Phosphine: formula, otrimannya, physical and chemical powers. Protecting the village from the road: fumigation with phosphine Phosphine shows power

Phosphorus(from Greek phosphoros - light-bearing; lat. phosphorus) P, chemical element of group V of the periodic system; atomic number 15, atomic weight 30.97376. May have one stable nuclide 31 P. Efficient cutoff of thermal neutrons 18 10 -30 m 2 . Configuration call. electron shell of an atom3 s 2 3p 3 ; oxidation stage-3, +3 and +5; post-ionization energy during transition from P 0 to P 5+ (eV): 10.486, 19.76, 30.163, 51.36, 65.02; sporidness to electron 0.6 eV; electronegativity according to Pauling 2.10; atomic radius 0.134 nm, ionic radii (coordination numbers are indicated on the arms) 0.186 nm for P 3-, 0.044 nm (6) for P 3+, 0 ), 0.029 nm (5), 0.038 nm (6) for P 5+.

The average content of phosphorus in the earth's crust is 0.105% by mass, at the seaside of the oceans 0.07 mg/l. There are close to 200 phosphorus minerals. all stinks are phosphati. Of them the most important - apatite, which is the basis phosphorites. Of practical importance may also be monazite CePO 4 , xenotime YPO 4 , amblygonite LiAlPO 4 (F, OH), triphylline Li(Fe, Mn)PO 4 , torbernite Cu(UO 2) 2 (PO 4) 2 12H 2 O, otunit Ca( UO 2) 2 (PO 4) 2 xx 10H 2 O, vivian Fe 3 (PO 4) 2 8H 2 O, pyromorph Pb 5 (PO 4) 3 C1, turquoise CuA1 6 (PO 4) 4 (OH) 8 5H 2 O.

power. Vіdomo St. 10 modifications to phosphorus, the most important - white, red and black phosphorus (technical white phosphorus is called yellow phosphorus). There is no single system for assigning modifications to phosphorus. Actual characteristics of the most important modifications are given in Table. Thermodynamically stable for normal minds crystalline black phosphorus (PI). White and red phosphorus is metastable, but at the same time a small amount of transformation can practically save time for normal minds.

Z'ednannya phosphorus with non-metals

Phosphorus and water, like simple speeches, interact little. Water pollution of phosphorus is taken off in an indirect way, for example:

Ca 3 P 2 + 6HCl \u003d 3CaCl 2 + 2PH 3

Phosphine RN 3 is a barrel-free, highly toxic gas with the smell of rotten ribeye. A phosphine molecule can be like an ammonia molecule. However, between links H-P-H is significantly smaller, lower in ammonia. Tse means a change in the part of the participation of s-xmar in the development of hybrid bonds with different phosphine. The binding to phosphorus with water is less than the binding of nitrogen to water. Donor power in phosphine is weaker, lower in ammonia. The low polarity of the molecule for phosphine, and the weak activity of accepting a proton, lead to the presence of water bonds in rare and hard mills, and with water molecules in others, and to bring the phosphonium PH 4 + ion to low stability. Naystіykіsha in a solid steel with phosphonium strength is ce yogo iodide PH 4 I.

PH 4 I + KOH \u003d PH 3 + KI + H 2 O

Phosphine and phosphonium salts are strong excipients. On the surface of phosphine, it burns to phosphoric acid:

PH 3 + 2O 2 \u003d H 3 RO 4

When phosphide active metals are deposited with acids, diphosphine P 2 H 4 is dissolved like a house with phosphine at once. Diphosphine is a barbaric flying motherland, the structure of molecules is similar to hydrazine, but phosphine does not show the main powers. It is self-occupied on the floor, when it is saved on the light, it is laid out when heated. The products of iodine decomposition have phosphorus, phosphine and amorphous speech of yellow color. The product is given the name of solid phosphorous water and the formula P 12 H 6 is attributed to it.

With halogens, phosphorus dissolves tri-pentahalides. Qi are similar to phosphorus to all analogues, but practically important to chlorine. RG 3 and RG 5 are toxic, omitting without intermediary simple speeches.

WG 3 - exothermic slabs; РF 3 - bezbarvny gas, РСl 3 and РВr 3 - bezbarvnі r_dini, and РI 3 - red crystals. In a solid steel, all trihalogenide solidify crystals with a molecular structure. WG 3 and WG 5 - acid-forming half-shells:

РІ 3 + 3Н 2 О = 3НI + Н 3 РО 3

Vіdomi obidva nitridi phosphorus, scho vіdpovіdat three-and pentavalent mills: РN і Р2N5. In both compounds, the nitrogen is trivalent. Obidva nitridi chemically inert, resistant to water, acid and lunatic.

The melting of phosphorus is good at different times, but the chemical interaction is at a high temperature. Phosphorus sulfides are more common than P4S3, P4S7, P4S10. Significant sulfides can be recrystallized in melting naphthalene and seen in looking yellow crystals. When heated, the sulfide spalls and burns with solutions P 2 Pro 5 and SO 2 . With water, all the stinks are properly distributed from the sight of the circulatory water and the solutions of the acidic acids to phosphorus.

Z'ednannya phosphorus with metals

With active metals, phosphorus dissolves salt-like phosphides, which follow the rules of classical valency. p-metals, as well as metal subgroups of zinc, give both normal and anio superfluous phosphide. The greater part of these spoluks manifest themselves as the conductors of power, that is. their dominant bond is covalent. The difference between nitrogen and phosphorus, influenced by various and energy factors, most characteristically manifests itself when these elements interact with transition metals. For nitrogen, when interacting with the remaining main ones, the elimination of metal-like nitrides. Phosphorus also produces metal-like phosphides. Rich in phosphide, especially with an important covalent bond, refractory. So, AlP melts at 2197 degrees C, and gallium phosphide has a melting point of 1577 degrees C. Phosphides of puddle and puddle-earth metals are easily spread by water with sights of phosphine. Rich in phosphide, not only as conductors (AlP, GaP, InP), but also as ferromagnets, for example COP and Fe3P.

Phosphine(phosphorous water phosphorus hydride, according to the IUPAC nomenclature - phosphane РН 3) - bezbarvny, more brittle, dosing non-stable gas with a specific smell of rotten ribeye.

Bare gas. It's nasty to change at the water, which does not react with it. At low temperatures, it dissolves hard clathrate 8РН 3 · 46Н 2 О. At −133.8 °C, crystals are formed with face-centered cubic grains.

The phosphine molecule has the form of a trigonal pyramid with C 3v molecular symmetry (d PH = 0.142 nm, HPH = 93.5 o). Dipole moment to become 0.58 D, lighter lower, lower for ammonia. Water bonds between PH 3 molecules practically do not manifest themselves, and therefore phosphine has a lower melting point and boiling point.

Phosphine is also known as the iogo analogue of ammonia. The chemical activity of the substance is lower in ammonia, the wine is filthy in water, as the basis is significantly weaker in ammonia. It remains to be explained that the H-P bonds are weakly polarized and the activity of the unshared pair of electrons in phosphorus (3s2) is lower, lower in nitrogen (2s2) in ammonia.

For the presence of sour when heated, it is laid out on the elements:

on the surface of a miraculously sleeping (in the presence of vapors of diphosphine or at a temperature of over 100 ° C):

Showing strong influencing power:

When interacting with strong proton donors, phosphine can give phosphonium salts to eliminate the PH 4 + ion (similar to ammonium). Salts of phosphonium, barless crystalline speech, very unstable, easily hydrolyzed.

Like phosphine itself, and yoga salts are strong springers.

Eliminate phosphine when interfering with white phosphorus with a hot meadow, for example:

Also, yoga can be taken with a splash of water or acids on phosphide:

Possible synthesis without intermediary elements:

Chloride water when heated in combination with white phosphorus:

Decomposition of phosphonium iodide:

Phosphonic brush layout:

chi її vіdnovlennya.

Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 + 3SiO 2 + 5C = 3CaSiO 3 + 5CO + P 2

Pairs to phosphorus for tsієї temperature may be more folded from P 2 molecules, for cooling they condense into P 4 molecules.

When vapors condense, they settle white (yellow) phosphorus, which is formed from P 4 molecules to form a tetrahedral shape. It is also reactive soft wax-like speech of a pale yellow color, rich in charcoal and benzene. On the surface, phosphorus sleeps at 34 ° C. Vin may have a unique building glow in the darkness for a complete oxidation to the lower ones. The whitest phosphorus and in his hour of vision by Brand.

As white phosphorus is heated without access again, wine is transformed into chervonium (previously it was taken away only in 1847). Name red phosphorus to be considered up to a few modifications, which are considered for the width and zabarvlennyam: it is kolivaetsya from orange to dark red and purple. All varieties of red phosphorus are unresolved in organic retailers, in pure smelt with white phosphorus, the stench is less reactive (takes up at a repeat at t> 200 about C) and can be a polymer budova: all tetrahedrons P 4 are connected one by one in several lances. Deshcho vіdmіnniy vіd them "violet phosphorus", which is formed from the group P 8 and P 9 , which are placed in the other tubular structure with a five-layer peretina.

When the vice is lifted, the white phosphorus is transformed into black phosphorus, promptings from volume six-pieces with atoms to phosphorus at the tops, tied one by one at the ball. American physicist Percy Williams Bridgman. The structure of black phosphorus is predicted by graphite, with a difference, that the balls, charged with phosphorus atoms, are not flat, but “corrugated”. Black phosphorus is the least active modification of phosphorus. When heated without access, red wine, like red wine, transforms into a steam, from which white phosphorus condenses.

White phosphorus is even more brittle: a lethal dose is close to 0.1 g. Chervoniy and black phosphorus is less toxic, to the fact that it is non-flying and practically indistinguishable in water.

Chemical power

The most chemically active is white phosphorus (in equal reactions for the participation of white phosphorus, for simplicity, write down as P, and not P 4 more, which is similar to the reactions possible and for the participation of black phosphorus, the molecular warehouse of some inconsistencies). Phosphorus without intermediary zadnuєtsya with bagatma, forgive and foldable speeches. In chemical reactions, phosphorus, yak i, can be oxidizing, and hydrating.

Yak oxidizer phosphorus vzaymodіє z bagatma z utvorennyam phosphіdіv, for example:

2P + 3Ca = Ca 3 P 2

P + 3Na = Na 3 P

Catch respect, that without phosphorus practically does not interfere.

Yak guide phosphorus interchangeably with halogens, sulfur (tobto with more electronegative non-metals). With this, the fallow of the minds of the reactions carried out, can be utvoryuvatsya as a half of phosphorus (III), and half of phosphorus (V).

a) in case of complete oxidation, or in case of non-oxidizing, phosphorus is oxidized to phosphorus (III) oxide or phosphorous anhydride P 2 Pro 3:

4P + 3O 2 \u003d 2P 2 O 3

When burning phosphorus in excess (or again), phosphorus (V) oxide is dissolved, or phosphorus anhydride P 2 Pro 5:

4P + 5O 2 \u003d 2P 2 Pro 5

b) fallow in spіvvіdnennia reagentіv vzaimodiї phosphorus z halogens and sirkoy utvoryuyutsya halogenide and sulfide tritate pentavalent phosphorus; for example:

2P + 5Cl 2 (izb.) \u003d 2PCl 5

2P + 3Cl 2 (insufficient) = 2PCl 3

2P + 5S (izb.) \u003d P 2 S 5

2P + 3S (insufficient) = P 2 S 3

The next thing to note is that iodine dissolves phosphorus only in the presence of PI3.

The role of the source of phosphorus gray in reactions with oxidizing acids:

3P + 5HNO 3 + 2H 2 O = 3H 3 PO 4 + 5NO

- With concentrated nitric acid:

P + 5HNO 3 \u003d H 3 PO 4 + 5NO 2 + H 2 O

- With concentrated sulfuric acid:

2P + 5H 2 SO 4 \u003d 2H 3 PO 4 + 5SO 2 + 2H 2 O

Phosphorus does not interact with other acids.

When heated with water, phosphorus increases disproportionation, for example:

4P + 3KOH + 3H 2 O \u003d PH 3 + 3KH 2 PO 2

8P + 3Ba(OH) 2 + 6H 2 O = 2PH 3 + 3Ba(H 2 PO 2) 2

As a result of these reactions, salts of phosphoric acid H 3 PO 2 - hypophosphite, in which phosphorus has a characteristic oxidation step +1, are dissolved as a result of these reactions.

Phosphorus intake

The main part of the phosphorus vibrated in the world is treated with the viability of phosphoric acid, for which the goodness and other products are removed. Chervoniy phosphorus vikoristovuєtsya when prepared sirnikiv, vіn mіstsya in the mass, as applied to the sіrnikovu box.

Phosphine

The most commonly used water phosphorus is phosphine PH 3 . Phosphine is a barrel-free gas with an odour, like a bruise. Good retailers in organic retailers. On vіdmіnu vіd ammonia, malozchinnі vіd vіdі. There is no practical value for phosphine.

Otrimannya

More recently, a method of retaining phosphine with the interaction of phosphorus with aqueous solutions was considered. The second way is to use hydrochloric acid on metal phosphide, for example:

Zn 3 P 2 + 6HCl \u003d 2PH 3 + 3ZnCl 2

Chemical power

Acid-base power

Being small in water, phosphine creates a non-stable hydrate with it, which shows even weaker basic powers:

PH 3 + H 2 O ⇄ PH 3 ∙H 2 O ⇄ PH 4 + + OH -

Phosphonium salts are only approved by:

PH 3 + HCl = PH 4 Cl

PH 3 + HClO 4 = PH 4 ClO 4

Oxide - in vіdnovlyuvalnі vlastivostі

All list of abstracts

*on the image record is a photograph of white phosphorus

Wood is one of the most practical budmaterials. Її vikoristovuyut in the most manipulative spheres of industry.

Truth is, the village has one great nedolіk - filthy stability to the influx of various natural factors, including all kinds. With the right order, it may be possible to use the fumigation of the wood.

Why is the unsafe coroid?

When a village is damaged by a bark:

Significantly the hotness decreases picks from the village.
The operational quality, zocrema, good looking material is getting worse.
Strongly increase the risk of development of processes of rot under the influx of vitality of the crusts.
They blame the unacceptable creaking in the booths, the dreadful saws settle down.
Decrease the variability of the affected virus.

Komakhs must settle down in hordes, and in a tie for zim stinks they can build a great oppressive force. The stench actively reproduces, and also eats a tree with a name swish, calling out the appearance of flowers and rot.

Koroidi live near the deep balls of the village, and you can only help with some kind of fumigation with special gas to fight them.

What is wood fumigation?

The fumigation of the wood is a special chemical protection against various wood-burning clods and bark crust. Vaughn transferring the object to the protection of special gases. Stopping fumigation allows you to significantly increase the stability of various objects and vibrations from the village to shkidlivih coma.

The fumigation procedure is carried out on open squares or in closed areas. For this reason, special attachments are installed, which will ensure the sawing of chemicals.

Fumigation secures the wood with the power of resistance against various coma and bacteria.

The procedure is supposed to work with any kind of wood, even if it’s stale, it’s the same term of service. If you don’t carry out the processing of the village, then after a certain hour, the poor will show up on them: little girls, wooden saws.

After a certain hour, the wooden structures will lose their strength, which will invariably lead to summation. The mustache of riziki is the result of the work of the coroid.

Particularly troublesome will be yoga larvae, like trampling near a tree, quickly leading them to complete inapplicability.

Stages of implementation

This is how the fumigation of a wooden booth in the form of coroids is expected.

Adopt a decision to get rid of the coronavirus at the booth.
For the completion of the object, a specialist, who looks around, checks the apartment (accommodation), stores the technical equipment, as well as the necessary dosing of a chemical preparation for the complete elimination of coroids.
Rozrahunok khіmіkatu are carried out at cubic meters from obsyagu apartments (accommodation).
On the object, all the necessary work was done on the basis of the contract, and it is given to the deputy.

wash away

To ensure effective fumigation, it is important to remember:

Povna sealing of the booth(Vikonuetsya by professionals): hoods, pichnі pipes, all vіkna, vіdushini, hatches and doors of the basement, as well as pіdpіllya are glued. In addition, all places are sealed, as they can bring up to a round of gas. A professional in advance to see weak areas.
Inclusion of apartments in the form of electricity
Vimknennya all boilers scorched, shards for fumigation are often vicorous
The temperature must not be less than 15c. Tse obov'yazkova umova for a miraculous result.
From the house (appointment) you need to bring computers, game consoles, televisions ( gas may be corrosive as a medium). Refrigerator, laundry and drying machines, sawdust can be left out.

After laying out the fumigant (strings, plates or needles), the apartment (accommodation) is closed. Obov'yazkovo vyvishyuyutsya special poperedzhuvalni signs about those scho there carried out fumigation and entry fenced. At the booth (placed) at the hour of the fumigation of the fumigation, the people and the domestic vihovants were savagely fenced.
The apartment (admission) is located at the hermetic station. For a long time, the chemicals interact with each other, as a result of a special chemical reaction, the titles of phosphorus water PH3 are seen. Vіn utvoruє powder of gray color, which is aluminum hydroxide AL (OH) 3, or magnesium oxide Mg (OH) 2 for three to seven days. When you enter, open the windows and the doors are fenced.
The remaining stage, expert's opinion for degassing an apartment(application) for a period of 6 years and disposal of all stocks of a chemical preparation. Mayzhe outside the distribution of the tablet is taken for two days for a temperature of at least 15C. Laying out is better, more temperature and more water.
Survival of surplus gas after additional indicator tubes Auer (PH3) - vicory for elimination of phosphorous water (to phosphine) at the window.

When is it necessary to win gas?

Fumigation with a special gas for zahistu villages in a bungalow in the form of koroїdіv vikonuєtsya at such vipadki:

Fumigation with gas is given to that tree, which is victorious for:

Building wooden houses and small architectural forms.
Preparation of special building constructions (roofs, beams).
Inner and outer improvement of life.
Creation of various containers (pallets, pallets).

Perevagi

Stopping fumigation with gas allows you to ensure:

Vіdmіnniy zovnіshnіy vglyad vіdneni surfіnі.
The presence of third-party smells will be less than natural countryside.
Advancement of the term of operation and savings wooden blanks and lumber.
Nadіyny zahist vіd raznomanіtnyh shkіdlyvih mikroorganіzmіv. Fumigation guarantees outer protection against coroids. At the same time, high-tech fumigants are vicorated, with which the wood is processed.
How to finish universal, Vіn Volodiє optimal spіvvіdshannyam for its price and quality, which is accepted. To that very fact, this procedure is becoming more and more demanded and popular.

Peculiarities of the zahisnoe transformation of the village into a booth

Zahisna turning a tree into a booth is covered in fumigated with different lumber or structures made of wood with special gases, for example, phosphine. For this vicory, generators and aerosol-condensed fog are used. As a basis for such concentrations of aerosols, they can act as various blasts of speech, which are called insecticides.

Dressing with dim or aerosol allows you to secure even the highest penetrating building of the fumigant dust off the porous structure of the wood. For the rahunok, which favors the development and active reproduction of coroids, as well as their larvae. The death of all individuals is safe on this day in 99 cases out of 100.

Phosphine formula ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Molecular weight ……………………………………………………………34.04

Color and appearance .............................................. ........ Barless gas.

Melting point ............................................... - 133.5 °Z.

Boiling point .............................................................. .... -87.7 ° C.

Vice during viparovuvanni .............. 40 mm Hg. Art. at -129.4°C.

Razchinnist in water ..........................26% vіd obyagu at 17°С.

Strength .........................1.18 (0 ° C, 760 mm Hg. Art.) (Povіtrya-1).

Sleeping temperature .................................................. .....100°С.

The lower boundary of the vibrancy ............ 1.79-1.89% of the total;

Appearing to smell at .............................................. ...... 1.3 - 2.6 ppm.

At porous high concentrations, phosphine is vibuchonot safe.

Lower concentration of inter-occupancy (LEC) - 1.79-1.89%

for obsyagy either ………………………………..26.15-27.60 g/m 3 , or 17000-18900 ml/m 3 .

The warmth of the vaporization of phosphine is attached ………………………………………102.6 cal/r.

Razchinnist in water to become 0.52 g / l at a temperature of 20 0 Z 34.2 kgf / cm 2.

Phosphine - a highly toxic, barrel-free gas, which is 1.5 times more important for a repeat, and when it gets stuck, it easily penetrates into all the spaces and important places in the hosts, which effectively destroys eggs, larvae, larvae and mature comas.
It's nasty to change at the water, which does not react with it. Relevant for benzene, diethyl ether, sulfuric carbon. Phosphine is strongly toxic, destroys the nervous system, disrupts the exchange of speech. HDC = 0.1 mg/m³. The smell is noticeable at a concentration of 2-4 mg/m³, if inhaled at a concentration of 10 mg/m³, it can be lethal.

Phosphine ingestion. During fumigation with phosphine, inorganic preparations based on aluminum and magnesium phosphides are obtained. The object and technology of injection of preparations based on magnesium phosphide is identical to preparations based on aluminum phosphide. The admission of people and the occupancy of the warehouses are allowed after a general ventilation and with the presence of phosphine in the entire working area, not higher than GDK (0.1 mg / m3). The sale of products is affected if the excess of phosphine is not higher than the MRL (0.1 mg/kg for grain, 0.01 mg/kg for grain processing products).

Gas Phosphine є strong disgust for humans and other warm-blooded creatures. Acute poisoning with phosphine is detected at the concentration of iodine in the case - 568 mg/m3. Phosphine gas has a high toxicity in the case of grain stocks. When working with him, the mother was told about ways and mechanisms of injection on shkіdlі organisms. The maximum permissible concentration (GDK) of phosphine in the area of the working area should be 0.1 mg/m3. However, the smell of gas begins to be noticed at lower concentrations (about 0.03 mg/m3). The maximum permissible level (MRL) for phosphine in grains is 0.01 mg/kg, excess phosphine in grain products is not allowed. Grain and products of yogo processing can be used for food purposes only for the mind, as the excess amount of phosphine in them does not exceed the MRL.

Gas Phosphine weakly sorbed by grain and grain products, it is easy to degas. At the recommended disinfestation standards, vitrati does not change the grain density and worsen some of the most important. Formerly, the wines were planted in 1934 for the fumigation of grain products. In this hour, through the fence, stagnation of methyl bromide with a fumigation method, phosphine is the main fumigant, recognized for the fight against zі shkіdlivimi komakhami.

The rest of the fates of Russia show a trend of growth of individual life. Moreover, most people dream about environmentally friendly and safe living. Nature has not come up with anything more beautiful than a tree. The buildings of the natural wood of the budinka are beautiful: the stench is warm, natural, ecological and even savory for wood beetles. After a deaky hour to wake up after a new life, clods penetrate into the skeleton of the boudinka and begin to work in a new walk, destroying the tree by themselves. For a long time, our ancestors in a special way signified the appearance of trees in the booth. At the kіmnatakh there was a clatter of the anniversary - such crunchy sounds can be seen by the coma at the hour of their “offense”, the head of the grass on the yak is a natural tree. Yakscho budinok zatikav - means soon called.

Not all companies are suitable for such services. Often, the deputy of fumigation sees the method of processing fogger or a hot fog generator. Actually, the process is not so simple. Vykoristovuetsya deadly unsafe gas phosphide aluminum or magnesium, again and again important for repetition. On the view of the hot fog, which is based on finely dispersed sawing, only gas is used for fumigation. Zastosovuvany gas to lie up to the I kasu of unsafe, which means - supra-lingually unsafe speech (deadly). The person is not aware of this presence, she is bezbarvna and does not smell.

Yak di phosphine

A hermetically packed metal jar with phosphine tablets is opened by the disinfection specialist before the cob of the fumigation. The speech area was fenced off again. Also, for the procedure, lines and plates of Degesh are used. Stop the stench of great obsyagіv і for low fumigation temperatures.

Fumigation can be carried out only by trained and trained people, professional disinfectants, who are not only in possession of drugs, but also with special protective suits, protigas, to reduce PH3. Self-sufficiency and self-discipline can lead to inexpressible nasledkіv and bring about tragedy.

In the middle of the organism, the speech is consumed through the organs of the respiratory system and may be mittevo di on the hematopoietic and nervous system of creatures, causing irreparable damage to the exchange processes. Negatively signified on the robots of all internal organs, especially nirok, liver, vessel, breath. Mustache processes do not deprive the shkidniks of chances for survival.

Features of fumigation with phosphine

Fumigation with phosphine gas, especially in wooden hutches and buds, is associated with dekilkom with unhandedness, smuts with yaks - tse:

seasonal work - processing is not carried out in the premises, which are scorched, as it is right there that the heating appliances are heated (boiler, stove). This is due to the fact that phosphine at a high concentration is vibuhon-insecure;
before the procedure, the booths are irritated, the scorching is neutralized. Fumigation is a collapsible process, which requires a low level of compliance with the rules, one of the most important influencing the temperature regime. The host may have the same temperature as on the street. Therefore, harvesting is carried out from spring to autumn;
the average duration of the fumigation is 5-7 days. For an hour of exposure to gas in the surroundings, everything is alive, all the members of this family and homely vihovantsi may be deprived of their relatives;
under the hour of the procedure, the windows, doors, enter and exit are fenced. Tse is mortally unsafe;
after a new sighting of the gas at the facility, re-maє viїhati master. Degassing will be carried out - a process in which there will be a selection and disposal of decay products. After the final procedures, the admission should be checked for at least 3 years.

Scope of zastosuvannya gas for fumigation

Phosphine is used to fumigate various objects, most often with great commitments of goods that are formed - silos, warehouses, barges, containers and other areas of storage. Effectively reduce coma in places where food is saved in silos, wheat, dormouse, sorghum, wheat, rice, peanuts, wheat, millet, barley.

The result of the fumigation to lie down in a number of conditions, among them are:

type of komakhi (shkidnik);
temperature in the treated area;
type and gas impermeability of the application;
steps of moisture;
packaging of commodity products p_d hour fum_gats_ї commodity warehouses.

The hour of the fumigation depends on the specific skin type in different ways.

Advantages of the fumigant phosphine

The drug, which is victorious for fumigation, is an acidic and overcooked product. Among the main ones, phosphine is so, like:

outside layout;
in the presence of a surplus saw of metal phosphide, which did not break;
economical vitrata;
not vzaєmodіє z middyu, gold and silver. Metal can darken a little (medium), but do not waste your dominance;
penetrating cold polypropylene;
the presence of traces on any surfaces.