Chemical power of metals. Corrosive power of metals. What work is done with the material

In the interplay of metals with the speeches of dovkillya, on their surface, half-metals, as if they could be called by other authorities, lower the metals themselves. We often repeat the words “irzha”, “irzhavinnya”, bachachi brown-yellow poured on virobs from the bay and alloys.
Іrzhavіnnya - tse okremi fluctuations of corrosion.
Corrosion is the process of mimicking the metal under the influence of dovkil.
However, practically all metals are destroyed, as a result of which a lot of their powers are fading (or we are going to ruin them): the strength, plasticity, glare are changing, the electrical conductivity is decreasing, and also the growth
Due to its chemical nature, corrosion is an oxide-water process. Fallow in the middle, in which the wine flows, two types of corrosion are distinguished.

See the corrosion

1.Chemical corrosion must be in the middle, so as not to conduct an electric stream.
This type of corrosion is manifested in various interactions of metals with dry gases and non-electrolytes (gasoline, gas, etc.). Such ruins are known by the details and units of engines, gas turbines, rocket launchers. Chemical corrosion is often associated with the processing of metals at high temperatures.

3 Fe + 2O 2 \u003d Fe 3 O 4
4 Al + 3O 2 \u003d 2Al 2 O 3

Most of the metals are oxidized with a sourness each time, quenching on the surface of the oxide smelting. Like this spitting mіtsna, schіlna, well tied up with metal, it protects metal from a distant ruin. Such coatings are found in Zn, AI, Cr, Ni, Sn, Pb, Nb, Ta ta іn In the hall there is fluff, porous, easily visible on the surface and it is not good to protect the metal from a distant rubble.

ІІ. Electrochemical corrosion it is connected to the streak-conducting medium (in electricity) from the middle of the electrical strum system. Electrochemical corrosion occurs in underwater parts of ships, steam Kazan, underground pipelines, metal structures, which are similar to water. As a rule, they threw that alloys are heterogeneous, to avenge the inclusion of different houses. When in contact with electrolytes, one plate of the surface begins to play the role of the anode (give electrons), others - the role of the cathode (take electrons).

For protection against corrosion, different coatings are used: farba, a ball of metal (tin, zinc). With the help of farba, the tin is protected from corrosion, the doki, the docks are protected from the ball of cilia. Appearing in new cracks and cracks, it will penetrate the water and cover it to the surface, and the process of corrosion will be observed, moreover, in the case of a tin coating, the wines will be quicker, the shards of tin with a cathode in the electrochemical process.
Zinc-coated can be done differently. Oskіlki zinc vykonuє role of the anode, yogo zahisna function zberіgaєtsya і for damaged zinc coating. Cathodic protection is widely used for changing corrosion of underground and underwater pipelines and steel supports of high-voltage transmissions, oil platforms and moorings.

Elementi z metalemi power distribution in IA–VIA groups of the periodic system (Table 7).

Metals are also all elements, roztashovani in IB - VIIIB-groups ( transitional metal).

In a given hour, 92 were thrown at the Periodic System.

Typical metals - elements (elements of the IA-group from Li to Fr, elements of the IIA-group from Mg to Ra). The global electronic formula of atoms is ns 1–2. Їх characteristic oxidation step +I і +II is similar.

A small number of electrons (1–2) on the level of energy level of atoms in typical metals transfer easily the consumption of these electrons and show strong influencing powers, which induce low values of electronegativity. You can see the exchange of chemical powers and the methods of mastery of typical metals.

A characteristic feature of typical metals is the ability of their atoms to dissolve cations and ionic chemical bonds with non-metal atoms. Half of the typical metals with non-metals are the ionic crystals “metalanion non-metal cation”, for example, K + Br -, Ca 2+ O 2-. Typical metal cations also enter the warehouse with collapsible anions - hydroxides and salts, for example Mg 2+ (OH - ) 2, (Li +) 2 CO 3 2 - .

A-group metals, which establish the diagonal of amphotericity in the Be-Al-Ge-Sb-Po Periodic system, as well as metals adjoining them (Ga, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Bi) do not show typical metal dominance. Global electronic formula of їх atoms ns 2 np 0-4 transmitting a greater variety of oxidation levels, a greater degree of reduction in the power of electronics, a stepwise decrease in their instillation and the appearance of oxidation levels, especially at high degrees of oxidation (characteristics of T, Bil III, Pb butt - levels). A similar chemical behavior is also characteristic of most d-elements, such as elements of the B-groups of the Periodic System (typical examples are amphoteric elements Cr and Zn).

The whole thing, manifesting the duality (amphotericity) of power, at the same time metal (basic) and non-metal, is swayed by the nature of the chemical bond. In a solid steel, the joining of non-standard metals with non-metals, it is important to place covalent bonds (although there are lesser bonds between non-metals). In different languages, the links are easily broken, and the halfs dissociate into ions (mostly or often). For example, metal gallium is formed from Ga 2 molecules in a solid steel of aluminum chloride and mercury (II) AlCl 3 and HgCl 2 to resist strongly covalent bonds, but in different AlCl 3 dissociations may be even more, and HgCl 2 - even a little (that on ions HgCl + and Cl -).

For a free-spirited person, everything was metal - solid speech, Crimea alone - mercury Hg, like a motherland for the greatest minds. In crystals of metals, a special kind of zv'yazku prevails ( metaleva zv'azok); valence electrons are weakly bound to a specific atom in the irons, and in the middle of the metal there are so-called electronic gas. All metals can have high electrical conductivity (mostly Ag, Cu, AI, Al, Mg) and thermal conductivity. Low-melting metals are sharpened (cesium Cs with a melting point of 28.7 ° C melts in the heat of the hand) and, on the contrary, is more refractory (tungsten W melts over 3387 ° C). Plasticity (ductility) serves as the governing power of metals, after which stinks can be rolled in thin sheets - foil (Sn, Al, Au) or embossed in drіt (Cu, Al, Fe), proteolytic and even tenditnі metals (Zn, Sb , Bi).

In craftsmanship, often vicorous metal is not pure, like sumish - alloy, in some corny powers of one metal, they are supplemented with the corny powers of another. So, copper has a low hardness and is not suitable for the preparation of machine parts, alloying copper with zinc ( brass) є even more hardy and widely vinified in machine-building. Aluminum has high plasticity and sufficient lightness (small thickness), but too soft. On this basis, an alloy is prepared with magnesium, middy and manganese - duralumin (duralumin), which, without losing the brown power of aluminum, gains high hardness and is added to the aircraft. Alloy the hall with coal (with the addition of other metals) - not widely used chavunі steel.

Threw at the forefront guides. The proteo-reactivity of some metals is small due to those that are covered with stinks surface oxide melting, different world resistance to such chemical reagents, like water, different acids and meadows.

For example, lead is covered with oxide smelting, for its transition to rozchin it is necessary not only for a reagent (for example, dilute nitric acid), but also for heating. Oxide smelting on aluminum changes reactions with water, aloe under the action of acids and meadows collapse. Fluff oxide smelting (іrzha), which settles on the surface of the hall near the moisture, does not affect the further oxidation of the hall.

Pіd deіyu concentrating acids on metals dissolve stand oxide melting. This manifestation is called passivation. So, in concentrations sulfuric acid passivate (and then do not react with acid) such metals as Be, Bi, Co, Fe, Mg and Nb, but concentrated nitric acid– metals Al, Be, Bi, C, Cr, Fe, Nb, Ni, Pb, Th and U.

When interacting with oxidizing agents in acidic solutions, most metals turn into cations, the charge of which is determined by the stable oxidation stage of this element in the compounds (Na + Ca 2+ Al 3+ Fe 2+ and Fe 3+).

The reactive activity of metals in the acidic environment is transmitted by a charge of tension. Most of the metals are converted into hydrochloric and diluted sulfuric acids, but Cu, Ag and Hg - less sulfuric (concentrated) and nitric acid, and Pt and AI - "royal burn".

The unreliable chemical power of metals and their corrosion, that is active ruination (oxidation) upon contact with water and with a splash of sour (sour corrosion). For example, widely seen corrosion of the cold virobs in the water, as a result, the rust is established, and the virobs are scattered into powder.

Corrosion of metals flows in water also through the presence of various gases CO 2 and SO 2; the acid medium is created, and the cations H + are viscous by active metals in the form of water H 2 (water corrosion).

Particularly corrosive-unsafe can be a contact between two different metals (Contact corrosion). Between one metal, for example Fe, the other metal, for example Sn or Cu, placed near water, a galvanic couple is produced. The flow of electrons in the case of active metal, which should be left handed in a row of voltages (Fe), to less active metal (Sn, Cu), and more active metal will collapse (corrode).

Itself through ce іrzhavіє ludzhenа the surface of tin cans (zalіzo, covered with tin) when protecting the atmosphere from the water and not badly caused them (zalіzo swidko collapses after the appearance of a small tint, which allows the contact of the zalіza with the water). Navpaki, galvanized surface of the sunroof wind is not rusty for a long time, the shards are not corroded for obviousness, but zinc (active metal, lower zinc).

Opir corrosion for this metal is possible when it is covered with active metal or when it is fused; so, coating the fairing with chromium or preparing the alloy of the fairing with chromium to reduce the corrosion of the fairing. Chrome-plated is the steel that avenges chrome (stainless steel), hang high corrosion resistance.

Zagalni ways to withdraw metals in industry:

electrometallurgy, that is the possession of metals by electrolysis of melts (for the most active metals) or of salts;

pyrometalurgy, Tobto recovery of metals from ores at high temperatures (for example, the removal of casting in the blast-furnace process);

hydrometalurgy, to see metals from different salts with more active metals (for example, omitting midi from CuSO 4 to zinc, or aluminum).

In nature, sometimes they grow native metal(characteristic stocks - Ag, Au, Pt, Hg), but most often the metals are exchanged at the sight of the spoluk ( metal ore). For the breadth of the earth's crust, there were different types: from the widest - Al, Na, Ca, Fe, Mg, Do, Ti to the rarest - Bi, In, Ag, Au, Pt, Re.

Apply the back part of A

1. In salt products, reactions between salt and diluted acids HCl, H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 have the total number of atoms in all elements

2. At equal reactions

Fe + O 2 → (Fe II Fe III 2) O 4

Fe + Cl 2 → FeCl 3

Fe + H 2 O (steam) → (Fe II Fe III 2) O 4 + H 2

3. The strength of NaCrO 2 is eliminated with the interaction between

1) CrO 3 and Na 2 O

2) Cr 2 O 3 and Na 2 CO 3

4) CrO 2 and NaHCO 3

4. Prot_katіme reaction with the introduction of midi in the development

1) bromine water

2) mercury(II) nitrate

3) sulfuric acid

4) nitric acid

5. Reactions run

1) H 2 SO 4 + FeCO 3 → ...

2) AgNO 3 + HI (pp) →…

3) K 2 Cr 2 O 7 (pp) + PbO 2 → ...

4) AgNOg (p-p) + Au →…

6–9. Weight of the crucible

6. platini

8. sribla

when roasted on the counter

1) change

2) get bigger

3) do not change

4) don't know

10-11. In molecular equal reactions

10. Fe 2 O 3 + HNOg →…, Fe(OH) 2 + O 2 → FeO(OH) +…

11. CuO + C → CO 2 + Cu, Fe 2 O 3 + CO → Fe + ...

the total sum of the coefficients of the cost

12. Alloy, offensive components of which react with concentrated nitric acid, - ce

13. Doesn't leak substitution reaction between reagents

2) Pb (NO 3) 2 and Cr

4) Cd and Hg (NO 3) 2

14. For a distant house NiSO 4 from a retailer FeSO 4 needs to be added

1) barium chloride

2) nitrate sribl (I)

3) potassium hydroxide

15. A plate of metal will appear covered with other metal, we take from the look of the salt, from the sets

1) Zn and Pb (NO 3) 2

2) Cu and Hg (NO 3) 2

3) Z i MnSO 4

16–17. Corrosion of steel wool, riveted steel

16. chrome

17. Nickel

have a vologu

1) get stronger

2) weaker

3) do not change

4) don't know

7. Non-throwers of the main subgroups IV-VII groups

Voden

Voden- The first element of the Periodic system (1st period, serial number 1). Do not repeat analogies with other chemical elements and do not belong to the same group (in tables, it is smart to place in IA–and/or VIIA‑group).

The atom is the smallest among the worlds and the lightest among the atoms of the elements. The electronic formula of the atom is 1s 1 characteristic oxidation step 0, +I and, more likely, - I. Stan H I is respected as stable (halfs from H -I are strong).

Water oxidation scale:

According to electronegativity (2.10), the water occupies an intermediate position between typical metals and typical non-metals. Showing amphoteric dominance - metal and non-metal. To enter the warehouse of cations (cations oxonium H 3 O + and ammonium NH 4+, accacation metals) and numerical anions - sour acid surpluses (HS -, HCO 3 - that іn).

Natural water to avenge isotope 1H protium with a house of stable isotope 2 H(D) - Deuterium and traces of the radioactive isotope 3 H(T) - Tritiya(There is only 2 kg of tritium on Earth). In chemistry, the symbol H in the formulas of speeches denotes the natural sum of isotopes that can be found in them, with the overriding of the isotope protium, and the speeches themselves are looked at as if they were isotopically pure from the opposite side.

Water is the widest element in the cosmos (the Sun, the great planets Jupiter and Saturn, the stars, the mid-Zorean middle, nebulae); to the warehouse of cosmic matter enter 63% H, 36% Not that 1% of all other elements.

In nature - third according to the chemical breadth of the element (after O and Si), the basis of the hydrosphere. Zustrichaetsya at the chemically bound sight (water, living organisms, naphtha, natural water, minerals), sweeping at the upper spheres of the atmosphere.

Voden H 2 . Just speech. Bezbarvny gas, odorless and relish. The molecule contains a covalent bond H - N. It is also light, thermally stable up to 2000 °C. Even a little rozchinny near the water. Chemisorbed by the metals Fe, Ni, Pd, Pt and is found in the nuclear power plant.

Water H 2 can be manifested in some minds as powerful (more often), in others - as an oxide of power (more often):

guide H 2 0 - 2e - \u003d 2H I

oxidizer H 2 0 + 2e - \u003d 2H -I

A strong indicator of high temperatures, water reacts with non-metals and oxides of low-active metals, plays a role of oxidizer in reactions with typical metals:

Already a high inspirational building may be atomic water H 0 (water in statu nascendi, lat., - at the time of withdrawal), which is taken without delay in the reaction zone (hour of life H 0 0.5 s); for example, magnesium granules are added to potassium permanganate in acidification of potassium permanganate, reactions proceed:

a) the resolution of atomic water

Mg + 2H + = Mg 2+ + 2H 0

b) renewal of permanganate-ion with atomic water

5Н 0 + 3H + + MnO 4 - = Mn 2+ + 4Н 2 O

The second example is the conversion of nitrobenzene into aniline (Zinin's reaction):

a) Fe + 2H + = Fe 2+ + 2H 0

b) C 6 H 5 NO 2 + 6H 0 \u003d C 6 H 5 NH 2 + 2H 2 O

Atomic water can also be removed by passing H 2 water over a nickel catalyst.

Atomic water is easily observed at room temperature, standing, for example, KNO 3 and O 2:

2H 0 (Zn, rozb. HCl) + KNO 3 \u003d KNO 2 + H 2 O

2H 0 (Zn, rozb. HCl) + O 2 \u003d H 2 O 2

Similarly, reactions proceed with vicarious amphigens (Zn, Al) in the puddle medium:

a) Zn + 2OH - + 2H 2 O \u003d 2 - + 2H 0

b) 8H 0 + KNO 3 \u003d NH 3 + KOH + 2H 2 O (boiling)

Yakisna reaction- burning water taken into a test tube with “bavovnaya” (“grimucha” sumish іz repeats for H 2 4–74% per obsyago).

Water is stagnant as a source and a hydrous agent in the synthesis of technically important products (hard metals, NH 3 , HCl, organic speech).

Water H2O. Binary z'ednannya. Bezbarvna rіdina (a ball over 5 m of zavtovka pofarbovaniya in black color), without relish and smell. Molecule maє budovu double unfinished tetrahedron [:: OH 2] (sp 3-hybridization). Volatile speech is thermally stable up to 1000 °C.

For the greatest minds, the polar molecules of water satisfy water bonds between themselves. Therefore, the anomaly of the melting and boiling temperatures of water - the stench is significantly higher, lower in її chemical analogs (H 2 S and others). Solidification of water in ice is accompanied by a 9% increase in obligation, so that ice is laid down for a little water (another anomaly of water). Water is most abundant at 0 °C, and at 4 °C (third water anomaly). Solid water (lid) is easy to move.

Natural water behind the isotope warehouse water in the main 1 H 2 O with the house 1 H 2 HO i 2 H 2 O, behind the isotope warehouse acid in the main H 2 16 O with the house H 2 18 O and H 2 17 O. up to H + , or, more precisely, up to H 3 O + і ВІН; too weak electrolyte. Oxonium H 3 O cation + may be an unfinished tetrahedron [: O(H) 3 ] (sp 3-hybridization). I make crystalloids rich with salts, aquacomplexes - with metal cations. Reacts with metals, non-metals, oxides. It results in electrolytic dissociation of acids, bases and salts, hydrolysis of rich binary compounds and salts. Electricity rises from the presence of strong electrolytes. Maizhe is a rare and versatile retailer of inorganic speeches.

For chemical purposes, natural water is purified by distillation ( distilled water) for industrial purposes, it helps to soften, using “timchasova” and “steady” hardness, or more salty, passing through ions in acidic H + -forms and pools BIN - forms to cross at the water, they are mutually neutralized). Drinking water is not contaminated with chlorine baths (the old way) or ozonation (the modern, but expensive way; ozone does not only oxidize shkidlivy houses like chlorine, but it does more than oxidize sour).

Equalization of the most important reactions:

Apply hydrolysis of binary layers:

6H 2 O + Al 2 S 3 \u003d 2Al (OH) 3 ↓ + 3H 2 S

2H 2 O + SF 4 \u003d SO 2 + 4HF (40–60 ° C)

6H 2 O + Mg 3 N 2 \u003d 3Mg (OH) 2 ↓ + 2NH 3 (boiling)

2H 2 O + CaC 2 \u003d Ca (OH) 2 ↓ + C 2 H 2

Water - oxidizer for rahunok H I:

Water electrolysis:

The electrical conductivity of pure (distilled) water is too small, so the electrolysis is carried out in the presence of strong electrolytes.

a) at neutral retail (electrolyte Na 2 SO 4)

cathode 2H 2 O + 2e - \u003d H 2 + 2OH

anode 2H 2 O - 4e - \u003d O 2 + 4H +

rozchinВІН - + Н + = Н 2 O

boo sour retail (electrolyte H 2 SO 4)

cathode 2H + + 2e - = H 2

anode 2H 2 O - 4e - \u003d O 2 + 4H +

c) in puddle retail (electrolyte NaOH)

cathode 2H 2 O + 2e - \u003d H 2 + 2OH -

anode 4OH - - 4e - \u003d O 2 + 2H 2 O

One of the methods for detecting grounds for the transition in a humid atmosphere of white midi(II) sulfate CuSO 4 in blue vitriol CuSO 4 5H 2 O.

Vidomy isotopic variety of water - water D 2 O (2 H 2 O); in natural waters, the mass ratio is D2O: H2O = 1:6000.

Shchіlnіst, melting temperature and boiling point is important water, lower at svichaynoy. The versatility of more speeches in heavy water is significantly less, lower in savage water. Vaughn otruyna, to that which encourages biological processes in living organisms. Heavy water accumulates in the excess of electrolyte during bagatorase electrolysis of water. Vykoristovuetsya as a heat transfer and booster of neutrons in nuclear reactors.

Calcium hydride CaH 2 . Binary z'ednannya. Biliy maє ionna budova Ca 2+ (H - ) 2. Expands when melted. Sensitive to the point of sourness. Strong agent reacts with water, acids. Zastosovuetsya as a hard water (1 kg CaH 2 yes 1000 l H 2), drying gases and rindine, analytical reagent for acidic water in crystals.

Equalization of the most important reactions:

CaH 2 \u003d H 2 + Ca (especially pure) (over 1000 ° C)

CaH 2 + 2H 2 O \u003d Ca (OH) 2 + 2H 2

CaH 2 + 2HCl (rozb.) \u003d CaCl 2 + 2H 2

CaH 2 + O 2 \u003d H 2 O + CaO (especially pure) (300–400 ° C)

ZSaN 2 + N 2 \u003d ZN 2 + Ca 3 N 2 (over 1000 ° C)

ZSaH 2 + 2KClO 3 \u003d 2KCl + ZCaO + ZN 2 O (450–550 ° C)

CaH 2 + H 2 S = CaS + 2H 2 (500-600 ° C)

Otrimannya: treatment of heated calcium with water

Halogens

Chlorine. Chlorine day

Chlorine- Element of the 3rd period and VII of the A-group of the Periodic Table, serial number 17. The electronic formula of the atom is [ 10 Ne] 3s 2 3p 5, the characteristic oxidation step is 0, -I, +I, +V і +VII. The most stable mill Cl-I. Chlorine oxidation step scale:

Chlorine is highly electronegative (2.83), showing non-metal power. Enter to the warehouse of rich speeches - oxides, acids, salts, binary compounds.

In nature - twelve for the chemical width of the element (fiveth of the middle non-metals). Zustrichaetsya less in a chemically pov'yazanomu look. The third most important element in natural waters (after O and H), especially rich in chlorine in sea water (up to 2% per mass). Life is an important element of all organisms.

Chlorine Cl2. Just speech. Yellow-green gas with a sharp, suffocating smell. The Cl 2 molecule is non-polar; Thermally stable, non-combustible on the surface; sumish with water vibrates in the light (water burns with chlorine):

Kindly rozchinny at the water, poddaetsya in niy dismutatsiy by 50% and over - at the puddle rozchini:

Call chlorine by the water chlorine water, on light acid HClO decomposes into HCl and atomic oxyfuel O 0 that "chlorine water" needs to be saved in a dark glass. The presence of HClO acid in “chlorine water” and the atomic acidity are explained by strong oxide powers: for example, in hydrochloric chlorine, there are a lot of barrens.

Chlorine is also a strong oxidizing agent in terms of conversion to metals and non-metals:

Reactions with other halogens:

a) Cl 2 + 2KBr (p) = 2KCl + Br 2 (boiling)

b) Cl 2 (tizh.) + 2KI (p) \u003d 2KCl + I 2 ↓

3Cl 2 (ha.) + ZN 2 O + KI \u003d 6HCl + KIO 3 (80 ° C)

Yakisna reaction- interplay between Cl 2 and KI (divine vische) and the presence of iodine with blue fermentation after adding starch to the starch.

Otrimannya chlorine in promiscuity:

i in laboratories:

4НCl (conc.) + MnO 2 = Cl 2 + MnCl 2 + 2Н 2 O

(similarly for the participation of other oxidizing agents; report more surprising reactions for HCl and NaCl).

Chlorine is added to the products of the main chemical reaction, vicorated for the removal of bromine and iodine, chlorides and the like, to clean the sour, for drinking paper, as a disinfectant for drinking water. Otruyny.

Chloride day HCl. acid free acid. Bezbarvny gas іz pungent odor, important for repetition. The molecule contains covalent σ-bonds H – Cl. Thermally stable. Even better rozchinny near the water; razvedeni razchiny are called hydrochloric acid, and dimium concentrations are different (35-38%) - hydrochloric acid(The name was given by the alchemists). A strong acid in rozchini, which is neutralized by meadows and ammonia hydrate. A strong source for a concentrated variety (for Cl-I), a weak oxide for a concentrated variety (for HI). Warehouse part of the "royal hill".

The acidic reaction to the Cl ion is the elimination of the white fallouts of AgCl and Hg 2 Cl 2, which cannot be converted into the name of diluted nitric acid.

Chlorine water to serve as syrovine in the production of chlorides, organochlorine products, vicorist (as a variety) when pickling metals, laying minerals and ores.

Equalization of the most important reactions:

HCl (rozb.) + NaOH (rozb.) \u003d NaCl + H 2 O

HCl (rozb.) + NH 3 H 2 O \u003d NH 4 Cl + H 2 O

4HCl (conc., horizon) + MO 2 \u003d MCl 2 + Cl 2 + 2H 2 O (M \u003d Mn, Pb)

16HCl (conc., horizon) + 2KMnO 4(t) = 2MnCl 2 + 5Cl 2 + 8H 2 O + 2KCl

14HCl (conc.) + Up to 2 Cr 2 O 7 (t) \u003d 2CrCl 3 + ZCl 2 + 7H 2 O + 2KCl

6HCl (conc.) + KClO 3 (t) \u003d KCl + ZCl 2 + 3H 2 O (50–80 ° C)

4HCl (conc.) + Ca(ClO) 2(t) = CaCl 2 + 2Cl 2 | + 2H 2 O

2HCl (rozb.) + M \u003d MCl 2 + H 2 (M \u003d Fe, Zn)

2HCl (rozb.) + MSO 3 \u003d MCl 2 + C 2 + H 2 O (M \u003d Ca, Ba)

HCl (spread) + AgNO3 = HNO3 + AgCl↓

Otrimannya HCl in industry - spitting of H 2 in Cl 2 (div.), in the laboratory - scaling from chloride in sulfuric acid:

NaCl (t) + H 2 SO 4 (conc.) = NaHSO 4 + HCl(50°C)

2NaCl (t) + H 2 SO 4 (conc.) = Na 2 SO 4 + 2НCl(120°C)

Chloridi

Sodium chloride NaCl. Bezkisneva strength. Pobutov's name kitchen sіl. White, weakly hygroscopic. Melt that boil without rozkladannya. Pomіrno rozchinny by the water, rozchinnіst little lie down in the temperature, rozchin may characteristic salty relish. Hydrolysis is not allowed. Weak guide. Enter at the reaction of ion exchange. Electricity is supplied in melting and smelting.

Zastosovuєtsya for otrimanna water, sodium and chlorine, soda, caustic soda and chlorine water, as a component of cold sums, a food product and preservative zasib.

In nature - the main part of the concessions rock salt, or halit,і sylvinita(together from KCl), brine of salt lakes, mineral houses of sea water (NaCl content = 2.7%). Industrialism has the ability to vaporize natural roses.

Equalization of the most important reactions:

2NaCl (t) + 2H 2 SO 4 (conc.) + MnO 2 (t) \u003d Cl 2 + MnSO 4 + 2H 2 O + Na 2 SO 4 (100 ° C)

10NaCl (t) + 8H 2 SO 4 (conc.) + 2KMnO 4 (t) \u003d 5Cl 2 + 2MnSO 4 + 8H 2 O + 5Na 2 SO 4 + K 2 SO 4 (100 ° C)

6NaCl (t) + 7H 2 SO 4 (conc.) + Up to 2 Cr 2 O 7 (t) = ZCl 2 + Cr 2 (SO 4) 3 + 7H 2 O + 3Na 2 SO 4 + K 2 SO 4 (100 °C)

2NaCl (t) + 4H 2 SO 4 (conc.) + PbO 2 (t) \u003d Cl 2 + Pb (HSO 4) 2 + 2H 2 O + 2NaHSO 4 (50 ° C)

NaCl (spread) + AgNO3 = NaNO3 + AgCl↓

Potassium chloride KCl. Bezkisneva strength. White, non-hygroscopic. Melt that boil without rozkladannya. Pomіrno rozchinny by the water, rozchin may have a warm relish, hydrolysis is not. Enter at the reaction of ion exchange. Zastosovuєtsya like potassium dobriva, to possess K, KOH and Cl 2. In nature, the main warehouse part (narіvnі z NaCl) deposits sylvinite.

Equalization of the most important reactions, however, with those for NaCl.

Calcium chloride CaCl2. Bezkisneva strength. White, to melt without spreading. It is poured again and again for the rahunok of the energy clay of the vologist. It dissolves crystalline CaCl 2 6H 2 O with a water temperature of 260 °C. Kindness by the water, no hydrolysis. Enter at the reaction of ion exchange. Zastosovuєtsya for dehumidification of gases and rivers, preparation of sumishes to cool. A component of natural waters, a storage part of the їхної "postіynoї" hardness.

Equalization of the most important reactions:

CaCl 2 (t) + 2H 2 SO 4 (conc.) \u003d Ca (HSO 4) 2 + 2HCl (50 ° C)

CaCl 2 (t) + H 2 SO 4 (conc.) \u003d CaSO 4 ↓ + 2HCl (100 ° C)

CaCl 2 + 2NaOH (conc.) = Ca(OH) 2 ↓ + 2NaCl

ZCaCl 2 + 2Na 3 PO 4 \u003d Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 ↓ + 6NaCl

CaCl 2 + K 2 CO 3 \u003d CaCO 3 ↓ + 2KCl

CaCl 2 + 2NaF \u003d CaF 2 ↓ + 2NaCl

From:

CaCO 3 + 2HCl \u003d CaCl 2 + CO 3 + H 2 O

Aluminum chloride AlCl3. Bezkisneva strength. White, fusible, highly volatile. The pair consists of AlCl 3 covalent monomers (tricutna budova, sp 2 -hybridization, transcends at 440–800 ° C) and Al 2 Cl 6 dimers (more precisely, Cl 2 AlCl 2 AlCl 2, budova - two tetrahedra with a central edge, sp 3 - hybridization, transfer at 183-440 ° C). Hygroscopic, on the surface "dim". I create a crystalloid that expands when heated. Kindness by the water (from the strong exo-effect), more dissociated into ions, creating a strongly acidic medium after hydrolysis. Reacts from meadows, ammonia hydrate. Indicated for electroplating. Enter at the reaction of ion exchange.

Yakisna reaction on the Al 3+ ion - settling the precipitate of AlPO 4, which is transformed into concentrated sulfuric acid.

It stagnates as syrovine in the production of aluminum, a catalyst in organic synthesis in the cracking of petroleum, a carrier of chlorine in organic reactions. Equalization of the most important reactions:

Otrimannya AlCl 3 in promiscuity- chlorination of kaolin, alumina or bauxite in the presence of coke:

Al 2 O 3 + ZS (coke) + ZCl 2 \u003d 2AlCl 3 + ZSO (900 ° C)

Hall chloride (H) FeCl 2 . Bezkisneva strength. White (hydrate of black-greens), hygroscopic. Melt that boil without rozkladannya. With strong heating, HCl is volatile in the pot. The Fe-Cl bonds are more importantly covalent, the pair is formed from FeCl 2 monomers (linear budova, sp-hybridization) and Fe 2 Cl 4 dimers. Sensitive to a sour turn (darkness). Kindness by the water (from the strong exo effect), more dissociated into ions, weakly hydrolyzed by cation. When boiling, the difference is laid out. Reacts with acids, meadows, ammonia hydrate. Typical guide. Enters into the reaction of ion exchange and complex formation.

Used for the synthesis of FeCl 3 and Fe 2 O 3 as a catalyst in organic synthesis, a component of medicinal remedies against anemia.

Equalization of the most important reactions:

From: interaction of Fe with hydrochloric acid:

Fe + 2НCl = FeCl2+ H 2

(at promiscuity vicorist chlorine water and conduct the process at 500 ° C).

Salt(III) chloride FeCl 3 . Bezkisneva strength. Black-brown (dark red in light, green in dark), dark yellow hydrate. When melted, it transforms into a red motherland. Duzhe flier, with a strong heating rozladetsya. The Fe-Cl bonds are predominantly covalent. The pair consists of FeCl 3 monomers (tricutna budova, sр 2 -hybridization, more than 750 ° C) and dimers Fe 2 Cl 6 (more precisely, Cl 2 FeCl 2 FeCl 2, budova - two tetrahedra from the upper edge, sр 3 -hybridization, override at 316-750°C). Crystallogidrate FeCl 3 6H 2 O can be Cl 2H 2 O. Good variety in water, variety of fertilization in yellow color; strongly hydrolyzed by cation. Spread by hot water, reacting with meadows. Weak oxidizer and vodnovnik.

It acts as a chlorine agent, a catalyst in organic synthesis, a mordant in the preparation of tissues, a coagulant in the purification of drinking water, an herbalist of mid-plates in galvanoplasty, a component of blood spinal preparations.

Equalization of the most important reactions:

Ammonium chloride NH4Cl. Bezkisneva force, technical name ammonia White, flying, thermally non-resistant. Dobre rozchinny by the water (with remembrance endo-effect, Q = -16 kJ), hydrolyzed by cation. Spread by meadows with boiling water, transfer magnesium and magnesium hydroxide. To enter the reaction of commutation with nitrates.

Yakisna reaction on the NH 4 + ion - NH 3 sighting when boiling with meadows or when heating with quenched vaping.

It works in inorganic synthesis, as a cream for the formation of a weakly acidic medium, as a component of nitrogen additives, dry galvanic elements, when soldering copper and lubrication steel mills.

Equalization of the most important reactions:

From: interactions of NH 3 with HCl in the gas phase or NH 3 H 2 O with HCl in others.

Hypochlority. Chlorati

Calcium hypochlorite Ca(ClO) 2 . The strength of hypochlorous acid HClO. White, when heated, expands without melting. Kindly dispersed in cold water (bezbarvny dispersed), hydrolyzed by anion. Reactive, more often spread with hot water, acids. Strong oxide. When standing, the cracks sag carbon dioxide gas from the floor. Є active warehouse chlorine (bilyl) vaping- the sum of the unassigned warehouse from CaCl 2 and Ca (OH) 2. Equalization of the most important reactions:

Ca (ClO) 2 \u003d CaCl 2 + O 2 (180 ° C)

Ca (ClO) 2 (t) + 4HCl (conc.) \u003d CaCl 2 + 2Cl 2 + 2H 2 O (80 ° C)

Ca (ClO) 2 + H 2 O + CO 2 \u003d CaCO 3 ↓ + 2HClO (in the cold)

Ca (ClO) 2 + 2H 2 O 2 (rozb.) \u003d CaCl 2 + 2H 2 O + 2O 2

From:

2Ca (OH) 2 (suspension) + 2Cl 2 (g) \u003d Ca(ClO) 2+ CaCl 2 + 2H 2 O

Potassium chlorate KClO 3 . The strength of chloric acid HClO 3 is the most common of the strongest acidic acids to chlorine. Technical name Bertolet's strength(In the name of Pershovidkrivach K.-L. Bertholle, 1786). White, to melt without expansion, with a little heating, it expands. Kindness at the water (bezbarvny rozchin is established), there is no hydrolysis. Decomposed with concentrated acids. Strong oxide when fused.

It stagnates as a component of vibukhovy and pyrotechnical sumishes, heads of sirniks, at the laboratory - it was hard to sour.

Equalization of the most important reactions:

4KClO 3 \u003d ZKClO 4 + KCl (400 ° C)

KClO 3 (t) + 6HCl (conc.) = KCl + ZCl 2 | + DT 2 O (50–80 °C)

ZKClO 3 (t) + 2H 2 SO 4 (conc., horizon) \u003d 2ClO 2 | + KClO 4 + H 2 O + 2KHSO 4

(chlorine dioxide on light vibration: 2ClO 2 (g) \u003d Cl 2 + 2O 2)

2KClO 3 + E 2 (izb.) \u003d 2KEO 3 + Cl 2 (in rozb. HNO 3, E \u003d Br, I)

Otrimannya KClO 3 in promiscuity– electrolysis of hot KCl (product KClO 3 is seen on the anode):

bromide. Yodidi

Potassium bromide KBr. Bezkisneva strength. White, non-hygroscopic, melt without spreading. Kindness by the water, no hydrolysis. Vidnovnik (weak, lower KI).

Yakisna reaction on the ion Br - the extraction of bromine from the difference between KBr with chlorine and the extraction of bromine into an organic retailer, for example, CCl 4 (as a result, the water ball swells, the organic ball swells in brown colors).

Zastosovuєtsya as a component of herbalists during the hour of engraving on metals, storage parts of photo emulsions, likarsky zasib.

Equalization of the most important reactions:

From:

K 2 CO 3 + 2HBr \u003d 2 KBr+ CO 2 + H 2 O

Potassium iodide KI. Bezkisneva strength. White, non-hygroscopic. When saving on light yellow. Kindness by the water, no hydrolysis. Typical guide. Water rozchin KI is good rozchinyaє I 2 with additional complexation.

Yakisna reaction on ion I - iodine staining with a small amount of chlorine and extraction of iodine into an organic retailer, for example, CCl 4 (as a result, the water ball turns into a bubble, the organic ball turns into a purple color).

Equalization of the most important reactions:

From:

K 2 CO 3 + 2HI \u003d 2 KI+ Z 2 + H 2 O

Chalcogeny

Kisen

Kisen- an element of the 2nd period of the VIA-group of the Periodic Table, serial number 8, can be attributed to chalcogens (although more often it is considered okremo). The electronic formula of the atom is [ 2 He] 2s 2 2p 4, the characteristic oxidation steps are often 0 і - II, more likely - I і + II, station II is considered stable.

Oxidation step scale:

Oxygen has a high electronegativity (3.50, another element after fluorine), showing typical non-metal power. Satisfied with the elements, cream He, Ne and Ar, to enter the warehouse of numerical oxides, hydroxides, salts of acids, to avenge the acid.

Natural acid isotope 16 O with a home of 17 O and 18 O isotopes.

Kisen is the widest element in the earth's crust (55%) and natural waters, it streaks with a free and knitted look. Life is an important element of all organisms.

Kisen O 2 . Just speech. It is made up of non-polar O 2 molecules ( wild autumn) with σπ-link O=O, the stave is an allotropic form of the base of the element in a free-looking way. Bezbarvny gas, in a rare state - light-blaky, in a solid one - blue.

Warehouse part of the distribution: 20.94% for the total, 23.13% for the mass. From a rare occasion, the kisen wikipaє after nitrogen N 2 . Smaller in water (31 ml / 1 l H 2 O at 20 ° C), ale troch is better, lower N 2. At room temperature, there may be little chemical activity due to the smallness of the subfolding link in the molecules.

Kisen pіdtremuє gorіnnya rich speeches. Strong oxidizer at high temperatures, reacting with more metals and non-metals:

Kisen vyklikaє іrzhavіnnya (povilne okislennja) zalіza, equal reaction div. at 11.3. Particularly active atomic kisen About 0 (activity is higher, lower in ozone O 3), which sound is eliminated without intermediary in the reaction zone during thermal expansion of rich speech.

The simplest yakіsna reaction- Yaskrave lit up a smoldering wooden splinter in a sour atmosphere.

Otrimannya sour:

a) at promiscuity- fractional distillation of a rare occasion, electrolysis of water (equal reaction div. Roz. 12);

boo laboratories- heating of sour speeches, which are easily laid out:

2HgO \u003d 2Hg + O 2 (450–500 ° C)

2KMnO 4 \u003d Up to 2 MnO 4 + MnO 2 + O 2 (200–240 ° C)

2Na 2 O 2 \u003d 2Na 2 O + O 2 (400–675 ° C, vacuum)

2KClO 3 \u003d 2KCl + 3O 2 (150–300 ° C, cat. MnO 2)

2KNO 3 \u003d 2KNO 2 + O 2 (400–520 ° C)

Kisen is the most important product of the main production. Zastosovuєtsya as a reagent in chemical technology (vipal sulfide ores, synthesis of oxides), metallurgy (combination of chavun and steel) and gasification of natural coal, in the production of cut metals; rare kisen - oxide fire in rocket technology.

Changes in the sourness in the atmosphere after the mountain processes, rotting and rottenness are produced by roslins during photosynthesis. When inhaled by humans and creatures, air in the legenia binds with the hemoglobin of the blood and is carried by the cells, organic speech (used to be glucose) is oxidized to help protect the life energy of the organisms.

Ozone O3. Simple speech (trikisen), non-stable allotropic form of the base of the element. Light blue gas with a characteristic ("ozone") smell, important for breath. Molecule maє budovu unfinished tricot [: O (O) 2 ] (sp 2 hybridization, valence cut 117 °), avenge the covalent σπ-bond O = O. Earth). Steady in sumishi s O 2 (Ozonation acid). Small in water (285 ml / 1 l H 2 O), but much shorter than lower O 2 . Strong oxidizer (strong, lower O 2 ale more weak, lower atomic oxygen O 0). Oxidizes at room temperature rich metals and non-metals to high levels of oxidation. With superoxides of puddle metals (K, Rb, Cs) I make orange-red. ozonide. Chi does not react with Au, Cu, Ni, Pt, Sn. Generated from sour O 2 in a special tool - ozonator.

Yakisna reaction- Vidіlennya iodine with KI difference at room temperature (O 2 does not enter into the reaction). Equalization of the most important reactions:

Otrimannya: under the electric discharge in the ozonator:

Zastosovuєtsya for disinfection of drinking water, when wetting fabrics and mineral oils, as a reagent for

inorganic and organic synthesis. In the Earth's atmosphere, the ozone ball (altitude = 25 km) protects the living light from the cosmic ultraviolet wave industry.

Atomic Kisen Pro 0 . The third allotropic form is Kisnu. More strong oxidizer in pure s O 2 and O 3 . Utvoryuetsya at the decay of molecules O 2 and O 3 under the influence of ultraviolet viprominuvannya. Blame for thermal expansion of sour speeches (wonderful, possession of O 2); in case of presence of vanishing agents, it will change again into O 2 and O 3 , in presence of oxidising agents:

KNO 3 = KNO 2 + O 0

Pro 0+ Z (graphite) \u003d Z 2

That speech, which easily spit sour when heated, shows strong oxide power.

Water peroxide H 2 O 2 . Binary z'ednannya. The H 2 O 2 molecule is not bad, it can be with σ-link O - Pro on the ribs and links H - Pro on the flats of the two-faced kut. Oxidation stage is acidic - I. Group - O - O - is called peroxogroup.

Bezbarvna native land, vyazka, important for water, sensitive to light that house (stabilizer H 3 PO 4). It is laid out by vibration at low heating, on catalysts - at room temperature. Not surrounded by water. Rosemary meadows are neutralized in full obsyazі. Strong oxidizer, weak vodnovnik.

Water peroxide zastosovuetsya as an additive to textiles, paper, oil, fats and mineral oils, rocket fire oxide, a reagent in organic synthesis, when illuminating paintings of old masters PbSO 4). In industry, vicorist sound vibro-safe 30% rozchin H 2 O 2 (perhydrol), in medicine - 3% of retailers.

Equalization of the most important reactions:

2H 2 O 2 \u003d 2H 2 O + O 2 (more than 150 ° C or on cat. MnO 2)

H 2 O 2 (rozb.) + NaOH (rozb.) \u003d NaHO 2 + H 2 O

H 2 O 2 (conc.) + 2NaOH (t) \u003d Na 2 O 2 ↓ + 2H 2 O (0 ° C)

H 2 O 2 (3%) + 2H + + 2I - \u003d I 2 ↓ + 2H 2 O

5H 2 O 2 (30%) + I 2 (t) \u003d 2HIO 3 + 4H 2 O

H 2 O 2 (10%) + SO 3 2- \u003d SO 3 2- + H 2 O

4H 2 O 2 (30%) + PbS (black) \u003d 4H 2 O + PbSO 4 (white) ↓

3H 2 O 2 + 2 3- = 2CrO 4 2- + 8H 2 O + 2OH -

2H 2 O 2 (conc.) + Ca (ClO) 2 \u003d CaCl 2 + 2H 2 O + 2O 2

5H 2 O 2 + 6H + + 2MnO 4 - = 2Mn 2+ + 5O 2 + 8H 2 O

Otrimannya: in laboratories

Company Logo Actualization of knowledge and motivation of primary activities Chemical dictation for 2 options (unpaired numbers – 1st option, paired numbers – 2nd option) Let the metal lie down… 4. The melting point of the metal lie down in… 5. The lightest metal… 6. The most important metal…

Company Logo Actualization of knowledge and motivation of primary activity 7. Metals that melt at temp. lower Z are called ... 8. Metals with a thickness of less than 5 g / cm 3 are called ... 9. Temp. melting of refractory metals … 10. Increased temp. melting is changing ... 11. Metals, giving electronics, win the role ... 12. Before black metals lie ...

Company Logo Actualization of knowledge and motivation of primary activity 13. Metals in technology are applied to… 14. High-melting metal is… Motivation: for a long time people had 7 metals. Their number spіvvіdnosilas to the number of other planets: Saturn-lead, Mercury-mercury, Mars-salіzo, Moon-fall, Sun-gold, Venus-mid, Jupiter-tin. You know more richly than alchemists, and today we continue to gain power of metals

Company Logo Metals 1. What do the elements have in common? 2. How do you see the power of these elements?

Company Logo The chemical power of metal What is the power of simple speeches depicted on which slide?

Company Logo Chemical dominance of metals How do the elements lie before the metals? Name the main power of metals How does the activity of metals change in the period? Elements, on the same level, they have 1-2 electrons. The main power is to give valence electrons to the increase in the charge of the nucleus, the activity of the metal changes in the period

Company Logo A series of metal activity The rise of powerful powers Take a look at a series of metal activity, find visnovs about the activity of various metals, let's talk about it, with such speeches the stench can react.

Company Logo Chemical power of metals Interaction with non-metals: with sour with sulfur with halogens Li K Ca Na Mg Al Zn Cr Fe Ni Pb Cu 2

Company Logo Chemical dominance of metals

Company Logo Interaction with collapsible rivers: with water Li K Ca NaMg Al Zn Cr Fe Pb (H 2) Cu Hg Ag Pt Au H2O

Company Logo Apply Completion of possible reactions: 1. Li + H2O = 2. AI + H2O = 3. Hg + H2O = 2Li + 2HOH = 2LiOH + H2 2AI +3H2O = Ai2O3 + 3H2 Hg + H2O

Company Logo Interaction with different acids Li K Ca Na Mg Al |

Company Logo Apply Write down possible equal reactions with diluted sulfuric acid: aluminum, zinc, sodium and midi 3H2SO4 + 2AI= AI2(SO4)3+ 3H2 H2SO4 + Zn = ZnSO4 + H2 H2SO4 + 2Na = Na2SO4

Company Logo Interrelationships with salts The leather metal is stained with salts other metals, which are right for the first in a row of voltages, and you can also be stained with metals, rose with left. Fe + CuSO4 = FeSO4 + Cu Zn + NiCI2 = ZnCI2 + Ni It is not possible for you to take active metals, because the stench interacts with water, making meadows.

Company Logo

Company Logo Verification of the Reactive Language NaCaFeCuAu О2О Н2ОН2О HCl (various) Pb(NO 3) 2 differentials +++--

Company Logo Corrosion Corrosion is the ultimate process of destroying materials and making them out of them with a chemical influx of the navkolishny medium.

Company Logo Causes of corrosion A) gases (O2, SO2, H2S, Cl2, NH3, NO, NO2, H2O-vapour); soot - gas adsorbent; B) electrolytes: meadows, acids, salts; C) ions Сl-, water content again; D) macro and microorganism; E) flashing electric strum; G) diversity of metals.

Company Logo See Corrosion Atmospheric Corrosion Gas Chemical Electrochemical

Company Logo

Company Logo Chemical corrosion

Company Logo Gas corrosion Gas corrosion is a different type of chemical corrosion, such as furnace fittings, engine parts, which work in the minds of high temperatures.

Company Logo Electrochemical Corrosion Electrochemical Corrosion is the treatment of metal that is in contact with other metals, both electric and water.

Company Logo Electrochemical Corrosion On the surface of any metal, water condenses, decompressing atmospheric gases, so that electricity is established. If metal is to revenge the houses, otherwise it sticks with other metal, electrochemical corrosion begins. At the first time, the active metal collapses

Company Logo Effects of Corrosion Directly instill in the world through some kind of defense of the equipment, having that design to become close to 10% of the total amount of metal that vibrates in the world.

Company Logo Protection of metal against corrosion Protection of coatings - application of protective coatings on the surface of metal Light additives - addition of chromium, nickel, titanium, cobalt

Company Logo Confirmed knowledge of what is called corrosion? What factors її cause? Ruinuvannya metals and alloys under the influence of various external factors. Influx of atmospheric air, soil water, aggressive gases in Aggressive chemical medium Electrolyte

Company Logo Confirmed swollen knowledge Name see the corrosion. Name the ways to protect metals against corrosion Atmospheric, chemical, gas and electrochemical. Protective coatings, light additives, inhibitors, protective coatings.

Elementi z metalemi power distribution in IA–VIA groups of the periodic system (Table 7).

Metals are also all elements, roztashovani in IB - VIIIB-groups ( transitional metal).

In a given hour, 92 were thrown at the Periodic System.

Zagalni ways to withdraw metals in industry:

electrometallurgy, that is the possession of metals by electrolysis of melts (for the most active metals) or of salts;

pyrometalurgy, Tobto recovery of metals from ores at high temperatures (for example, the removal of casting in the blast-furnace process);

hydrometalurgy, to see metals from different salts with more active metals (for example, omitting midi from CuSO 4 to zinc, or aluminum).

What is robitimemo with the material taken away:

If this material appears to be familiar to you, you can save it on your side in social measures:

All topics of which I divided:

Extended elements. Budova atomiv. Electronic shells. Orbitals
A chemical element is a singing type of atom, which is denoted by a name and a symbol and is characterized by a serial number and a prominent atomic mass. At the table 1 super

A skin orbital can accommodate no more than two electrons
One electron on the orbital is called unpaired, two electrons are called an electron pair:

The dominance of the elements is in periodic fallow according to the serial number
Periodically repeating the nature of the change in the structure of the electronic shell of the atoms of the elements, explaining the periodic change in the power of the elements during the periods and groups of Pe

Molecules. Chemical sound. Budova speeches
Chemical particles, created from two or more atoms, are called molecules (real or mental formula units of rich atomic speeches). Atomy in the mall

calcium
Calcium is an element of the 4th period and group IIA of the Periodic Table, serial number 2O. The electronic formula of the atom is 4s2, the stage of oxides

Aluminum
Aluminum is an element of the 3rd period of the IIIA-group of the Periodic Table, serial number 13. The electronic formula of the atom is 3s23p1,

Marganets
Manganese is an element of the 4th period of the VIIB-group of the Periodic Table, serial number 25. The electronic formula of the atom is 3d54s2;

Voden
Water is the first element of the Periodic system (1st period, serial number 1). Do not repeat analogies with other chemical elements and do not lie too long

Chlorine. Chlorine day
Chlorine is an element of the 3rd period of the VII A-group of the Periodic Table, serial number 17. The electronic formula of the atom is 3s23p5, ha

Chloridi
Sodium chloride NaCl. Bezkisneva strength. Pobutova is the name of the kitchen area. White, weakly hygroscopic. Melt that boil without rozkladannya. Pomіrno rozchini

Hypochlority. Chlorati
Calcium hypochlorite Ca(ClO)2. The strength of hypochlorous acid HClO. White, when heated, expands without melting. Kindness by the cold water (arr.

bromide. Yodidi
Potassium bromide KBr. Bezkisneva strength. White, non-hygroscopic, melt without spreading. Kindness by the water, no hydrolysis. Vidnovnik (weakest, year

Kisen
Kisen is an element of the 2nd period and the VIA-group of the Periodic Table, serial number 8, goes up to chalcogens (although it is more often seen okremo). Electronic pho

Sirka. Circumnavigation. Sulfide
Sirka is an element of the 3rd period and the VIA-group of the Periodic Table, serial number 16, is attributed to chalcogens. The electronic formula of the atom is 3s

Sirka dioxide. Sulphite
Sirka dioxide SO2. Acid oxide. Barless gas with a strong odor. Molecule maє budovu unfinished tricoutnik [: S(O)2] (sp

Sirchanic acid. Sulfati
Sulfuric acid H2SO4. Oxoacid. Bezbarvna homeland, arc vyazka (oil-like), arc hygroscopic. Molek

Nitrogen. ammonia
Nitrogen is an element of the 2nd period of the VA-group of the Periodic Table, serial number 7. The electronic formula of the atom is 2s22p3, character

Oxide nitrogen. Nitric acid
Nitrogen monoxide NO. non-saline oxide. Bare gas. The radical, which avenges the covalent σπ-link (N=O), has an N2 dimer in the solid steel

nitrite. Nitrati
Potassium nitrite KNO2. Oksosol. White, hygroscopic. Melt without spreading. Stіyky in dry weather. Dzhe good rozchinny by the water

Vuglets at a free sight
Charcoal is an element of the 2nd period and the IVA-group of the Periodic Table, serial number 6. Chemistry of coal is the most important chemistry of organic fields; inorganically

Oksidi vugletsyu
Carbon monoxide. non-saline oxide. Bezbarvny gas, odorless, laying down for povіtrya. The molecule is weakly polar, to avenge the covalent loss σππ

carbonati
Sodium carbonate Na2CO3. Oksosol. Technical name - soda ash. White, when heated, it melts and expands. Pochuttya

Silicon
Silicon is an element of the 3rd period of the IVA-group of the Periodic Table, serial number 14. The electronic formula of the atom is 3s23p2. X

Alkaniv. Cycloalkanes
Alkani (paraffin) - ce with a half of carbon with water, in the molecules of which atoms and carbon are linked between themselves with a single bond (boundary in carbohydrate)

Alkeni. Alkadieni
Alkenes (olefins) - are in carbohydrates, in the molecules of which there are atoms of carbon, linked between themselves by a sublingual bond (non-existent in the carbohydrate series)

Alcohol. Forgive the ethers. Phenoli
Alcohols are similar in carbohydrates, which can avenge the functional group ВІН (hydroxyl). Alcohols, in which there is one group of BIN, are called monoat

Aldehydes and ketones
Aldehydes and ketones are similar carbohydrates that can replace the functional carbonyl group of CO. In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is attached to

Carboxylic acids. Folding air. Zhiri
Carboxylic acids - chains of carbohydrates that avenge the functional group COOH (carboxyl). Formulas and name the deyaky broadened ka

Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates (tsukri) are the most important natural substances that are formed from coal, water and sour. Carbohydrates are subdivided into monosaccharides, disaccharides and polys

Nitrospoluky. Amenie
Even more important in the people's state azotovmіsnі organic speech. Nitrogen can be included in the organic part of the nitrogroup NO2, aminogroup NH2 and a

amino acids. Proteins
Amino acids are organic compounds that have two functional groups in their warehouse - acidic COOH and amino NH2

Speed of reactions
The key characteristic of the flexibility of the chemical reaction A + B → D + E

The speed of chemical reactions is directly proportional to the yield of molar concentrations of reagents
for a reaction, two molecules are needed to react. Tsya zalezhnistvo zvetsya kinetic to the law of developing masses (K. Gulberg, P. Vog

Energy of reactions
Be-yak, the reaction is accompanied by the sight of the clayed energy in the form of heat. In external speeches, chemical bonds are broken, and the energy is spent (i.e., won for the price

Backwardness of reactions
A chemical reaction is called a reverse reaction, as in these minds there is not only a direct reaction (→), but it is also a reverse reaction, so that from other speeches they are settled

In the event of an injection into an equally important system, the chemical exchange is shifted at the bik, which is against the injection
Let's take a closer look at the impact of such officials, like temperature, pressure, concentration, on the displacement of equalities. 1. Temperature. Change in temperature and total

Razchinnist speech by the water
Rozchin is a homogeneous system that consists of two or more speeches, instead of which you can change at the singing boundaries without destroying uniformity.

Electrolytic dissociation
Razchinennya be-like speech by the water is accompanied by the adoption of hydrativs. Even though there are no formulaic changes in the parts of the divided speech, then the same speech

dissociation of water. Middle of differences
Water itself is only a weak electrolyte:

Ion exchange reactions
In the breeding of electrolytes (acids, bases, salts), chemical reactions occur with the participation of ions. With which all the elements of the reagents can be saved

Salt hydrolysis
Salt hydrolysis - tse interaction of її ionіv with water, which is produced before the appearance of an acidic abo puddle medium, but not accompanied by a siege or a gas (lower

Oxidizing agents and guides
Oxide-oxidation reactions proceed with one-hour advance and decrease in the stages of oxidation of the elements and are accompanied by the transfer of electrons:

Pіdbіr coefficients by the method of electronic balance
The method is composed of a number of stages. 1. Write down the reaction scheme; know the elements that increase and decrease their oxidation levels, and vipi

A number of metal stresses
In a number of voltages of metals, the arrow shows a change in the water content of metals and an increase in the oxide property of their cations in the water difference (acid medium):

Electrolysis melting and refining
Electrolysis is the name given to the oxidative-oxidative process that proceeds on electrodes during the passage of a constant electric stream through the openings or

Masova part of the divided speech. Razvedennya, concentration and mixing of
The mass part of the divided speech (ω in) is the extension of the mass of the speech (t in) to the mass of the speech (m (p)

Gas volume
For a chemical reaction a A + b B = c C + d D

Masa (obsyag, quantity of speech) to the product for the reagent in excess or with houses
That lack of reagents is too much. The quantity, weight and size of the reagents (for gases) must not be taken stoichiometric, so it is possible to equal the reaction. H

Significance of the molecular formula of the organic half
When formulating speeches, especially organic chemistry, often vicory is found to be breathable. Vіdnosna shіlnіst gas X - vіdnosnja absolutї pl.

DESIGNATION

When contacted with rich metals, and alloys with improved metals, they can become ruinated with additional chemical interaction (OVR with rhechovina, which is the case with the most common medium). Such a process is called corrosion.

Distinguish corrosion in gases (gas corrosion), which occurs at high temperatures without vpluv vloga on the surface of metals, and electrochemical corrosion (corrosion in electrochemicals, as well as corrosion in atmospheric atmospheres). Due to gas corrosion, oxide, sulfide, etc. dissolve on the surface of metals. swimwear. To this type of corrosion, the fittings of furnaces are affected, the details of the engines of the internal combustion are too thin.

In the event of electrochemical corrosion, oxidation of metal can lead both to the dissolution of non-reactive products, and to the transition of metal to different types of ions. This type of corrosion is caused by pipelines, which are close to the ground, underwater parts of the ships are too thin.

Whether there is a change in electricity - a water change, and by the water there are sour and water, building until renewal:

O 2 + 4H + + 4e \u003d 2H 2 O (1)

2H + +2e=H 2 (2)

These elements are oxidizing agents, which cause electrochemical corrosion.

When writing processes that are involved in electrochemical corrosion, it is important to maintain standard electrical potential (EP). Thus, in the neutral medium EP process 1 reaches 0.8V, to which the EP metals are less oxidized, lower than 0.8B (metal, rotting in the row of activity from cob to slab).

EP process 2 - -0.41V, also oxi- dation with water is given to those metals, the potential of which is lower, lower -0.41V (metals, rose in a number of activities from the cob to cadmium).

On swidkіst korozії great vpliv May houses, yakі mozhe vengeance that chi іnshiy metal. So, even though in metal there are houses of a non-metal character, if EP is higher, lower EP is metal, then the corrosion resistance is exactly moving.

See the corrosion

Distinguish a few types of corrosion: atmospheric (corrosion in the water surface at n.o.), corrosion in the ground, corrosion with uneven aeration (access to various parts of the metal virus, which are found in different, non-uniform), contact corrosion (dotik EP 2x at the middle, de e vologist).

In case of corrosion on the electrodes (anodes and cathodes), electrochemical reactions are observed, which can be recorded with similar equalities. So it was in the sour medium that electrochemical corrosion proceeded with water depolarization, tobto. water is seen on the cathode (1). In a neutral medium, electrochemical corrosion proceeds with acidic depolarization - water is introduced on the cathode (2).

K (cathode) (+): 2H + + 2e \u003d H 2 - innovation (1)

A (anode) (-): Me - ne → Me n + - oxidation

(cathode) (+): O 2 + 2H 2 O + 4e → 4OH - - renewal (2)

In times of atmospheric corrosion, the following electrochemical reactions occur on electrodes (moreover, on the cathode, fallow in the medium, different processes can occur):

A (anode) (-): Me→Me n + +ne

K (cathode) (+): O 2 + 2H 2 O + 4e → 4OH - (at the puddle and neutral medium)

K (cathode) (+): O 2 + 4H + + 4e → 2H 2 O (at the acidic medium)

Protection against corrosion

For protection against corrosion, the following methods should be used: - vikoristannya chemically resistant alloys; zahist surface metal coatings, which are most often vicorist metal, which are covered on the surface with oxide spitting, resistant to a deep splendid middle; processing of a corrosive medium; electrochemical methods (cathode protection, protector method).

Apply the solution of tasks

BUTT 1

BUTT 2

manager

The part is folded in alloy and nickel. Which metal is more likely to crumble when corroded? Write down the ratio of anodic and cathodic processes during atmospheric corrosion. The value of standard electrode potentials E(Fe2+/Fe)= - 0.444V, E(Ni2+/Ni)=-0.250V.

Solution

Active metals are in front of corrosion (which may have the most negative values of standard electrode potentials), in times - tse zalizo.