from his side voiced that the church was looking at the tsar’s plan as a “multiple love” among Christians. The boyars hung their zgoda: "High be so!" The tsar having ordered negainoly to bring various mystic books, as if they were a tract of the bedroom.

bedroom of books

At once, Fedir Oleksiyovich ordered to fold a book of birth, to avenge the reports of the boyars and the nobility, and to create a special Chamber of births. Come in and serve as the garrison of the old and new nobility.

Kohannya that death

The king is a human being. Navіt Orthodox Russian Sovereign in the XVII century.
In the third rotation of the reign, that nineteenth rotation of life, Fedir Oleksiyovich, was unfriendly. For the Russian tsar, the mood is not familiar, for the old hours they became friends early. The Kremlin had a hell of a move, the king, like a leader, followed the patriarch. Zanureniya at prayer, rosy kovznuv glance at the attack, scho otochuvav move. I raptom with a good-looking youth. Prayer mood, like a wind, it blew. I immediately called Yazikov and punished him to find out about the unknowing woman who she is.

Transmission portrait of Fyodor Oleksiyovich

Yazikov did not hesitate to add that this girl is the daughter of the Smolensk gentry Grushevsky, and her name is Agafia Simeonovna. Live out at the house of your aunt, the squad of the roundabout Zaborovsky. Now the tsar, having sent Yazikov to the okolnichiy Zaborovsky’s den, to make a report and denounce, “to save his niece’s wine and not see the zamіzh without a decree.”

At the same time, affection was lost in the taєmnitsі, but the Kremlin - what a great village all staє vіdomo. The sisters of that aunt had long wanted to make friends with Fyodor Oleksiyovich, but they did not like him. Possibly, those who rooted the slopes of the Hrushevskys and Zaborovskys were Polish-Lithuanian. And the boyar Miloslavsky started rozpovsyudzhuvati about obrazitsu sensitively and zreshtoy declaring to the sovereign: “Mother її that out in some obscene things!”

Fedir Oleksiyovich squinted, he stopped eating and drinking. Bachachi yogo prikrist, Yazikov and Likhachov themselves urged to go to Zaborovsky and sleep right “about the camp” of the named. Lords were ruined in such cases. And here Agafia went to the envoys and said, “should not be ashamed to tell the truth to the great lords” and “so that the stench of the honor of the dear sumnivu is not small and won’t be crushed by the loss of your stomach!”

Agafia Simeonivna Grushevska

The tsar, having found out about it, is healthy, and to change his senses, jumping on a horse and prancing around here and there in front of the Zaborovskys' house. Having patted Agaf'ya at the end, and changed his mind: tse won! Wesilla played in nevdovzі, on the 18th lime of 1680, rather modestly and without significant shuffling at the court deck, distributing chinіv that nagorod.

Fedir Oleksiyovich was angry at the boyar Miloslavsky and wanted to do yoga in the yard. The tsaritsa brought in the boyar's probachiti, the yogo's bachachi had more than "a weak human being." Alya Miloslavsky was not spared. Once I didn’t see the fault of the queen of sables and rich materials for myself, but behind my planting. I buv zahopleniy sovereign, before that, dosit the dark mist. The tsar was victorious, that Miloslavsky went to the tsarina with offerings, and became angry: “If you insulted the indecent її, and if you want to close it with your gifts!” The boyar did not spend much at the scammer, and then the “young lions” Yazikov and Likhachov interceded for the new one.

Unfortunately, the beloved squad of the sovereign died three days later after the fall of the first, Tsarevich Illi. Fedir Oleksiyovich was so gracious that he could not be present at the funeral. Ale y sin did not live long.

Mayzha passed two years, and Fedir Oleksiyovich suddenly became friends, again with a noble daughter of an humble family, Marta Matviivna Apraksina.

The fun was more modest, the doors of the Kremlin were closed, instead of confirming the homeliness of what is being seen. Sylvester Medvedev having read to the names of his verses, vigadans z tsієї nagoda. There were such rows:

Nothing in the world is better, more head

Mіtsnogo body, if reasonable, healthy ...

It’s all true, but the axis is still ... The king of ailments and the zmіg to take care of the chosen ones in the wake of us becomes less for this day after the fun. Vіn buv at rozkvitі creative, but, unfortunately, not physical forces. The sickness devoured Yogo. The order, having continued victorious over its functions, ale nachebto z looking around: and who will be advancing and, as a matter of fact, you will be in the year ahead? The courtiers called to enter at the rest of the sick. Vlasne, beating the life of the dying Fyodor Oleksiyovich, the vuzol of the future "shooter tragedy" appeared. Riflemen of one of the Moscow regiments lashed out at Colonel Semyon Griboyedov, who sees half (!) of their pay. The tsar entrusted to rise up.

The Sovereign of all Russia, Fedir Oleksiyovich, died on the sixth river of rule, in 1682, as it is written in the rank book, "on the 27th day, the death of the Moscow state."

And there was a lot of sin, and all the stench came out of the name. Three days before his death, Fedir Oleksiyovich punished the archer’s petition: “Send me to Totma, and choose the patrimonies, and replace the colonels.” That was the end of the order of the dying. Griboyedov was rightfully taken a varta, but they let him in for the booty. The deputy vikonannya of the tsar's decree was respected for the better "to incriminate petitioners, best people, zhorstoka punishment". At the end of the day, the Muscovites fell, and not only the shooters, the rebels.

Yogo was far away from the memory of Tsarist Sophia Oleksiivna, sister of the late Tsar, regent for the young Tsars Peter and Ivan. Sophia the Wise was not the organizer of the Striletsky rebellion, but the yogi calmer, as some people called her.

"On the throne of the eternal priest" - one of Pushkin's characteristics of Peter the Great can be boldly attributed to his elder brother. Surely, if you re-emphasize the reach of yogo government, a favorable picture emerges. In fact, it was folded and dramatic. Ale, no doubt, the transformation of Fyodor Oleksiyovich is an important evidence of non-violent reforms, moreover, it is more important not to take a stand, it is less to include foreign evidence there, de tsedorechno. Axis and opinion on the supply, why Fedor Oleksiyovich's rule is few people in the house. The younger brother Petro Oleksiyovich, if he came to power, never said: “We will follow a different path!” I pishov. And everyone went. And if everyone goes in line on the same road, it’s like you don’t fall into the thought, what are the other ways.

REFORMER

The first fates of the reign of Fyodor Oleksiyovich predicted a fairy dream for the yogi relatives - the Miloslavskys. Having occupied the faceless high estates at once, the stench rolled around like a sir in the oil. Even the high camp of the tsar's relatives near the first king's tsar made rich historians think about the outside of the sovereign Miloslavsky and the weakness of the sovereign himself.

For such a visnovka, you should seriously put it.

It was already said more: there are no reasons to respect that Fedir Oleksiyovich showed up as a whole set of adoptions by his relatives and other aristocratic clans that ruled the country. Vіn a moment vtruchatsya at the serious sovereigns, and vtruchavsya hour. So, maybe, by his will, the Matveevs were left to rest, and by his will, competing with the Miloslavskys, the “party” of the Narishkins appeared freed from an important disgrace, human losses, and distant mischief. The young tsar took part in the negotiations with foreigners, and it is clear that he was at least not playing the role of “living decoration”.

Ale, with which step, yoga, the hand at the right of the government was left low.

You can see it from the different gerels.

So, for many months after the death of his father, Fedir Oleksiyovich did not marry the kingdom in an instant, and, obviously, he began to balance between life and death. It is impossible to show that you can take part in such a collaborative right as the development of new laws. Tim an hour 10-14 Birch 1676 is gathering the ranks of the code of laws on the nobility of the land. 28 (!) “New Decree Articles” about maєtki, then 16 more “New Decree Articles” about estates. Under the skin article, the words: "Having ordered the Great Sovereign, and the boyars condemned ..." - and then the following was the essence of legalization. Sense of both codes in the field of clarification of important details when registering land certificates. Voni є plіd ґruntovnogo znayomstvo і z Soborny ukladannyam tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich, і z pіznіshimi yogo decrees, і s judicial precedents. Bіglo, on the go, you can’t do that.

І tse great zvedennya ryadovykh decrees was the result of the legal creativity of the fourteenth, and moreover, the ailing king? From already hardly.

Even earlier, for example, a fierce, Russian order virishiv allowed the Persians to trade in raw seam in Arkhangelsk. The materials of the investigation carried out by the Duma on the transit trade in similar goods are certainly great. Stink about deep insight into the topic, deliberation and firmness of the adopted decision. The sovereign at the principle was caught after the funeral of the father, moreover, at the camp of a serious illness, he “lifted” the laying of significant documents.

To be summarized: while the tsar-junak was getting ready in the face of ailments, the current order of nutrition was virulent with his devil. They were taken up by the Boyar Duma, heads of orders, dyaks, ponatorili at the right of their administrative specialization. Obviously, offensive codices have been prepared for a long time, even for Oleksiy Mikhailovich. Yogo's protector could no longer give a formal permission: so, enter into the deed. And I didn’t realize it too much, the tips of my mind swayed and the tips of my voice instantly spoke ...

And the axis and the other butt: for Oleksiy Mikhailovich, the blame was given for the order of the Taemnykh sprav. Following the words of one Russian defector to the Swedes, the tse administration was acknowledged by the tsar under the control of the Boyar Duma: Order of the Taemnih Sprav; and in a new place to sit a diyak, that clerk from 10 people, and know the stench and shy away the deeds of all royal, taemni and obvious; and before that Order of the boyars and dumni people do not enter and it is right not to know, krіm the tsar himself. And they ask that Order of clerks with ambassadors in the state, and on embassies, and at war with governors, in order to send riches at their embassies not to honor their sovereign in travels and in rozmovny promotions ... but in regiments it’s a lot of falsehood to do over the warrior people, and those clerks over the post and over the governors look and the kings, having arrived, seem ... they didn’t know about anything.” For Oleksiy Mikhailovich, the order of the Tajmnykh sprav served both as a special office, and as an establishment, as a control of the activities of other departments and gardening systems, and it was also necessary to achieve a "breakthrough" on these lines of economics, politics, military administration, and dedication. Until then, the palace government had worn the mandate. І - behind the confusion - nutrition of the sovereign security.

“The aristocracy served” at the Boyar Duma. Zvichayno, vysnovok nastіlki ználky galuzі soverzhnyh sprava zі spheres of competence Dumi yshov threats from the interests of the nobility. So, immediately after the death of Oleksiy Mikhailovich, the order was formed. Mittevo. It can be said that the body of the sovereign did not get cold.

Qiu "reform" tezh zrobiv Fedir Oleksiyovich? The one who "... did not have enough strength ... to speak loudly"? Before that, clearly on Skoda sobi? Svіdomo burning the priceless office, robivshi marvelously generous gift to the nobility? Looking fantastic. Especially how to vrahuvati, like a young tsar in piznishe. Having grown up and having come in health, I will fall asleep “I will open the chamber”, which will transfer part of the functions of the long-established order of the Taemnykh sprav.

Even more similar to those who lacked knowledge and tendencies of Fyodor Oleksiyovich's health, for some time the most powerful courtiers, the heads of the great aristocratic "parties" were crowned. The stench defeated the order of the Taєmnih rights to the tsar-junak, the stink gained the rank of new laws, the stink transferred among themselves the "portfolios" of key managers.

Moreover, the Miloslavskys were far from being the only one, imovirno, not the strongest grouping of nobles, like they were cutting the edge over the back of Fyodor Oleksiyovich.

In the quiet hours, they saved themselves from thinking about their kind, the peaceful “rozdili vlady” between dekilkom and plethora of families: “After the death of Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich, they lost their head bolyars, like a great power in the management of Mali ... Prince Yury Oleksiyovich Dolgoruky ... the palace and zbroyarnyutro Bogdan Matviutro.” Understandably, we are not talking about okremi individuals, but about the heads of the spitting courtiers of the “party”. The stench lied to share among themselves and with Miloslav's "spheres of infusion", and to that they called out from the Kazan Voivodship of the elder Miloslavsky family - Ivan Bogdanovich, the cousin of the mother of Fedor Oleksiyovich. Yomu Dolgoruky and Khitrovo were told to manage a lot of orders, but they also talked about guarantees of their high status. Do not waste your position at the court, the stench of “... the Duma nobleman Ivan Yazikov, a man of great hospitality, also Oleksiy Likhachov, a great teacher of Tsarevich Oleksiy Oleksiyovich, a man of good conscience, firmly praising the sovereign, mercy was introduced. Before that, the Dolgorukiy were deprived of the kіmnati, the people of hospitality ... ". One more court "clan" will not hesitate - the princes Odoevski, ale y vin, pevne, taking part in the transfer of power, shards of the shores of the vply and sprat of high settlements behind their people. Miloslavsky, having gone to Moscow, having started to click on the cob of handy helpers from the road. Ale, through lack of knowledge and greediness, earned pardons: “... those who were negainally appointed [before the new one to commemorate]...

Subsumok of the administrative panuvannya of Miloslavsky viyshov sumny. Arriving to Moscow, at the same time, taking up the right bagatioh, set up the wine. “Ale, at no time, without the ability to see all the rights, the comrades were not more than maisters in the order ... and the comrades and cunning to the scarg on the new road began to prepare, through which the rich scarg appeared before the sovereign. And according to the bagatioh yoma, in the presence of the sovereign, dissatisfaction appeared, it came, scho wine, not with a great honor from the sovereign, ask for embarrassment, so that the deacons would punish the new one. Like I did, but with a little honor. The onslaught of other courtier "parties" was continued, and Miloslavsky acted step by step with the positions, taking away not the all-powerful administrative power, but the visibility. More information in the palace games of the nobles lured Yogo into pasture, giving rich floorings, that Miloslavsky Bulo could cope with such stuff, then discredited Yogo and sprung another plan to the entrance.

What do you say?

First, not so strong and omnipotent boules of Miloslavsky at the cob stage of kingship. The elders of the family opined at the farther dispute with the monarch. Ivan Bogdanovich Miloslavsky is the cousin of his mother, and Ivan Mikhailovich Miloslavsky is the son-in-law of Queen Mary of the Illivna. It is not enough to lay claim to dovga universal guardianship over the young tsar. The stench tried to take on the flags of the central state apparatus, but ... they didn’t get the strength. Miloslavskys, perhaps, would have appeared not so filthy already, but the crime of lack of knowledge in intrigues and dominance was ruined by greed. One of the foreign officers, as if they were in the Russian service, leaving a note to the promoter: “Uncle the tsar having made a general look. And among the foreigners, who were in charge of the Russian troops, there were a lot of such people, as they took away their high ranks sooner in the likeness, lower for merit. I had a chance to drink at the post office. Other colonels were re-appointed to ensigns. Here began the great dream of that stognannya. Kozhen shukav for help from his good patrons. However, the uncle of the king of knowledge is able, having robbed a mustache, how to be lured by you. Vіn buv rich and instilling in the young tsar everything he wanted. Less than the one who garnered a squad of chi daughters, the moment he reached it. So zavdyaki garniy zhіntsі richly hto otrimav their ranks. Approximately the time I was appointed lieutenant colonel. Shards on the right now turned around so dishonorably, I asked for help, so that the ice didn’t throw me into the hard camp: they threatened me with nothing else, like a batog and a basil to Siberia.

Stars are visible: from one side, I. B. Miloslavskyy mave the capacity of a business administrator. Vіn vychischiv army like ballast, which softly seeming, did not add to her fighting spirit. On the other hand, he showed himself to be a filthy Christian, and also, vicariously, he understands that he is a corrupt official.

In a different way even more serious positions were taken by other groups of notables. Obviously, during the first few months, the reign of Fyodor Oleksiyovich Dolgoruky from Khitrovo (and perhaps Odoevski) could twist it, as they wanted. Stink, maybe, and spread the order of the Taєmnih rights to triska. Then the stench kindly cared for the life of the court, seemingly giving the persistence to Miloslavsky. Ale could, for the sake of necessity, achieve his own, through the influence of the sovereign's influence. It is possible to conduct a language not about the period of the "Miloslavskys' rule", but about an hour, if the "aristocracy served" in the specialty of the most powerful "parties" was more important. Miloslavsky bules were only one of them.

So che іnakshe, for a long time the tsar-junak was not a full ruler. Having ruled Russia a conglomerate of noble families, they united the significant forces of the nobility of the Moscow nobility.

Tsya situation changed step by step. It’s not good to think that the conflict from the day through the friendship of Agaf Grushetskaya cut the Tsar Fedor Oleksiyovich, mute with a scythe, in two. Until 1680, the fate of the tsar was a purely decorative figure, and then turned his own kermo rule ... Here, the picture is more plausible.

At the year of the supreme power, a sprinkling of processes took place overnight, which would appoint a person. From one side, the Miloslavskys, recognizing the short-hour flight, were step by step spitting in. From the other side, the sovereign has grown up and, as it seems, the giblets "entering at the right."

Fedir Oleksiyovich, standing up to the folding machine, took decisions from the Moscow State, shukav the top assistants, declaring his own priorities of great politics. Zvichayno, in 1676 and 1677 the fates of the wines became even weaker as the current ruler. But in the future, the “vaga” of the tsar, like the “great administrator”, is beginning to grow. So, until 1680, the building of large-scale reform projects were already being drafted and brought to life. Ale tsі novі mozhlivostі - the result of incremental accumulation of strength, and chi is not a one-time change. In 1678 and 1679, the absolutely independent activities of the young monarch are already visible: the “Upper” nursery under the educational programs of Simeon of Polotsk and the life of the New Rusalim Monastery under Moscow. Nareshti, for the royal person, there are a lot of trusted osib. Some of the stinks are recruited from the quiet, whom they “bring in” to the guards of Dolgoruky, Khitrovo, Odoevski. In part, the king himself brings obedient nobles closer to himself.

Krim Likhachovykh and Yazikova high Kondiryev and Taras Poskochin - s-pomіzh konyariv. Prince Vasil Vasilovich Golitsin is unfailingly appearing near the tsar among noble aristocrats.

The rest of meritorious for special respect. For the nobility of the wines, they immediately compete with the Odoevskys, overturning the Dolgorukis, insanely towering over the Miloslavskys and the Khitrovskys. The prince is himself a member of the great aristocratic clan. The Golitsyns have long been made great patrimonies. There is no doubt in their ability to do so. It seems otherwise, Vasil Vasilovich, by appointment to all courtier "parties" is completely independent. Krіm tsyogo, prince buv vіdznacheny order rice of the great politician. Vіn mav tactful military dosvіd, even if you didn’t reach the prominent successes on the battlefield. Vіn otrimav miraculous at that hour osvіtu. And more importantly, God endowed V. V. Golitsin with a great diplomatic talent and thought on a grand scale. And in part of the palace intrigues, I was no less a fakhivtsy, lower Dovgoruky, Khitrovo thin. Pdtrimka, given to the sovereign by such a person, and especially important. You're afraid to let a person go to Golitsyn, who can even have a significant impact on Fyodor Oleksiyovich. Otzhe, and on the main political course.

Calling the practical roles of Vasily Vasilovich as a great sovereign person, he was a richer “zahіdnik”, he was the sovereign himself. The prince hurried there, de Fedir Oleksiyovich would collapse without haste. The first camp of victory for the princess Sophia gave Golitsin Bazhan the opportunity to "hurry up".

Henceforth, if the order from Fedor Oleksiyovich was formed near the rulers, the monarch, having taken the “command”, would carry out his will until the transformation.

Then the reforms began.

A great peace came before them with a great war for Ukraine. Vernishe, that episode of the titanic struggle for Ukraine, which fell on the fate of the reign of Fyodor Oleksiyovich.

In 1654, the political forces of the Moscow State and Poland began a large-scale siege resistance. So chi іnakshe, the fate of the rest of Europe took the fate of the new one. Russia jumped into the land, after the Great Troubles, and, as if to go, into the Commonwealth "Lithuanian Rus" - that was the name of the region that belonged to the Polish kings, but was inhabited by Orthodox Christian Slavic peoples. The Meshkans called themselves "Russian" and "Russian" and called their faith (they themselves wrote: after one "s").

Vіyna z Richyu Commonwealth trival 13 years, until 1667 year. Russia conquered Smolensk, Velizh, Nevel, Sebizh, Siversky land, occupied the Dniprovsk Livoberezhzhya, put Kiev under control. The Commonwealth at the presence of the forces took over everything that was Oleksiy Mikhailovich's household. But for an hour Fedor Oleksiyovich's ascension to the throne, the rest of the peace has not yet been put down. Diplomats got by with truces, the Poles mryali hoch bi chastkovo urіzati novі volodynnya Moscow. What's more, Russia took Kiev out of the region, formally not claiming those rights. Prote sens for tchogo buv. The Crimea of ​​the Moscow State and the Commonwealth were serious "graves" on the shakhivnitsa of the colossal war, the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman Empire, as well as the Cossack foreman, who swayed his passions either to one suzerain, or to another. Vіddati Kiev meant inflicting the Orthodox population on the terrible danger of the Turkish-Tatar pogrom. The Poles, having formed an alliance with the Cossacks - an alliance that is even more problematic - did not have enough strength for an effective defense against the great invasion of the day. Ale nationalize the Turks from the Tatars to Ukraine could stink. Sometimes they acted like that. Our ambassador at the court of the Polish king, V. M. Tyapkin, spoke about the Russian order. About those well ahead of the king himself, the great master of diplomatic games A. L. Ordin-Nashchokin.

Tsikavo, that since 1672 the fate of the Commonwealth has changed with the union with Russia against the Turks. The stench at once fought against one enemy. When coordinating, zusil chrest instantly and quickly take the mountain over the moon from the region. Protérіchchya mizh Rіchchyu Commonwealth, Ukrainian Cossack regions and the Moscow state appeared to be hostile for the organization of a general attack. The allies fought one in one against the unsafe enemies, the Turks. Paradoxical situation!

Zreshtoy, Russia stooped in front of the guise of an open zbroyny zіtknennia with the Turks. With Krim, the vassal of the Turkish sultans, 200 rokiv fought. You can say that the sound vibrated. Against the krimtsіv, they roared the great army on the pіvdnі, strengthened the lines (“zasіchnі risi”), everything for the day and for the day sporadzhuvali new “mistechka”. Few fought among the Turks. Ale in Moscow miraculously understood: he is an order of magnitude stronger opponent. And the western flank of the Ukrainian theater of the Vijskovs was having a break with the Poles.

Filthy war. Important war. A war with an unfamiliar kіntsіvka.

Vlasne, not Fedir Oleksiyovich її zateyav. Vіn less spadkuvav vіyna, scho chased for Yogo dad, Oleksiy Mikhailovich. At this grandiose standpoint, the Dniprovsk Pravoberezhzhya, as well as all the Cossacks of the region, who leaned on the day and on the sunset, became the main “apple of the brother”. Nasampered Chigirin is a strong fort, historically tied to the guilt of the independent Hetman's government.

Little Russia at that hour was divided in two. Part of the Cossacks on the choli with hetman Ivan Samoylovich became the ensign of the Moscow state. The other part under the hetman Petro Doroshenko's curry looked like the defenders of the Turks and Tatars, which appeared greedily ruinous. Bita, blooded by the Turks of the Commonwealth, came out of war.

The confrontation for the Right-bank Ukraine fell on the Muscovite state like a heavy burden. The situation for the Russian troops developed remarkably friendly, but it didn’t hurt! “Before the reign of Fyodor Oleksiyovich, Russia came with increased tributes and constant extra extortions, with limited mobilization resources and regular troops on the great front,” writes a modern historian.

In 1676, the fate of the Russian commander G.I. Kosagov, having opened the gates of Chigirin. Under the control of the sovereign governor, the key position of the entire Right Bank has been consumed! The old, tight enemy of Russia, Doroshenko created the Hetman's power from himself and created the Hetman's artillery park. Kolishny hetman was ruled to Moscow.

From Moscow to Chigirin, 2 thousand 400 shooters destroyed. The wolves formed the core of the garrison. Together, among them, the Cossacks of Samoylovich and the Russian regiment of soldiers, inculcated to new, European tactics, took place. Russian colonel Matviy Yosipovich Krovkov, as well as a foreigner in the Russian service, Major General Trauernicht, became the defenders of the place. Stop having punished to repair the walls, to strengthen the forte of the argument and to put in order the wrong harmony. At the result of the enemy, there is a modern strong stronghold, reinforced by the fortifications of the foreign servants of Fedor Oleksiyovich.

The Turks, viyshovshi to Chigirin for the support of the military of Moldova, Wallachia, the Crimean Khanate, Mali, for various tributes, from 65 to 82 thousand soldiers for 36 znarad. Behind them came the Cossacks, who succumbed to the puppet pseudo-Hetman, the great unkind Russian Yury Khmelnitsky.

By the new appearances, the hetman turned to zahisnikіv place with a letter, de calling to greet you as the legitimate fall of yoga father - Bogdan Khmelnitsky. Vіn suprovodzhuvav svіy call obіtsyanami generous viplats and gifts. Ale in the city knew well why the checks from the Tatars were from the Turks. The Cossacks were sent to the Russian garrison, and the Russians had the courage to stand firm.

On the cob of sickle in 1677, the fight for Chigirin broke out.

The Turks led the earthling robots, step by step approaching Chigirin. In the event of an overestimation, the stench blew insipidly, singsongly. However, they repaired a hardened opir, which beat the offensive blow. The Turks at the bagats fought against the forks for an hour. Tsі vylazki vymagali neymovіrnoї vіdvagi, then more than once brought success to taxation. They are single-handedly described as foreign, and Russian dzherela.

Following the words of the dragoon colonel Patrick Gordon, the second thousand Russian shooters and Ukrainian Cossacks under the cover of night hit the positions of the Turks and the rich killed, outposting the znenatska. Once upon a time, the vilazka was heard on the middle of a broad day: “The stench stepped in, being stunned by berdishes and napivpikami, - and the decks were richer, like 24 Turkish ensigns, having left the trenches and requests, they beat up to their banners. In these villages, due to the remembrance of the taxation, hundreds of Turks were slaughtered, and from the taxation - 26 and approximately two more were injured.

That picture itself is being worn behind Russian documents. NEVIVGOLOVA MOSCODSKIY STRILTSIVIV OLEKSІY MATVIYOVYCH LUZHIN MAVS MAVI PІDTATAZY Z Gordіsti Vіyskіdati about DII MOSCOWSKY VIYSK IN CHIGIRINA SERPNIY-VERESNІ 1677 ROCK: "Three Tijni Booo Z Mista on the Vilasek Usіkh Z 10, and there were centuries on Vilas, and myslivtsі. By the grace of God and the great sovereign, the bagats were beaten on the quiet vilaskas of the Turks, and at the Upper place of the army, people from the Turks took three ensigns on the quiet vilasks ... churned up the earth. In the nights of fighting, people from the ditch spread that land along the ditch to the sides and in the middle of the ditch, turi, folds, fired. And as those tours fired, and at that hour from the place they shot at the Turkish people from the garmat and from the dribnoy rushnitsy flawlessly. And Turkish people, Volohs, Muntians, and Serbs, seemed to be taken by Mov and migrants, who were taken to the Lower Town with a Cossack, who were beaten on vilaskas and on attacks, thousands of six and more.

Russian riflemen and Ukrainian Cossacks worked together in a common union and mutually intelligible.

The arrival of the Tatars to help the Turks did not change the situation. The Crimean Khan is not ready for the bazhannyam to show strength, serving the military needs of the suzerain. Yogo pіddanі fought without a particular fuse. For an hour, the stinks of navit pidburyuvali taxed to the support.

In the middle of the sickle, the Turks moved away to a decisive assault. The protesters were aware of new strikes and were greeted with great expenses. Minna war also did not bring good luck to the Turks.

Tim, for an hour, the Russian detachment hung the great army to help Chigirin. As Gordon himself, a participant in the campaign, at the other half of the linden of 1677, the fate of the army, having concentrated its fighting forces, arrived at the theater of military operations: collection and census sent to Moscow - [total] over 42,000 people. Boyarin (Prince G. G. Romodanovsky. - D. V.) stepping in, we stood at our great Wagenburz, 10 versts from Sudzha. Having found out in Sudzhi that the Turks had crossed the Dnister, we now took away the vіrnі vіdomostі, that the stench of a few days was checking for the Tatars, we stepped out, if you appeared, and at once from Yuras Khmelnytsky straight to Chyhyryn ... We set out early and broke the tabir near the fox of the river Aloshinka, 10 versts from Sumy”.

On the eve of the appearance of Romodanivsky with the police, the Turks rushed to the attack. And it was anew.

The Russian army went up to the guards' positions. Days with corrals of the new army were also not far off for the Turks.

For example, a scythe came to a halt: the army was with Prince V.V. Golitsinim and I.V. Buturlin on choli. “In this army there were about 15 or 20 thousand people, among those rich princes and noble nobles of the imperial court,” Colonel Gordon says. Zalyakani with new forces, which came to the aid of Romodanovsky, "the Turks ... took a tax and went in great fear, throwing impersonal grenades and other supplies." Their losses reached, according to different estimates, from two to eight thousand in one. Over 1,000 people, as well as Romodanivsky's army, recognized shkodi trochs.

Following the decree of Fyodor Oleksiyovich, the participants in the Chigirin campaign were generously rewarded.

The Russian order did not even care that the Turks were following their plans in Ukraine after the first strike. They checked the offensive fate: they strengthened the garrison, inspired the old fortifications of Chigirin, and were new. All the preparations turned out to be pre-river, if under the walls of the place a new Turkish warrior appeared.

In 1678, fate was raffled off to a friend of the great Chigirinsky drama.

On the cob of a lime tree in 1678, Chigirin was defended by about 11-13 thousand cavalry and infantry with 86 garmats and mortars. Behind the reports, which were taken away from the perpetrators and even inaccurate, the Turkish-Moldovan army, which came under Chigirin, had 102 thousand more than one combat element. The forces of the Crimean Khanate and the Cossacks of Yury Khmelnytsky also opinated on її botsі. Artillery had about 120 rounds.

The charges led an uninterrupted rich day battle for reinforcements, recognized colossal losses in the form of uninterrupted bombardment, beat the enemy on attacks and for an hour the forks. It happened more and more importantly: signs were given of the great victory of the Turks in the forces, as well as the high fighting strength of their army. Day of battles and skirmishes vyrivav іz lava taxed kіlka tens, or even hundreds of warriors. Ale and the Turks had a hard time. Behind the tribute of scolding, they alone drove in the stench “... over 6,000 people and more and less than two were injured; the Turks are zdivovani, zustrichayuchi such an opir - they can’t stink, or they can wrap it in a bunch of firewood!”.

The first days of sickle brought change. Under Chigirin, the Russian army of the same R. G. Romodanovsky appeared: 50 thousand Russian soldiers plus another 30 thousand Cossacks of Samoylovich. Vaughn gave a sprat of sensitive blows to the enemies. The number of Russian soldiers, foreign naimants and Ukrainian Cossacks was equal to the number of fortune-telling forces. The resistance was renewed with new energy. The Turks used great forces to attack the place that had collapsed, went on the assault from a baked roar: the victory poured into them! - Ale nothing could reach. Chigirin stood undeterred.

Possibly, there is more courage on the side of our governors - and the place would stand far away. However, the garrison, which, having protected Yogo, tormented to the extreme, grew panic among the soldiers, and fighting for the ruins is already not a little sensation. The Russian command took a passive scenario of combat actions. They called out to Chigirin’s defenders, the place and the remnants of fortechny spores made fire, the gunpowder flakes were kicked in the air with vibukhas. In fact, Chigirin's position was not so well established, as if it were downtrodden. The enemy, who fought for her with such an arrogance, could not speed up with her, having taken the shards from his order, one more than a garrison.

Many people barked to Romodanivsky for inconsistency, for a marvelously good manner of fighting. Ale camp of the Russian army, a significant world staffed by vchorashnіm villagers, flooded the best.

Romodanovsky vychaviv with her a maximum of combativeness. A lot of regiments of the new zrazka - soldiers, reytars - showed weak organization. So chi varto bulo rizikuvati general battle with the Turks?

Before that, the will of the prince was fettered by orders from Moscow. The Russian detachment did not dare to stand to death for Chigirin, emptying the treasury and laying the Ukrainian steppes with kilim from the dead Russian bodies. The Turks were given a task, so that the stench did not lizli on the territory, as they are firmly controlled by Russia, for example, Kiev. And Chigirin zreshtoy virishy to sacrifice - for the sake of the world. Ale donate so that the Turks suffered the maximum Skoda for the cost and spent the money to continue the war. Romodanivsky was given order: at the time of consumption "Chigirin ... conscience (to be in need. -) D.V.)… and that marvel and beware of it, so that the Chigirin zvedennya was not disgusting to the Little Russian inhabitants. The threatening position of the Poles prompted the Moscow order to hurry up with the order of the world. "Allies", bachachi terribly strained by the Russian military machine, began to sing the praises of vimogi, lapped up new incursions into our territory.

The cannonades of the Chigirin cannon reached two Polish diplomats, and they appeared for negotiations with Moscow: “On the 1st, there were twenty sessions of the meeting ... At the same time, a good call was received about the victory, well-being over the Turks at the Chigirin metro station, which was the whole summer of 20 a Muscovites stylki and thousands of yoga stole. Razpovidali, nibi head voivoda Romodanivsky hoch and won from the Turks tabir і, having taken the majestic zdobich, having killed up to 50 thousand, but through those who themselves had spent a greater part of the military, having fallen into disgrace with the king, and virіshiv yogo vіdkliiti ta. However, having succumbed to the efforts of friends, we have again earned the courtesy and love of the king, we will strike the enemy with amazement, we will tell you about it at once. On the right, in the fact that they didn’t even chirp about the cost of the camp, the Turks led Chigirin’s energy tax, took the place and made him completely devastated. The voivode took them to the castle and, knowing that you won’t get lost for a long time, commanded you to secretly accumulate in the land of digs, collect gunpowder in them and voluntarily give the castle to the enemy. The Turks, triumphantly, occupied and honed yoga to all the military; marvel, the voivoda, having set fire to the pit, and thousands of Turks at once flew out of the castle in a rush, more and more it was covered with earth and buried with live bait without the help of burial grounds.

Nadal Russian-Ukrainian and Moldavian-Turkish-Tatar armies waged an important positional struggle, leading one serious bastard. We were forced to the brim, the Turks were left with nothing else, how to enter. On the way, the stench made a wasteful raid on Kaniv and another place.

Podsumok: Chigirin's campaign ended without a profit, without glory, but the enemy did not gain anything. Kaniv and that one had a chance to turn around.

And tse is a bad basis for negotiations.

In the diplomatic struggle against the Poles, Chigirin's map played an important role.

In the life stories of Tsar Fedor Oleksiyovich, they write richly and with relish about the Russian-Turkish war. Decals to dance at her little not the central platform of the king. Although for Russia the crooked battle with the Turks for Ukraine is truly superbly important, then for the life of Pan Fedor Oleksiyovich it is on a different plane. I don’t want to confuse the history of the monarch with the history of his state.

Therefore, the upheavals of the great Viysk's passion are given here rather briefly, wanting to merit the stench on their own for a great book.

So, obviously, the need for a new war reproached themselves even more richly in the internal and external politics of the Moscow state. The king had occasion to give them the greatest respect. Ale… in a better way, Fedir Oleksiyovich once never saw the front. Vіn vzagalі protyag yuzhogo life not buvav іyuchіy army. Battles were waged by yoga voivods. And in a different way, with all the pressure of diplomatic, economical and mobilization efforts, the young tsar did not take the fate of the Vikonan's right from the military catering. B about Most of the war falls on that hour, if the central role in the administration of the country was played by the aristocratic "party", and Fedir Oleksiyovich himself had not yet taken over the kermo of power. Even before the problems of the wartime, the participation in the negotiations with the Poles, the negotiation of a peace treaty with the Turks, and the reading of the calls with insignificant private orders was separated.

Possibly, the respect of the sovereign was tied up before the battles and campaigns that are going to the distant outskirts of the forest. Ale, the head solution of the military meals is still, maybe, praising not the wines.

In the spring of 1678, the role of the tsar is growing exponentially. So, on the 12th of April there was a great meeting of the Boyar Duma with the tsar on the basis of the participation of the patriarch: a plan was discussed against the Turks. Another Chigirin massacre found the sovereign at the seventeenth century. Vіn vіdpraviv before the army vlasnu pokhіdnu church. Then, for the sake of the patriarch, having punished the service of panahidis for those who perished in battles on 11-13 sickles in our cathedrals and to add their names to the synodics for “eternal commemoration”.

In the spring of 1678, when the Polish embassy reached Moscow, Fedir Oleksiyovich was an active participant in the negotiations.

The Sovereign becomes a certificate of the highest trade. The Poles will remember Kiev, Smolensk, small places, and other great vimogi. A simple rozakhunok: as long as the Russians are tied up with the great war with the Turks and Tatars, the threat from the western flank is fatal to them. Ale z pіvdnya zvіstki reach: Chigirin fell, but the Turks did not get away; vizir Mustafa, who had conquered the Turkish army, went with the troops. The boyars of Fyodor Oleksiyovich blamed the hopes for the nayzhorstkish minds, and the Polish ambassador Czartorysky let go of the serious trump card at the gr. What now? The security of the Polish invasion is completely unacceptable for Moscow, but Poland was already defeated and weakened; chi great fear of her?

Patriarch Joachim intervened, shouting to give up: it is terrible to rule over new bloodshed among Christians! Especially if the Basurman threat is far from emerging. The boyars, having creaked their hearts on the choli with the tsar, gave small places: Sebezh, Velizh, Nevel and paid 200 thousand rubles in silver. Ale Kiev, the turn of which the Poles jumped so far, stood in the distance.

The truce with the Richa Commonwealth continued until 1693. Tue, this year before the end of the evening, the two great powers of Northern Europe laid the "eternal light" between them. Kiev has fallen behind Russia.

Fedir Oleksiyovich, having taken into account all the information about those, with such zhorstokistyu, negotiations are being conducted from the Ukrainian food. Malorosіya that hour, terribly discolored, actually ruined, became a majestic wild, where the pennies of those three great powers: the Turkish Empire, the Commonwealth and Russia irrevocably hovered. The fish of endless vineyards near the dark waters of the battle for Ukraine was only wiggled by the Crimean Khanate, as it ruled the raids for the replenishment of the rinks of work.

For the Russian tsar, for the order of the day, there was food about the way of the world.

In 1679 Russian-Turkish-Tatar negotiations began. The tsar showed the first interest to them. Wow!

The majestic army stood under the rushnitsa, viverting the state treasures navivorit. For tribute to the fate of 1681, the country avenged 164,000 “military people”, Crimean Hetman Cossacks; of them, on the pіvdnі, near the Sіverskiy and Bіlhorodskiy ranks, the most intense grouping was concentrated - 58 thousand soldiers! There they minted a new invasion of the Turks. The Tatars were beshketuvali, once again lying on our lands for the sake of profit. Terribly expensive new “zasichni risi” were taxed against them.

Already, the dispute between the Insarsko-Penza boundary was on its way, and in 1679 the link of the grandiose Izumsk boundary was started for five thousand kilometers. Її will be on the most secure straight line, as the pivdenno-zahіdna outskirts of the state has become. There are new fortifications on the approaches to Kiev. It is important to understand that the scale is great in this majestic sovereign robot part of the royal lot. In the face of aggressive ships from the pivdnya, Russia from the 16th century traditionally built defense lines. Until the end of the 17th century, there was nothing new for him. Ale, the very intensity of everyday life is a witness to those who did yoga to the beast. Іzyumsku mezhu created duzhe Shvidko. And then, you can let it go: Fedir Oleksiyovich hurried from the right, pushing, pushing.

Tim an hour in the blue from Constantinople-Istanbul went right. They also did not want a new round of large-scale military zusil. Chigirin's slaughter so ruinously fell on the sultan's treasury, like on the tsar's. But the Turks did not hurry with the agreement. The Sultan, the least Pole, was eager to get Kiev from the territory of the Right-bank Ukraine. And in Russia, the presence of the Turks in Ukraine was respected as unprimed. Little Russia was languishing in the choli with Samoylovich, so it wanted the world, but it didn’t follow the order to the Turks. Here the positions of the hetman's clergy and the Russian order were victorious.

The place for conducting the negotiation process appeared next: Bakhchisaray, the capital of the Crimean Khan. The Tatars were the least zatsіkavlenі near peaceful lands... Zvіdsi - hostri teritorialnі superechki and bolіsnitski come in schodo Moscow diplomatіv.

Podsumok dovgih superechok viyshov sumnіvnym. The cordon of Russian lands was carried out by the Dnipro, and beyond Russia the whole Kiev region was abandoned; Zaporizhzhya did not acquire a solid status: the Sultan of Zaporizhzhya region was not officially recognized by the tsar's Volodin. Between the territory of the Moscow state and the Turkish-Tatar one, a kind of “buffer zone” was established, where the Tatar nomads were not protected. That and in a flash, with the transfer of Russian minds, which had already been discussed at Bakhchisar, on Turkish letters viniklo richly contented, obscure, short-handed. From Moscow for the residual confirmation of the contract to Constantinople violating P. Voznitsin. And yet, I didn’t turn aside to the treaty of the statute about Zaporizhzhya.

Fedir Oleksiyovich himself and the boyar order were left dissatisfied. This reaction did not leave a mystery for foreigners: “The ambassador, who turned in the direction of Port, brought from himself an agreement to the world, not a bit of the true, but a bit of the broken one: the boyars, having climbed to the Radi, tumble the sense of the agreement and know nothing from anyone, krіm empty meaningful words. The sovereign was angry at this pardon, at those, like the stench, allowed the basurmans to send their cordons to this state to the Don, not turning on the fort of Vasilkov and Kiev ... that sovereign of the kingdom of Moscow did not want to wait for the whole agreement, transferring from that the most famously for his state ... "

Prote letter, confirmed by the Sultan, they still accepted from Moscow. The empty, unpopular Zaporizhzhya was a problem, not a hodgepodge. The Little Russian people rushed out of their own places and moved to Russian lands, defending the tsarist regiments. They also decided to donate to the Zaporizhia region - just like before they donated Chigirin. They sacrificed a lot of things for the sake of protecting Kiev and for the sake of peace.

The Bakhchisarai peace treaty of 1681 gave way to a greedy and important war.

It is important to say that the right decisions were adopted by the Russian order. On the one hand, if Moscow showed more firmness in the negotiations, the yakbi won bula is ready before the end of the war, perhaps the Turks would give in. This struggle is also not small in particular benefits. On the other hand, the continuation of the conflict led to a new collapse, new human losses and - most of all - to the insecurity of new rebellions.

Until 1681, Fedir Oleksiyovich became an absolute autocrat. None of the leaders of the Russian boyars - not Goltsin, not Dolgoruky, for example, not more than Miloslavsky, - not the Boyar Duma as a whole could not “stretch” the approval of the peace treaty by the tsar. Fully understood: Fedir Oleksiyovich himself made a residual choice. Vіn wait a while, end the war like this. Next voice: let's go having fought not the king himself, ale having completed the war itself. Tse yoga will, politics. The pouches of the titanic struggle appeared modest, but not failed. Russia held on to "the titmouse in her hands" if the virvati were slandered. It is impossible to forget about the other contract of the Treaty of Bakhchisarai: now the monarch and the order took away the additional chance to reduce internal tension. Move in the face of extraordinary requisitions, in the face of uninterrupted mobilization efforts. And then, rozpochati step by step suspіlstva in a normal camp.

Oleksiy Mikhailovich fought, fought, fought without a break and a land ... He earned a razinshchina, Solyany and Midny rebellion, a colossal rebellion in Pskov and Novgorod the Great, as well as a lot of other rebellious speeches, but not pripiniv until his death.

And pinning blue yoga. Seeing something like that - so. Then ... silence came in Russia.

Vіyna is a miraculous mirror of the sovereign. It will enhance everything that is undesirable, unhandy, tenditno. In other words, for everything, for which in extreme minds one has to pay dearly. Since, as a war, the nose of the nayzhorstokish is not enough, it’s important not to remember them.

Sovereign Fedir Oleksiyovich at the final stages of the war - a man has grown up, tied with bonds to a slub, honed by stupid guards, who took away the seriousness of the state's activity. Iyavlenі vіynou nedolіki vіn kind looking. And having looked, having begun to correct them.

The monarch shook the terrible cumbersomeness of the military, that and other management. The struggle between military leaders for seniority brought trouble to the blessed work of the military mechanism. The police of the infantry, the reiter, the dragoons, trained and rebuilt in a new way, either for the European colors, either they showed great stamina, or they raptomly spared the organizing cob and turned into an abyssal natovpi. At the civil administration, the mustache was stuck on dribnitsa, on the "fluid". The work of various departments is not a small amount of coordination. Repair and plant, now angry in a single whole, now dispersed, most strongly supported the old family way of the Russian household, lower than the new, “regular”, national order.

It was necessary to change a lot of things. Before that, you were able to get that ability. And the head - will. The monarch's will to large-scale transformations.

Nasampered Fedir Oleksiyovich asked the regional administration. Crimean voivods at the localities were founded by various posad individuals - selective and non-vibrant individuals, who reduced power from private houses. So, persh for everything, “lips of old age”, “seers”, “yamsk clerks”, “heads” at the grain warehouses and all the “tsіluvalniki”. The stench did not give in to the governors, but they conducted their own affairs independently. For an hour the robot of the various galleys of the administration dubbed, peopled the swindler, introduced the names of the citizens of the city. 1679 putting a speck in the line: all the power passed to the voivods; "lips of old age" and other "witches" with "heads" appeared.

Nezabarom Fedir Oleksiyovich, having said the number of low corporal punishments, that they had passed the stones, - for example, the sight of hands, feet, fingers. The natomist fighters in the relevant articles of the law began to be sent to Siberia.

There are plenty of people who have been converted to witness the humanity and mercy of Fyodor Oleksiyovich. Well, maybe. However, the tsarist innovation could have a different reason. Thousands of caliks roamed the countryside, which they took off the wounds in the war. And to add to the number of new ones, skalіchenih with a sokir kat, it turned out to be even more expensive. Aje, in such a rank, a number of senior practitioners changed! Porushuvavsya treasury interest ... Before that, the kalitstvo, as a way of punishment for Russian political culture, was an "import", it looked like an alien additive. In our country, up to the middle of the 16th century, the evil spirits were killed only like vinyaks. Law books of Ivan the Great and Ivan the Terrible did not know "membership" as a way to punish the guilty. From i it appeared with an easy right to tell those that there is not a little mіtsnogo root in the folk soil.

Humanity in the character of the monarch can be seen, sooner, behind the orders of 1680, that the prison inmates are hanging around. Having punished the tsar not to keep “kolodniks” at the punishment huts and in the yards on “good days”, but to do them negligently. In addition, they were spared "vlazny" - extortion from the side of prisoners.

In the fate of 1681, the great blowing of the treasures after the end of an important war, Fedir Oleksiyovich, having indicated with the strength of confidence to choose a mit from various illegal “torzhkivs”. Well, as a way to collect mits on the mittens and in taverns, having punished the tsar to say: the stench made such a lot of evil that they appeared for the treasury, zbitkovym. Here you can see the important peculiarity of the monarch's character: Fedir Oleksiyovich bazhav “foresight” in financial nutrition and in total rationality in everything. Yomu wanted to achieve the correct, “regular” and most efficient order of work in the state machine. Win loved the "system".

Also, one financial reform is not surprising at the same time. The order of re-transfers to the submission form of submission. The population of the countryside and the great number of “beans” - the villagers, who cannot afford a full price, paid from the “yards”, about their building to bear the sovereign “tax” was judged for the main and “provides”. Those who are not rich in the rich land, for example, the rural craftsmen, the rich people at the monasteries, archbishop's houses, the courts of the nobility, also took on a part of the "tax". The deputy of the numerical raznomanitnyh collections of the order, having spent a single total tax - "shooter's pennies".

Chapter VII The Governor-reformer of the Administration "chip" Sobyanin - the newcomer of the program and target planning was blamed, which allowed his hour of the Tyumen region to "shine bright" on the federal level: the governor of the region implemented it on the controlled territory

From the book by Dmitro Medvedev [Lyudina, yak zupinil hour] author Dorofiev Vladislav Yuriyovich

Chapter 3 Reformer In the new edition, it was only clarified that the decision to stop nuclear weapons was taken by the president. “Until 2020. can be safely guaranteed solution of nuclear streaming for various military and political minds,” Dmytro said

From the book The Great Russian Tragedy. At 2 t. author Khasbulatov Ruslan Imranovich

The power as a reformer Went into the arena of "a firm hand to put things in order", "what is laying the edge of powerlessness", "strong people" yelling on the back of the head like a relief and sympathy not just for the one who suspіlstvo nibito "wasted" in the fight for power, in the chaos and more and more

3 books by Caesar author Gevorkyan Eduard

Sulla the Reformer Describing Sulli's sovereign transformations, as if he had named after the sacking of power, contemporary historian Tom Holland writes: “Irony permeated the entire program of yoga reforms. Like a dictator Sulla bov goiter to live in all the visits, no one would hit

From books of Shcholokiv author Kredov Sergiy Oleksandrovich

REFORMER OF THE EPOCH OF STAGGER This book is about Mikola Anisimovich Shcholokov, the fiftieth minister of internal affairs in the history of the department and the thirteenth - in the history of the Radians. In the 19th century, the MVS was called "the nearest body to the population." Scholokov ocholyuvav yoga 16 years -

From the book Mystery of the death of great people the author Ilyin Vadim

From books General Yermolov author Lesin Volodymyr Ivanovich

YERMOLOV YAK A REFORMER tell who to tell

From the book of the Mission of Sigmund Freud author Fromm Erich Seligmann

From the book of 10 leaders. From Lenin to Putin author Mlechin Leonid Mikhailovich

An impulsive reformer Ishov another day of work on the XXII st of the party on July 18, 1961. This is the third (and the last) star of the life of Mikita Sergiyovich Khrushchov, on these faults through his camp (first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee!) playing a leading role. After a rich man,

From the book of Finance, yakі changed the world author Team of authors

The minister-reformer Rik, according to that Witte, took off the post of minister of the ways of fortune. The new master of the ministry has solved the problem of accumulation of untransported expenses and carried out the reform of railroad tariffs. The smell of stench was significantly reduced for the entry price

From the books of Nafta. People who changed the world author Author of nevidomiya

The young reformer Oleksiy Kudrin was born on July 12, 1960 in Latvia, having served as his father, with the noble family. The head of the family was a military serviceman, zv'yazkivtsy, his mother worked as an accountant. A rich hour of Oleksiy Provіv near the military garrisons and children’s dreams of the state

3 books by the author

The authoritarian reformer Pahlavi zastosovuvav authoritarian style of government in domestic politics. Winning the hegemony of Iran in the Persian Butt. After that, like naphthodolars flowed to the treasury in a wide river, the head of the state had 20 times more vitrati. Vin