Entry

Sulfuric acid is the most important product of the basis of chemical industry. Among the mineral acids that are vibrated by the chemical industry, sulfuric acid, for the most part, virobnizstva and spozhivannya sit first. It is explained by two reasons: її cheapness is equal to other acids and її dominance. Syrchanu acid zastosovuyut at the various galleys of the people's state, shards out there may be a complex of special authorities, which will make it easier to win technologically. Do not dim sulfuric acid, do not corrode black metal at a concentrated look, it is good to use a numerical strength of salt and cheap syrovina for various breweries. The most effective sulfuric acid in this hour is the use of phosphorus and nitrogen mineral additives, such as ammonium sulfate, amophos, superphosphate and in. Simple superphosphate is removed with a form of apatite and phosphorite with sulfuric acid. The stagnation of mineral fertilizers with the help of increasing the yield of agricultural crops and the presence of brown rechovins in them. In addition, sulfuric acid is zastosovuєtsya for deyaky acids (phosphoric, hydrochloric, octoic), sulphates, piece fibers, lacquers, farb, plastics, miuchih zabiv, vibukhovi speeches, medicinal preparations, otrutochemіkіtіv, as well as for the production of metals, alcohols, alcohols, efiriv. It is used for the purification of petroleum products, as an electrolyte in acid batteries, in machine-building - for the preparation of surface metals during the application of galvanic coatings. In the metal processing industry, sulfuric acid and її salts are used for pickling steel mills. First, to know the stagnation of speech, from the beginning, they report on physical and chemical power. After that, they become sensible between the victories of speech.

Technological part

Sulfuric acid: physical and chemical power, stagnation

Physical power

Sulfuric acid H2SO4 is a strong dibasic acid, which gives the highest degree of sulfur oxidation (+6). For the greatest minds, sulfuric acid is concentrated - an important oily motherland without color and smell. In technology, sulfuric acid is called її sumishi like water, and with sulfuric anhydride SO3. As a molar addition of SO3: H2O 1 - SO3 in sulfuric acid (oleum). Reactive sulfuric acid sound strength 1.84 g/cm3 and sweep close

95% H2SO4. Harden less than -20 ° C. The melting point of the monohydrate is 10.37 ° C at a heat of fusion of 10.5 kJ / mol. In higher minds, wines have an even more viscous motherland with even higher values ​​of dielectric permeability (e = 100 at 25 °C). Standard enthalpy of light DH=298 kJ/mol. The standard energy of Gibbs light is DG=298 kJ/mol. Standard entropy of light S = 298 J/mol K. Standard molar heat capacity Cp = 298 J/mol K.

Chemical power

Sulfuric acid is a strong dibasic acid, dissociation proceeds in two stages:

H2SO4 \u003d H + + HSO4- - first step

HSO4 =H+ + SO42- - other step

In concentrations, the dissociation of sulfuric acid at another level is insignificant.

Sulfuric acid is the strongest dehydrating (water-drinking) speech. Vaughn swears to the vologer from the outside (hygroscopic), takes water from the crystals:

H2SO4 conc. + CuSO4 * 5H2O blakytnium \u003d CuSO4 white + 5H2O;

in carbohydrates:

(round the tree that papir):

H2SO4 conc. + C12H22O = 12C + 11H2O;

H2SO4 conc. + C2H5OH = CH2 = CH2 + H2O

Sulfuric acid shows all the power of strong acids:

a) interaction with basic oxides, for example:

CuO + H2SO4 = CuSO4 + H2O

b) with the basics, for example:

2NaOH + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2H2O

c) vitіsnyає інші acids from їх salts, for example tі, yaki weaker for it:

CaCO3 + H2SO4 = CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O

or more letkі (yakі may have a lower boiling temperature, lower for sulfuric acid):

NaNO3solid. + H2SO4 conc = NaH SO4 + HNO3- when heated.

In oxidizing reactions, sulfuric acid is diluted and shows the power of natural acid (non-oxidizing) - with this, H + ions are added, for example: Fe + H2SO4, rose = Fe SO4 + H2. It is diluted with H2SO4 not interfering with metals, which should stand near the right side of the water. Sulfuric acid is concentrated - an oxidizing acid, with which sulfur is restored (+6). It oxidizes metal, which should stand near the voltage to the right of water: Cu + 2 H2SO4conc \u003d Cu SO4 + SO2 + 2H2O and metal, which should stand more water, with which it is energized to the oxidation stage +4, 0 and -2:

Zn + 2 H2SO4 = Zn SO4 + SO2 + 2H2O (1.12) 3Zn + 4 H2SO4 = 3Zn SO4 + S + 4H2O

4Zn + 5H2SO4 = 4ZnSO4 + H2S + 4H2O

Zalizo, aluminum, chromium with concentrated sulfuric acid pass (do not react), prote with strong heating, the reaction begins, for example:

2Fe + 6H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O.

Concentrated sulfuric acid oxidizing non-metals, for example:

C + 2 H2SO4 = CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O (1.16) S +2 H2SO4 = 3SO2 + 2H2O

Concentrated sulfuric acid oxidizes also folds of speech, for example, HI and HBr:

2HBr + H2SO4 = Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O

8HI + H2SO4 = 4I2 + H2S + 4H2O;

saline salts:

2FeSO4 + 2H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O + SO2.

Sirchanu acid is produced in a number of varieties. The stench resonates with the concentration and the number of houses. For the production of medical preparations, especially pure reagents for filling batteries, pure acid is needed. When etching metals in the form of superphosphate, it is possible to accelerate with acid, as it may become entangled. economically viable. This acid is cheap. The sulphuric acid industry gives rise to the titles of oleum, which vikoristovuetsya in the production of certain organic preparations, vibukhovy speeches. Oleum is a variety of sulfuric anhydride in sulfuric acid. Varieties of oleum are differentiated by the concentration of sulfuric anhydride in sulfuric acid. For certain special purposes, oleum is used to avenge sulfur anhydride up to 60%. Thus, technical sirchan acid and technical oleum (GOST 2184-77) stagnate in the production of various salts, acids, various organic products, barvniki, vibukhovy rechovina, mineral fertilizers, as water and desiccant and desiccant plants, in the processes of neutral Qi products are not flammable and lie down to the 2nd class of toxicity.

Sirchanic acid is known to be widely used. The greatest conserver of sulfuric acid is the production of mineral additives. For 1 ton of P2O5 phosphoric additives, 2.2-3.4 tons of sulfuric acid are added, and in 1 ton of (NH4) 2SO4 - 0.75 tons of sulfuric acid. Therefore, sulfuric acid backwaters will be used in the complex with plants for the production of mineral additives. Сірчана кислота також використовується для отримання соляної, азотної, фосфорної, плавикової та багатьох органічних кислот методом обміну, органічних сульфосполуків, для очищення різних газів, входить до складу нітруючих сумішей, використовується у виробництві барвників, для заряджання акумуляторів, у металургії сірчану кислоту застосовують для виявлення microcracks in finished products, at metalworking plants, vicarious acid is sifted at electroplating shops. As you can see, before applying to metal surfaces by the electric method, nickel, chromium, midi need to be cleaned, wiped, degreased and vitrimatized for a non-trivial hour in a bath with sulfuric acid. At the same time, the thinnest ball of metal is opened and traces of confusion are seen behind it. At the same time, the surface of the metal becomes more short: on it there are microscopically burrowed ledges. Electrolytic coatings to such a surface are more likely to be chipped and more easily bonded to metal. Also, sulfuric acid is necessary for the processing of various ores and copalin. During the processing of ores of rare metals, the acid method of splitting is of great importance. Sound for tsієї meti vikoristovuyut found the cheapest non-volatile sulfuric acid. Shake the ore in the same proportions with sulfuric acid and heat it up. Removal of differences and sieges were given a chemical path, emerging from the chemical power of the element, which is necessary to see the difference. Thousands of tons of sulfuric acid are used for chemical processing of ores of rare elements. A large amount of sulfuric acid is needed by the naphthal processing industry for the purification of naphtha and various fractions. In organic synthesis, sulfuric acid is concentrated - an essential component in the selection of rich barrens and medicinal speeches. Sulfuric acid salts are widely zastosovuyutsya. Sodium sulfate (Glauber's strength Na2SO4 * 10H2O) is used for the production of soda in the glass industry. Calcium sulphate expands in nature in the form of anhydrous crystallohydrate gypsum (СаSO4 * 2Н2О) and anhydrous anhydrous salt (СаSO4). Anhydrite binder materials possess a path of vipation of gypsum stone at elevated temperatures (600-700 ° C) with various additives. At the same time, ozdoblyuvalny gypsum cement and calcination of gypsum (extrich-gypsum) are used. These materials harden significantly more, lower water-based gypsum, and zastosovuyutsya for the preparation of future designs and concrete in small quantities, as well as piece marmur, seamless flooring and other. Salt sulfate (II), or cold vitriol (FeSO4 * 7H2O) is used for preparing yellow blood salt (K4), ink, for cleaning water and preserving wood. Sulphate of midi, or copper vitriol (CuSO4 * 5H2O) is used to fight against various fungi - shkidniki of the strong state, for the production of midi covers and the elimination of various varieties of midi. There are three ways to avoid trivalent metal sulfate (Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+) and monovalent metal sulfate (K+, NH4+, Rb+), vicrystallized salts of type K2 SO4Al2(SO4)32*4H2O or KAl(SO4)3*1. Instead of potassium and aluminum, they can stand at any other listed elements. Qi halfs are called galloon. Gali osnuyut only in a solid look. At the rozchinі stench, like two independent salts, like the sum of sulphates of mono-trivalent metals. Dilutions of sulfuric acid and її salts stagnate in textiles, as well as in other laces of light industry. In the food industry, sirchan acid stagnates for starch, molasses and other products. In electrical engineering, it wins like an electrolyte in batteries. Vicarious acid is used for dehydration of gases and at a concentration of acids. Nareshti, sirchanu acid is stagnant as a component of the reaction medium in the processes of nitration, zocrema, and the removal of vibukhovy speeches.

Methods of possession of sulfuric acid

13th c. sulfuric acid was removed in insignificant amounts to thermal distributions of FeSO4 saline vitriol, so at once one of the varieties of sulfuric acid is called vitriol olive oil, although sulfuric acid has not been prepared for vitriol for a long time.

At this time of the day, the acid vibrates in two ways: in a different way, which has been used for over 200 years, and in a contact way, mastered by craftsmanship, for example, XIX and on the cob of the XX century.

Depending on how the process of oxidizing SO2 to SO3 is carried out, there are two main methods for the maintenance of sulfuric acid. In the contact method of removing sulfuric acid, the process of oxidizing SO2 SO3 is carried out on solid catalysts. The sulfur trioxide is converted to sulfuric acid at the last stage of the process - the absorption of the sulfur trioxide, which can be simply shown to be equal to the reaction: SO3 + H2O = H2SO4

When carrying out the process for the nitrile (bashtov) method, nitrogen oxide is used as a carrier of sour vicorous. Oxidation of sulfur dioxide occurs in a rare phase and the terminal product is sulfuric acid: SO2 + N2O3 + H2O = H2SO4 + 2NO

In the industry, it is important to use the contact method of removing sulfuric acid, which allows you to extract equipment with greater intensity.

Characteristics of the outer layer

Sirovinna base of sulfuric acid synthesis - sirkovism spoluky, from which it is possible to take sulfur dioxide. Nearly 80% sulfuric acid is found in industry from natural sulfur and saline (sulfuric) pyrite. Significantly place in the syrovine balance is occupied by gases of color metallurgy. Deyakі vyrobnitstva vikoristovuyut like syrovina sirkovoden, which is established when the sirka is purified in oil refinery.

The best reagents for the removal of sulfuric acid can be buty elemental sulfur and sulfuric substances, for which you can remove either sulfur or sulfur dioxide. Traditionally, the main jerseys of syrovin are sirka and zalizny (sirchany) pyrites. Nearly half of sulfuric acid is taken from sirka, tretina - from pyrites. Significantly place in the syrovine balance is occupied by the gases of color metallurgy, which should be replaced by sulfur dioxide. At the same time, gas that comes in is the most cheap syrovina, low wholesale prices for pyrite, the most expensive syrovina is sirka. Also, in order for the production of sulfuric acid from sulfur to be economically docile, the scheme is to be blamed, in which varity of її processing will be exactly lower in terms of varcity of processing pyrite or gas, which is included.

Sirchanic acidH 2 SO 4 - Non-flying motherland, kindly spread by the water (when heated). t sq. = 10.3 ° C, t kіp. = 296 ° C,

Vіdmіnno vbiraє vologu, he often acts like a desiccant.

Virobniztvo sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4 .

Virobnitstvo sulfuric acidє contact process. Yogo can be divided into 3 stages:

1. Otrimannia SO2 by way of spalyuvannya sirka or vipalom sulfides.

4FeS 2 + 11O 2 \u003d 2Fe 2 O 3 + 8SO 2 + Q,

Zn + H 2 SO 4 = ZnSO 4 + H 2 ,

In reactions with meadows or basic oxides, it dissolves sulfates or hydrophilates:

CaO + H 2 SO 4 (rozb) = WaSO 4 + H 2 O,

Na 2 O + H 2 SO 4 (rozb) \u003d NaHSO 4 + NaOH,

It is necessary to note that barium sulfate is an indistinguishable sulfate; therefore, vicory is an indicator of the presence of sulfate ions.

concentratedH 2 SO 4 oxidize copper, silver, carbon and phosphorus:

2Ag + 2H 2 SO 4 \u003d Ag 2 SO 4 + SO 2 + 2H 2 O,

2P + 5H 2 SO 4 \u003d 2H 3 PO 4 + 5SO 2 + 2H 2 O,

concentrated H 2 SO 4 for the greatest minds do not interact with Al, Cr, Fe, but when heated, enter the reaction.

concentrated H 2 SO 4 quickly enters into a reaction with water, seeing at its greatness the amount of heat.

Acids with metal are specific for these classes of soil. At the same time, the proton is replaced by a water and bonds with an acid anion and is replaced by a metal cation. This is an example of a reaction with salt, although there are some types of interactions that do not follow this principle. The stench leaks like oxide-water and does not accompany the sight of water.

Principles of reactions of acids and metals

All reactions with metal lead to the solubility of salts. Vignatkom є, perhaps, the reaction of noble metal with royal gorilka, sumishshu hydrochloric acid and, if necessary, the interaction of acids with metals, is reduced to salt. If the acid is neither concentrated nor nitric acid, then molecular water is absorbed into the product.

However, if the reaction is concentrated sulfuric acid, the interaction with metals proceeds according to the principle of an oxidizing-water process. Therefore, two types of interactions of typical metals and inorganic acids were experimentally observed:

• interaction of metals with diluted acids;
• interaction with concentrated acid.

Reactions after the first type proceed from any acid. Vignyatko є is only concentrated that nitric acid, whatever concentration. The stench reacts with a different type and produces salts and products of oxygen and nitrogen up to solubility.

Typical interactions of acids with metals

Metals, mixed with water in the standard electrochemical series, react with other acids of different concentrations, nitrogenous acid, dissolved salts and molecular water. Metals, mixed to the right in the middle of the electronegativity, which cannot react with the most important acids and interact only with nitric acid independently in the її concentration, with concentrated sulfuric acid and with royal horn. Tse typical interaction of acids with metals.

Reactions of metals from concentrated sulfuric acid

Reactions with diluted nitric acid

Diluted nitric acid reacts with metals, mixed left and right water. In the course of the reaction with active metals, ammonia is dissolved, which at once differs and interacts with the nitrate anion, establishing one strength. With metals of medium activity, the acid reacts with the sight of molecular nitrogen. With a low-active reaction, it proceeds to see the oxide of 2-valent nitrogen. Most often, a sprinkling of the products of the renewal of the sirka is established on one reaction. Apply the proponation reaction to the graphical supplement below.

Reactions with concentrated nitric acid

In times of oxidizing, nitrogen is also released. All reactions will end with the dissolved salt and vision. With all due respect, a meritorious reaction with low-active elements. This interaction of acids with metals is nonspecific.

Reaction building of metals

Metals enter into reactions with acids willingly, wanting a sprat of inert speech. The whole element that has a high standard electrochemical potential. Іsnuє a number of metals, promptings on the basis of this display. Vin is called the charge of electronegativity. Like a metal to stand in a new water, the building will react with diluted acid.

There is only one fault: the coating of aluminum behind the shell on the surface of 3-valent oxides cannot react with acid without heating. As soon as you get angry, then the metal oxide smelting enters the reaction, and then the wine itself dissolves into acid. Metals, mixed to the right in water in the electrochemical series of activity, which cannot react with inorganic acid, sour cream and rosemary. Vinyatkіv іz rules two: qі metal differ in concentration and dilution of nitric acid and royal goriltsі. In the rest, they can’t change only rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium.

OVR at the statue is specially seen in color. Give them special respect. Tsі rivnyannya can eat up to ЄDI.

Bred sirchana to itself, like a grit of acids, oxidizing its ability to hovaє:

I still need to remember about diluted sulfuric acid: won do not react with lead. A piece of lead, thrown from diluted H2SO4, is covered with a ball of non-decomposable (div. table of separation) lead sulfate and the reaction is instantly attached.

Oxidizing power of sulfuric acid

- an oily motherland, not flying, not relishing that smell

For the fluff of sirka in the oxidation stage +6 (higher) sirchan acid acquires strong oxidic powers.

Rule for task 24 (old A24) when preparing sulfuric acid solutions no way you can pour water into it. Concentrated sulfuric acid should be poured into the water with a thin glass, constantly stirring.

Interactions between concentrated sulfuric acid and metals

The reactions are strictly standardized and follow the scheme:

H2SO4(conc.) + metal → metal sulfate + H2O + product of renewed sulfur.

There are two nuances:

1) Aluminium, flushі chromium s H2SO4 (conc) in normal minds does not react through passivation. Need to heat up.

2) Z platinumі gold H2SO4 (Conc) does not react with flame.

Sirka in concentrated sulfuric acid- Okislyuvach

• otzhe, she herself is inspired;
• those, naskіlki okisnennya bude vіdnovlyuvatisі іrka, lie in metal.

Look at a diagram of the stages of oxidation of sulfur:

• Before -2 only more active metals can be used for the current - for a number of voltages up to aluminum inclusive.

The reactions will be like this:

8Li + 5H 2 SO 4( end .) → 4Li 2 SO 4 + 4H 2 O+H 2 S

4Mg + 5H 2 SO 4( end .) → 4MgSO 4 + 4H 2 O+H 2 S

8Al + 15H 2 SO 4( end .) (t) → 4Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 + 12H 2 O+3H 2 S

• with the interaction of H2SO4 (conc) with metals in a number of voltages after aluminum, but before the sun, then with metals from the average activity of the circus it is supported up to 0 :

3Mn+4H 2 SO 4( end .) → 3MnSO 4 + 4H 2 O+S↓

2Cr+4H 2 SO 4( end .) (t) → Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 + 4H 2 O+S↓

3Zn + 4H 2 SO 4( end .) → 3ZnSO 4 + 4H 2 O+S↓

• all other metals, starting out of the hall in a number of voltages (including those, which are water, cream of gold and platinum, obviously), they can increase the sirka up to +4. That is why inactive metals:

2 Fe + 6 H 2 SO 4(conc.) ( t)→ Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 + 6 H 2 O + 3 SO 2

(Be careful that it oxidizes up to +3, to the maximum possible, highest oxidation level, since it can be on the right with a strong oxidizing agent)

Cu+2H 2 SO 4( end .) → CuSO 4 + 2H 2 O+SO 2

2Ag + 2H 2 SO 4( end .) → Ag 2 SO 4 + 2H 2 O+SO 2

Well, everything is clear. Glybina vіdnovlennya zalezhennya vіd rich factors: concentration of acid (90%, 80%, 60%), temperature and thin. That's why it's definitely not possible to transfer products. A larger table has been drawn up, and it may be about its height, but you can use it to make a fuss. It is also necessary to remember that in ЄDI, if the product of the approved sirka is not indicated, and the metal is not distinguished by its special activity, which is better for everything, laying may be on SO 2. It is necessary to marvel at the situation and shukati zachipki in the minds.

SO 2 - Tse vzagalі the most common OVR product for the participation of conc. sulfuric acid.

H2SO4 (conc) oxidizing agent non-throwers(yakі vyyavlyayut vіdnovlyuvalnі power), as a rule, up to the maximum - the highest stage of oxidation (oxide of that non-metal is established). Sirka is also updated to SO 2:

C+2H 2 SO 4( end .) → CO 2 + 2H 2 O+2SO 2

2P+5H 2 SO 4( end .) → P 2 O 5 + 5H 2 O+5SO 2

Freshly fertilized phosphorus (V) oxide reacts with water, leaving orthophosphoric acid. To this reaction, write down one more time:

2P+5H 2 SO 4( end ) → 2H 3 PO 4 + 2H 2 O+5SO 2

Those same with boron, wine are transformed into orthoboric acid:

2B+3H 2 SO 4( end ) → 2H 3 BO 3 + 3SO 2

Dzhe tsіkava vzaimodiya sirka zі oxidation step +6 (in sіrchanіy acid) z "іnshoy" sіrkoy (which is in the other category). Within the framework of the EDI, the interactions of H2SO4 (conc) from sіrkoy (simple speech) and sіrkovodny.

Pochnemo from vzaєmodії sirka (plain speech) with concentrated sulfuric acid. In simple speech, the oxidation level is 0, the acid level is +6. In this OVR, the oxidizing time is +6, the sirka is 0. Look at the diagram of the oxidation stages of the sirka:

Sirka 0 is oxidized, and sirka +6 is redundant, so that the degree of oxidation is lowered. You can see sour gas:

2 H 2 SO 4(conc.) + S → 3 SO 2 + 2 H 2 O

Ale at the vipadku іz sіrkovodnym:

Utvoryuetsya and sirka (simple speech), and sirchist gas:

H 2 SO 4( end .) + H 2 S → S↓ + SO 2 + 2H 2 O

This principle can often be used to help the product OVR, deoxidizer and oxidizer - the same element in different stages of oxidation. Oxidizing that guide "to go nazustrich one to one" for the diagram of the stages of oxidation.

H2SO4 (conc), so what else, interaction with halides. Only here it is necessary to understand that fluorine and chlorine are “their own with fluorides and chlorides OVR does not leak, go through a remarkable ion-exchange process, in the course of which gas-like hydrogen halide is established:

CaCl 2 + H 2 SO 4 (conc.) → CaSO 4 + 2HCl

CaF 2 + H 2 SO 4 (conc.) → CaSO 4 + 2HF

And the halogen axis at the warehouse of bromides and iodides (like in the warehouses of free halogens) are oxidized to free halogens. Only from the sirka are distinguished in a different way: iodide is a stronger agent, lower bromide. To that, iodide makes the sirka up to the sirkovodnya, and bromide to the sour gas:

2H 2 SO 4( end .) + 2NaBr → Na 2 SO 4 + 2H 2 O+SO 2 +Br 2

H 2 SO 4( end .) + 2HBr → 2H 2 O+SO 2 +Br 2

5H 2 SO 4( end .) + 8NaI → 4Na 2 SO 4 + 4H 2 O+H 2 S+4I 2 ↓

H 2 SO 4( end .) + 8HI → 4H 2 O+H 2 S+4I 2 ↓

Chloride water and hydrogen fluoride (like and їх salts) are stable to oxidizing di H2SO4 (conc.).

I, nareshti, rest: for concentrated sulfuric acid, it is unique, nothing more can do it. Won maє water power.

Tse allow vikoristovuvat concentrated sulfuric acid in a different order:

First of all, draining speeches. Concentrated sulfuric acid takes water from the speech and it becomes dry.

In another way, a catalyst in reactions in which water is added (for example, dehydration and esterification):

H 3 C–COOH + HO–CH 3 (H 2 SO 4 (conc.)) → H 3 C–C(O)–O–CH 3 + H 2 O

H 3 C–CH 2 –OH (H 2 SO 4 (conc.)) → H 2 C \u003d CH 2 + H 2 O

The skin of a person in chemistry lessons blew acid. One of them is called sulfuric acid and is designated HSO 4. About those, like the power of sulfuric acid, our article is rozpo.

Physical power of sulfuric acid

Pure sulfuric acid, or monohydrate, is a barrel-free oily medium, which turns into a crystalline mass at a temperature of +10°C. Sulfuric acid, recognized for reactions, 95% H 2 SO 4 mass 1.84 g / cm 3. 1 liter of this acid is equal to 2 kg. Harden acid at -20°C. The heat of fusion is 10.5 kJ/mol at a normal temperature of 10.37°C.

The dominance of concentrated sulfuric acid is different. For example, with varying acid levels in water, a large amount of heat (19 kcal / mol) will be seen after the adoption of hydrates. Cі dіrati can be seen from the difference for low temperatures in solid viljadі.

Sulfuric acid is one of the most important products in the chemical industry. Vaughn is recognized for the production of mineral additives (ammonium sulfate, superphosphate), various salts and acids, emollient and medicinal products, piece fibers, barniki, vibukhovy rechovina. Also, sulfuric acid can be used in metallurgy (for example, the laying of uranium ores), for the purification of petroleum products, and for the drying of gases.

Chemical power of sulfuric acid

The chemical power of sulfuric acid is as follows:

1. Interaction with metals:
   • diluted acid breaks down metal, so as to stand more water at low voltage, for example H 2 +1 SO 4 + Zn 0 \u003d H 2 O + Zn + 2 SO 4;
   • oxides of power of sulfuric acid are great. When interacting with different metals (crim Pt, Au), it can be changed to H 2 S -2, S +4 O 2 or S 0 for example:
   • 2H 2 +6 SO 4 + 2Ag 0 = S +4 O 2 + Ag 2 +1 SO 4 + 2H 2 O;
   • 5H 2 +6 SO 4 + 8Na 0 \u003d H 2 S -2 + 4Na 2 +1 SO 4 + 4H 2 O;
2. Concentrated acid H 2 S +6 O 4 also reacts (when heated) with certain non-metals, transforming into semi-circle with a lower oxidation stage, for example:
   • 2H 2 S +6 O 4 + Z 0 = 2S +4 O 2 + C +4 O 2 + 2H 2 O;
   • 2H 2 S +6 O 4 + S 0 = 3S +4 O 2 + 2H 2 O;
   • 5H 2 S +6 O 4 + 2P 0 = 2H 3 P +5 O 4 + 5S +4 O 2 + 2H 2 O;
3. With basic oxides:
   • H 2 SO 4 + CuO = CuSO 4 + H 2 O;
4. With hydroxides:
   • Cu(OH) 2 + H 2 SO 4 = CuSO 4 + 2H 2 O;
   • 2NaOH + H 2 SO 4 = Na 2 SO 4 + 2H 2 O;
5. Interaction with salts during exchange reactions:
   • H 2 SO 4 + BaCl 2 = 2HCl + BaSO 4;

Solution BaSO 4 (white precipitate, non-robust in acids) is vicarious for the purpose of indicating acidity and sulphates.

Monohydrate is an ionizing retailer that has an acidic character. In a new way, it’s better to make sulphate rich metals, for example:

• 2H 2 SO 4 + HNO 3 \u003d NO 2 + + H 3 O + + 2HSO 4 -;
• HClO 4 + H 2 SO 4 = ClO 4 - + H 3 SO 4 +.

Concentrated acid - to remove a strong oxide, especially when heated, for example, 2H 2 SO 4 + Cu = SO 2 + CuSO 4 + H 2 O.

As an oxide, sulfuric acid, as a rule, reduces to SO 2 . Aleone can be upgraded to S and to H 2 S, for example, H 2 S + H 2 SO 4 \u003d SO 2 + 2H 2 O + S.

The monohydrate mayzhe cannot conduct an electric strum. I, navpaki, water differences of acid are good conductors. Sulfuric acid is very clayey to the vologer, to that її vicarious for drying various gases. Yak desiccant, sulfuric acid doti, docks over the її rozchin the pressure of water vapor is less, lower її the pressure of the gas, which is to dry.

If you boil the dilutions of sulfuric acid, then water will rise, at which the boiling temperature will rise to 337 ° C, for example, if you start distilling sulfuric acid at a concentration of 98.3%. І navpaki, s more concentrated razchinіv viparovuєtsya zayvi sіrchaniy angidride. A pair of boiling acid at a temperature of 337 ° C is often decomposed into SO 3 and H 2 O, which will be heated again when cooled. The high boiling point of acidic acid is suitable for victorization of the observed volatile acids and their salts when heated.

Please come in with acid

When prompted by sulfuric acid, it is necessary to be borderline protective. When acid hits the skin, the skin becomes white, then brown and turns black. Navkolishni tissues swell when they do. In case of acid hit on the body of the body, it is necessary to sweep it with water, and cover the place with soda powder.

Now you know that sulfuric acid, the power of such goodness, is simply indispensable for the variety of drugs that kind of copalin.