History of the Bible. Who and when wrote the Bible? In which circle the Bible appeared

The Bible is the book of books. Why is it called Pisannya? How did it happen that the Bible is left with one of the greatest readings of the greatest and sacred texts on the planet? What is true, the Bible is a godly text? How should the Old Testament be introduced into the Bible, and why should Christians read it?

What is the Bible?

Pisannyam, or Bible, is called a collection of books written by prophets and apostles, like me, from the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. The word "Biblia" is Greek, meaning "books". The main theme of the Holy Letter is the salvation of the people by the Messiah, who was inspired by the Son of the Lord Jesus Christ. AT Old Testament look for salvation in looking at the prototypes and prophecies about the Messiah and about the Kingdom of God. AT New Testament the very creation of our order through the instillation, life and resurrection of the God-man, exemplifies Yogo's death to the Resurrection. After an hour of their writing, the sacred books are updated in Old Testament and New Testament. Of these, the first ones to avenge are those that the Lord revealed to people through the divine prophets until the Savior came to earth, and the other - those who revealed and whom the Lord Himself, the Savior, and Yogo Apostles, on earth.

About the divine nature of the Holy Letter

We believe in those that the prophets and the apostles wrote not for their human mind, but for the inspiration of the sight of God. Vіn cleansing them, enlightening their mind and revealing the inaccessible natural knowledge of the taєmnitsі, zokrema and future. That is why the Scriptures are called divine. “Never did the prophecy deviate from the will of the people, but the people prophesied of God, being moved by the Holy Spirit” (2 Pet. 1:21), witness the holy Apostle Peter. The First Apostle Pavlo calls the Holy Scriptures divine: "All the Scriptures are divine" (2 Tim. 3:16). The image of the Divine revelation to the prophets can be given on the butt of Moses and Aaron. Kosomovniy Moses, God gave his brother Aaron among the intermediaries. After Moses, as if you could help the peoples’ will of God, being low-minded, the Lord said: “You” [Moses] “you will be you” [Aaron] “speak and put words (Mine) into your mouth, and I will be with your mouth and at the mouth of yoga, I will teach you how to work for you; and you will say vin zamіst you before the people; so shall you be your mouth, and you shall be God's substitute for you” (Ge. 4:15-16). Vіryachi in the bogonathnennia of the books of the Bible, it is important to remember those that the Bible is the Book of the Church. Behind God's plan, people cry out not to be self-inflicted, but in supplication, as they see and in whom the Lord lives. The entire community is called the Church. Historically, the Church is subdivided into the Old Testament, to which the Jewish people lie, the other to the New Testament, to which the Orthodox Christians lie. The New Testament Church was declining spiritually the wealth of the Old Testament - the Word of God. The Church has not only preserved the letter of the Word of God, but may it be more correct to understand it. It is connected with this that the Holy Spirit, who spoke through the prophets and apostles, continues to live in the Church and cherish it. Therefore, the Church gives us the right curiosity, as if it were rich in letters: what is more important and relevant in the new, and what may be less historically significant and not stagnant at the New Testament hour.

Short reviews about the most important translations of Scripture

1. Greek translation of the seventy tlumachs (Septuagint). Closest to the original text of the Holy Letter of the Old Testament is the Oleksandriya translation, based on the Greek translation of the seventy tlumachs. Vin buv was rozpochato by the will of the Egyptian king Ptolemy Philadelphus in 271 BC. Mothers are waiting at their library for the sacred books of the Jewish law, and this dignified sovereign, having punished his librarian Dimitry, to bother about the delivery of these books and the translation of them into the occult for that hour and the widest Greek language. From the Israeli dermal colon, six of the most important people were collected and corrected to Oleksandriya with an exact copy of the Hebrew Bible. The translators were located on the island of Pharos, near Oleksandriya, and completed the translation in a non-trivial hour. orthodox church from the apostolic hour, they are covered with sacred books from the translation of the seventy.

2. Latin translation, Vulgate. Until the fourth century A.D. And then, as blessed John, one of the most learned fathers of the Church of the 4th century, in public at 384 rotations of his translation of the Holy Letter on my latin, Zrobleniy him behind the Jewish original, Zahidna Church gradually began to deprive the old-fashioned Italian translation to the reproach of the translation of Ієronim. At the 16th century, the Council of Trent translated the Ієronіma buv introductions at the deep living in the Roman Catholic Church under the name of the Vulgati, which literally means “the deep translation”.

3. The Slavic translation of the Bible was churned after the text of seventy tlumachs by the holy Thessalonica brothers Cyril and Methodius in the middle of the IX century AD, during the hour of the apostolic practice in the Slavic lands. Kolya Moravian Prince Rostislav, non-commander NIMETSIKI MІSІONERS, asking Vіzantіysky Іmumerator Mikhail to send to Moravia Zdіbni Mentorikіv Vіri Christo, Imumerator Mikhailo Vіdpaviv on Tse Velika Dіlovikh Kirila І Mefodіya, Yakі ґрунтовно knew the words of the Witch Movu I am so hot in Golden.
On the way to the Slavic lands, the holy brothers spent some time in Bulgaria, as if they had been sanctified by them, and here the stench worked hard on translating the sacred books. They continued their translation of the stench near Moravia, where the stench arrived close to 863. It was finished after the death of Cyril by Methodius at Pannonia, under the intercession of the pious prince Kocel, to such a fault after the death of internecine strife at Moravia. With the adoption of Christianity for the holy prince Volodymyr (988 rіk), the words of the English Bible were transferred to Russia, translated by saints Cyril and Methodius.

4. Russian translation. If, with an hour, the words of the yansk mova began to meaningfully resonate with the Russian language, for the rich the reading of the Holy Letter became important. As a result of this, the translation of books into modern Russian language was made. On the heels of the decree of Emperor Oleksandr I and the blessing of the Holy Synod, the New Testament was seen in 1815 with the help of the Russian Biblical Society. Only the Psalter was translated from the Old Testament books - as the most common book for the Orthodox liturgy. Then, already for the reign of Alexander II, after a new, more accurate vision of the New Testament in 1860, there appeared a new version of the law-positive books of the Old Testament in the Russian translation in 1868. On the approaching fate, the Holy Synod blessed the publication of historical Old Testament books, and in 1872 - the first ones. For an hour, Russian translations of the eight sacred books of the Old Testament began to be often read in spiritual journals. Otzhe, outside the sight of the Russian Bible appeared in 1877. Not everyone supported the appearance of the Russian translation, giving precedence to the Church Slavonic one. For the Russian translation hung St. Tikhin of Zadonsk, Metropolitan Philaret of Moscow, later - St. Theophan the Recluse, St. Patriarch Tikhon and other prominent archpastors of the Russian Orthodox Church.

5. Other translations of the Bible. My French Bible was first translated in 1160 by Peter Wald. The first translation of the Bible in German language appeared in 1460. Martin Luther in 1522-1532 translated the Bible again in German. The first translation of the Bible in English was created by Bida Povazny, who is alive in the first half of the VIII century. Modern English translation of letters of death for King James in 1603 and visions in 1611. In Russia, the Bible was translated by the language of small peoples. So, Metropolitan Inokentіy translated її my Aleutian, Kazan Academy - Tatar and others. The greatest success was achieved in translating and expanding the Bible in different languages ​​to the British and American Bible Fellowships. Now the Bible has been translated more lower than 1200 mov.
It is also necessary to say that if there is a translation, it may have its own advantage and that it is not enough. Translate, yakі pragnut literally convey the zmіst to the original, suffer for importance and difficulties for understanding. From the other side, translate it, if you want to pass it on, just pass the blatant zmist of the Bible in the most sensible and intelligibly accessible form, often suffer from inaccuracy. The Russian synodal translation is unique in its insulting extremes and in its own way the maximum closeness to the sense of the original with the ease of movement.

Old Zapovit

The Old Testament books were written in heaps in Jewish language. The new books of the Babylonian hours are already full of rich Assyrian and Babylonian tales and modern twists. And the books written at the hour of the Greek panuvannya (non-canonical books) are written in Greek, the Third Book of Ezra - in Latin. The books of the Holy Letter came from the hands of the holy writers, but they do not look the same as we do now. A handful of stench was written on parchment or on papyrus (which was prepared from the stalk of roslin in Egypt and in Palestine) with a reed (a reed stick was sharpened) and ink. Vlasne kazhuchi, it was not books that were written, but charters on a long parchment papyrus suvo, which looked like a long line that was wound on a holder. Zzvichay suvoї were written from one side. Years of parchment or papyrus lines, instead of gluing them together at the line-scrolls, for the sake of clarity, they began to sew them into books. The text in ancient scrolls is written in the same great great letters. The leather letter was written okremo, but the words alone did not stand out. Tsiliy row buv yak one word. The reader himself can make a row on the words i, obviously, sometimes he tries it wrong. There was no such thing in the ancient manuscripts of the old rose signs and voices. And in the ancient Jewish language, voice letters were not written in the same way - it was less than a voice.

Rozpodіl sl_v v books zapravdili deacon of the Oleksandrіyskoї Church Evlalіy from the V century. So, step by step, the Bible swelled its current look. With the daily distribution of the Bible on the head of that virshi, the reading of sacred books and the search for them in the necessary space became an awkward right.

Sacred books in the present day did not appear at once. The hour from Moses (1550 B.C.) to Samuel (1050 B.C.) can be called the first period of the molding of the Holy Letter. God-inspired Moses, having written down his secrets, legitimized that confession, giving an offensive order to the Levites to carry the ark of the commandment of the Lord: “Take this book of the law and lay down the truth of the ark of the covenant of the Lord your God” (Deut. 31:26). The next priests writers continued to attribute their creations to the Pyatiknizhzha of Moses with the order to save them there, de saving and out, - nibi in one book.

Old Testament Holy Letter avenge yourself with the following books:

1. Books of Prophet Moses, or Torah(to avenge the foundations of the Old Testament faith): Buttya, Wihid, Levit, Numbers and Repetition of the Law.

2. Historical books: The Book of Joshua, the Book of Judgments, the Book of Ruth, the Books of Kings: First, Friend, Third and Fourth, Books of Chronicles: First and Friend, First Book of Ezra, Book of Nehemiah, Book of Esther.

3. Teacher's books(initial change): the Book of Job, the Psalter, the book of Solomon's parables, the Book of Ecclesiast, the Book of Songs Song.

4. Prophetic books(more important than the prophetic christ): The book of the prophet Isaї, the Book of the prophet Jeremiah, the Book of the prophet Ezekiel, the Book of the prophet Daniel, the Twelve Books of the "little" prophets: Osії, Іoїlya, Amos, Avdiy, Іoni, Mіhei, Nau, and Malachi.

5. Krіm tsikh books of the Old Testament list, the Bible has nine more upcoming books, as they are called "non-canonical": Tobit, Judy, the Wisdom of Solomon, the Book of Jesus, the son of Sirach, the Friend and the Third Book of Ezra, the three Books of Maccabees. So stinks are called to those who stinks were written after the completion of the list (canon) of sacred books. Deyakі suchasnі vіdannya bіblії tsikh "non-canonіchnyh" books do not mourn, the Russian Bible stench є. The names of the holy books are taken from the Greek translation of the seventy tlumachs. In the Jewish Bible, and in some modern translations of the Bible, a piece of Old Testament books has other names.

New Testament

gospel

The word Evangeliy means "good call", or - "reception, radio, good call". This is the name of the first few books of the New Testament, which tell about the life and resurrection of the instilled Son of God, the Lord Jesus Christ, - about all those who have worked for the establishment of a righteous life on earth and the salvation of us, sinful people.

The hour of writing the skin of the sacred books of the New Testament cannot be assigned with insane accuracy, but it is absolutely undoubted that all of them were written in the other half of the 1st century. The first of the New Testament books was the writing of the messengers of the holy apostles, calling for the necessary approval of the faith of the newly founded Christian communities; ale, without fail, there is a need for the systematic life of the earthly life of the Lord Jesus Christ and that Yogo vchennya. From a whole row of mirrors, you can make visnovoks, which the Gospel in Matthew was written earlier than all and not later than 50-60 years. for R.Kh. Єwangelіya Vіd Marka І Luke wrote Trochi pіznіsh, ale, nіzhnaynі rivіsh, nіzh zhuynuvannya єрусалима, Tobto up to 70 roka for R.Kh., and єwangelіst іанна голослова writing his own , close to 96 years. The Apocalypse was earlier written by him. The Book of Diy was written new after the Gospel of Luke, so that, as you can see from the forward to it, there is no further progress.

All the chotiri of the Gospel speak about the life and resurrection of Christ the Savior, about Yogo, hellish suffering, death and consecration, Yogo glorious Resurrection from the dead and resurrection. Mutually supplementing and explaining one to one, stench as a single whole book, which does not have daily super-events and adversities for the most important and most important.

The main symbol for the Chotirokh Evangelii is the taєmnicha chariot, like the bachelor prophet Ezekіїl at the river Khovar (Єz. 1:1-28) and it was formed from the Chotirokh іstot that the people, the lion, the eagle and the eagle were guessing with their eyes. The values, taken okremo, became emblems for the evangelists. Christian art, starting from the 5th century, depicts Matthew with a man or Mark with a left, Luke with a calf, John with an eagle.

The Crimea of ​​our chotirioh Gospels, in the first century, there were up to 50 other writings, they called themselves the same "evangels" and attributed themselves to the apostolic campaign. The Church added them to the list of apocryphal - that is, unreliable, inaccurate books. Tsі books to avenge oneself from self-created and sumnіvnі rozpovіdі. Such apocryphal gospels can be seen in the First Gospel of Jacob, the History of Josip Teslyar, the Gospel of Khomi, the Gospel of Nikodim, and others. Stink, among others, the legends have been written down beforehand, as if the children of the Lord Jesus Christ stand in awe.

Z chotiriokh Evangeliy zmist of the first three - vіd Matthew, brandі Luke- a lot of things to run into, close to one, like for the very incriminating material, so for the form of the week. Fourth of the Gospel - vіd John for whom it is worth standing apart, signifi- cantly winding up among the first three, as a material that is laid out in the new, so in the very style and form of the clad. At the link with the first three Gospels, it is customary to call them synoptic, like the Greek word "synopsis", which means "revelation in one slanderous image." The synoptic gospels speak about the activities of the Lord Jesus Christ in Galilee, and the Evangelist John - in Judea. Forecasters tell, in the main rank, about miracles, parables and ovnishnі podії in the life of the Lord, Evangelist John vede mirkuvannya about a deep її sense, direct the Lord's pronouncements about the bringing of objects of faith. With all the difference between the Gospels, they have no internal protirichs. In this order, weather forecasters that Ivan mutually add one to one, and less often give a complete image of Christ in their marriage, like the wines of adoption and preached by the Church.

Gospel in Matthew

Evangelist Matthew, who also bore the name of Levi, among the 12 apostles of Christ. To a cooled milkanna to Apostolskka Vіn Buv Mitarem, Tobto Zibychichizhev, Zvitch, і, Yak Taki, Zvitch, Unreamed, Scho Znivіtchizniki - Evreyi, Scho znowdentged і і Нововіліли итирів for those, Scho Voni served at the universities of the people of і і their pragnennі to gain often took more richly, lower next. About your call to Matthew in 9 divisions of your Gospel (Matt. 9:9-13), calling yourself the name of Matthew, at that hour, like the Gospel of Mark and Luke, calling about those who call Yogo Levi. In Jews, the name of the mother's name is called. Zvorusheny to Glibin dushі milіstyu Lord, yaky not grebuvav him nezvazhayuchi on zagalnu znevagu to Demba єvreїv i Especially spirituality vozhdіv єvreyskogo people knizhnikіv i fariseїv, Matvіy usіm sericite spriynyav vchennya of Christ, i Especially gliboko zrozumіv Yogo perevagu over fariseyskimi perekazami i Dumka pravednostі, zarozumіlostі and contempt for sinners. Axis why wines so clearly induce a strong vikrivalnu promo of the Lord.
the lower and Pharisees are hypocrites, as we know in 23 divisions of the Gospel Gospel (Matt. 23). It is necessary to think, why did you cause guilt especially close to the right heart of the right to the very native Jewish people, which at that hour leaked with pardoning understanding and Pharisees' looks, and this Gospel was written more importantly for the Jews. Let me imagine that it was written on the back of the hand and it was written by the Jewish mother and less than a trio of verses, perhaps, by Matthew himself, translated by the Greek language.

Having written it to єvangelіє for єvreiv, Matviy to put my head metro station to γ, Scho Ісус Christ і ї SAME that Mesia, the prophets, Scho, old-zavtitna Clastlenna, darkened by the books of І Pharisai, Tilki in Christians and Sprinkle Sprinka. Therefore, you start your gospel with the ancestor of Jesus Christ, to show the Jews Yogo's journey in the sight of David and Abraham, and to build the majesty of the pilgrimage to the Old Testament, to bring the vision to the new Old Testament prophecies. Appointment of the first gospel for the Jews is evident from the fact that Matthew, thinking about the Jewish voices, does not care for the need to explain the sense and meaning, as to roar the other gospels. So, without explanation, it fills in Aramaic words that were used in Palestine. Matvey dogovy hour and preached in Palestine. Then let us pray for preaching to other lands and end our lives with a martyr's death in Ethiopia.

Gospel of Mark

Evangelist Mark wearing the name of Ivan. For the walks of the wines of the Jews, but not the middle of the 12 apostles. To that I did not have a moment to be a constant companion and hearer of the Lord, like Matthew. Having written his own Gospel in verses and under the wire of the Apostle Peter. Himself wine, ymovirno, having been an eyewitness to the rest of the days of the earthly life of the Lord. Only in one gospel in the form of Mark, it is told about a young man who, if the Lord had taken a varta in the Garden of Gethsemane, following Him, lit up on a naked body in a veil, and the soldiers hoarded yoga, ale vin, having stripped the veil, naked in them ( Mark 14:51-52). This young man had a long-standing order to kill the author of another gospel - Mark. Yogo mother Mary is gathered at the Book of Diy as one of the squads, the greatest witness of the faith of Christ. At її houses in Єrusalimі viruyuchi were selected for. Mark this year takes the fate of the first dear Apostle Paul, together with his other companion Barnabas, who was his nephew by his mother. Vіn buv under the apostle Paul in Rome, the stars are written in the Epistle to the Colossians. Dali, as you can see, Mark became the companion and companion of the Apostle Peter, which is confirmed by the words of the Apostle Peter himself in the first Catholic messenger, de vin write: 5:13, here Babylon, singsongly, allegorically, is the name of Rome).

Icon "Saint Mark the Evangelist. First half of the 17th century

Before his departure, the Apostle Paul, who wrote Timothy, called anew to himself: “Take Mark with you, for I will need wine for service” (2 Tim. 4:11). Following orders, the Apostle Peter appointed Mark as the first bishop of the Alexandrian Church, and Marko ended his life as a martyr in Alexandria. According to Papius, Bishop of Iєrapolsky, as well as Justin the Philosopher and Irenaeus of Lyons, Mark wrote his Gospel of the words of the Apostle Peter. Justin Navitt directly calls yoga "Peter's memorabilia". Clement of Alexandria affirms that the Gospels of Mark are, in fact, a record of the oral sermon of the Apostle Peter, as if Mark had killed the Christians, as if they lived in Rome. The interpreter of the Gospel in Mark himself speaks about those who are recognized as such for Christians from pagans. It’s not enough for a new man to find out about the remembrance of the Lord Jesus Christ to the Old Testament and it’s not enough to be inspired by the Old Testament sacred books. At the same time, we are familiar with new Latin words, like, for example, speculator and others. Navit Nagirna sermon, as such, which explains the priority of the New Testament Law over the Old Testament, is skipped. Then Mark’s head of respect is for those who would give a strong tale of the miracles of Christ in their gospel, christening the Tsar’s majesty and the omnipotence of the Lord. In the Yogi Gospel, Jesus is not “Sin of David”, like in Matthew, but the Son of God, Lord and King, Tsar of All Light.

Gospel of Luke

The ancient historian Evsevy of Caesarea seems that Luke resembled Antioch, and it is customary to respect that Luke, for his adventures, is a pagan, otherwise the titles proselyte, that is a pagan, prince

what kind of Judaism. For his family, take him as a doctor, as can be seen from the Epistle of the Apostle Paul to the Colossians. Church of the Transmission comes to tsgogo and those who are also an artist. From the fact that in the yogo gospel avenge the Lord, 70 teachings, made with a lot of details, to sing the biscuits, which lie down to the 70 teachings of Christ.
After the death of the Apostle Paul, Evangelist Luke preached and accepted

Evangelist Luke

martyr's death in Ahai. The holy relics of the emperor Constantine (in the middle of the 4th century) were transferred to Constantinople at once from the relics of the Apostle Andrew the First-Called. As can be seen from the very translation of the Third Gospel, Luke wrote on the death of one noble man, the “chanting” Theophilus, who is alive in Antioch, for whom he wrote later the Book of the Apostles’ Days, which serves to the prodzhennyam of the Gospel - 4 ; Di 1:1-2). With all the faults, it was not only the testimony of eyewitnesses of the service of the Lord, but also some written records about the life and vchennia of the Lord, as they had already established. Behind these words, the letters of the record were given to the most important account, and to this the Gospels are considered especially accurate at the appointed hour and month of the year and the chronological order.

On the Gospel of Luke, having clearly stuck in the plea of ​​the Apostle Paul, the companion and companion of the Evangelist Luke. Like the "apostle of the pagans" Pavlo tried to reveal the greatest truth that the Messiah - Christ - came to earth not only for the Jews, but for the pagans and that Vin is the Savior of the whole world, of all people. At the link with the main idea, to clearly carry out the upliftment of their own roses, the third Gospel, the birth of Jesus Christ, was brought to the ancestor of all mankind, Adam, and to God Himself, to exalt His significance for the entire human race (Div. Lk. 3:23-3 ). ).

The hour and place of the writing of the Gospel of Luke can be marked, cherishing the chrism, that it was written earlier than the Book of the Apostolic Deeds, that it becomes like biyogo prodovzhennya (Div. Di 1: 1). The Book of Dee will end with a description of the Apostle Paul's courtroom visit in Rome (div. Dee 28:30). Ce Bulo was close to A.D. 63. Later, the Gospel of Luke was written at this hour, perhaps, at Rome.

Gospel of John

Evangelist John the Theologian bv kochanim we teach Christ. Vіn buv synom of the Galilean fisherman Starting that Solomії. Get a buv, mabut, a possible person, shards of mav pratsivnikiv, buv, mabut, not an insignificant member of the Jewish community, more yogo sin Ivan mav acquaintance with the high priest. Yogo mother Solomiya sighs among women, as they served the Lord with their own lane. Evangelist John, we will teach John the Baptist. Having felt the same witness about Christ, as about the Lamb of God, that I take on myself the sins of the world, at the same time I will win for Andrey for Christ (Div. Іv. 1:35-40). Let us teach the Lord steadily, however, later, after a miraculous catch of ribs on the Genisaretsky (Galileysky) lake, if the Lord Himself called Yogo at once with Yogo brother Yakov. Together with Peter and his brother Jacob, I was honored with special closeness to the Lord. du, perebuvayuchi at Nyomu at the most important tracts and hvilini of Yogo earthly life. Tsya love of the Lord before the new was given signs and in the fact that the Lord, hanging on the Cross, entrusted you with His Most Pure Matir, saying to you: “Otse your Mother!” (Div. IV. 19:27).

Ivan having risen in price to Jerusalem through Samaria (Div. Luke 9:54). For the price of wine, that yogo brother Yakiv took away the name of the Lord “Voanerges”, which means “Homo blue”. At the hour of the destruction of Rusalim, the place of life and the duty of John became the place of Ephesus in Asia Minor. At the reign of the Emperor Domitsian, the reigns were sent to the island of Patmos, and the Apocalypse was written (Div. Announcement 1:9). Returning from the first sent to Ephesus, having written his Gospel there, he died his death (one of the apostles), for orders, a great mystery, at a deep old age, being close to 105 years, for the reign of Emperor Trajan. As a witness to the retelling, the fourth Gospel was written by John for the prohannia of the Ephesian Christians. Voni brought three first gospels to him and asked him to supplement them with prophecies of the Lord, like vin chuv vіd New.

The name of the gospel of St. John is clearly expressed in that name, as it was given to you from a long time ago. In view of the first three gospels, it was most importantly called the spiritual gospel. The Gospels in honor of John begin with a chant about the Divinity of Jesus Christ, and give revenge on oneself for the lowly promos of the Lord, in which Yogo Divine wisdom and the greatest mysteries of faith are revealed, for example, a conversation with Nicodemus about the people of Skuty in the spirit of the 3:1-21), a conversation with a Samaritan woman about the water I live and about the worship of God in the soul and truth (Jn. 4:6-42), a conversation about bread that comes from heaven and about the sacrament of communion (Jn. 6: 22- 58), a conversation about the good shepherd (Jn. 10:11-30) and especially miraculous for its zmіst farewell conversation with the teachings at the Mystery Supper (Jn. 17). John deeply penetrated into the present mystery of Christian love - and nothing, like the fault of his gospel and three of his conciliar messages, without revealing so exactly, deeply and perversely, the Christian message about the two main love commandments about God before the Law of God to the neighbor. That yogo is also called the apostle of the kohanna.

The Book of the Diy and the Cathedral Messenger

The world has a wider and larger warehouse of Christian communities other parts The broad Roman Empire, naturally, the Christians blamed the food of the religious-ethical and practical order. The apostles, who always could, in particular, sort out the food in the holy places, looked at them in their epistle-sheets. To that, if the gospel is to avenge the foundations of the Christian faith, the apostolic messengers reveal the deeds of the sides of Christ's faith more clearly and show it in a practical way. For the apostolic envoys, we may live to know about those how the apostles began and how the first Christian communities were formed and lived.

Book of Diyanє direct continuation of the gospel. Meta її of the author - describe the steps that were taken for the ascension of the Lord Jesus Christ and give a drawing of the first order of the Church of Christ. The book especially reports on the missionary work of the apostles Peter and Paul. St. John Chrysostom in his talk about the Book of the Roses is of great significance for Christianity, confirming the truth of the gospel message with facts from the life of the apostles: “It is important to prove Sunday.” Axis of why on Easter night before the cob of the glorification of the Resurrection of Christ Orthodox churches to be read divided from the Book of Diy. For reasons of reason, the book is read as a whole from the period from the Great Day to Pentecost for the holy liturgies.

The book Diy tells about the coming of the Ascension of the Lord Jesus Christ until the arrival of the Apostle Paul to Rome and the period of about 30 years. 1-12 chapters tell about the activity of the Apostle Peter among the Jews in Palestine; 13-28 chapters - about the activity of the Apostle Paul among the pagans and the expansion of Christ's vision beyond the borders of Palestine. The explanation of the book ends with a statement on those that the Apostle Paul lived at Rome for two years and shamelessly preached the message of Christ there (Dii 28:30-31).

Cathedral messenger

This epistle written by the apostles is called the name of the "Cathedrals": one - by James, two - by Peter, three - by John the Theologian, and one by Judas (not Iscariot). At the warehouse of books of the New Testament of the Orthodox vision, the stench is spreading without middle after the Book of Diy. The cathedral stench was called the Church for the early hours. "Cathedral" - tse "environment" of the sensi, scho stench of the beasts not to private houses, but to all Christian communities vzagali. The entire warehouse of the Cathedral's message of names tsim іm'yam was first in the history of Eusebіy (an ear of the 4th century AD). As the message of the Apostle Paul, the Council’s messengers are rejoiced by them, who wear the main rites, and the Apostle Paul has a lot of attachments to the furnishings of the quiet mystic Churches, to such wines, and may have a greater special character.

Message from the Apostle James

The whole message was recognized to the Jews: “to the twelve tribes that they talk with the Russians”, which did not include the Jews, who lived in Palestine. The hour of the messenger is not indicated. Obviously, the message was written by him shortly before his death, perhaps in 55-60 years. Mіscem written, mabut, Jerusalem, de apostle bov postіyno. The drive for writing was those sorrows, as the youth of the rozs_yannya as pagans endured, and especially their unruly brothers. Trying the boulders of the flooring is great, so richly someone became discouraged and vagati at the vіrі. The deyakі trembled on the call of evil and on God Himself, but, as before, they raised their little bell at the marching sight of Abraham. The stinks wrongly marveled at prayer, underestimated the significance of good rights, but they were more eager to be the teachers of others. At the time of this richness, they magnified over the bіdnim, and the brother kohannya became cold. All this prompted Jacob to give him the necessary moral exaltation as a messenger.

Apostle Peter's message

The first messenger of the Council of the Apostle Peter, it was sent to “bearings, rose from Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bethinia” - the provinces of Asia Minor. Under the "bullets" the need for intelligence, the head rank, the Jews, who they believed, as well as the pagans, who entered the warehouse of Christian communities. The bulk of the masses were budded by the Apostle Paul. The reason for writing the message was the blessing of the Apostle Peter “strengthen your brethren” (Div. Luke 22:32) in times of blaming negativity among these communities and persecutions, who spit them from the side of the gates of the Cross of Christ. The midst of Christians and inner enemies appeared in particular false readers. Coresting in the presence of the Apostle Paul, the stench began to chant about Christian freedom and intercede for all moral debauchery (Div. 1 Pet. 2:16; Pet. 1:9; 2, 1). The metaphor of the envoy of Peter - pіdbadjoriti, vіshiti and confirm among the Christians of Asia Minor, on which the apostle Peter himself pointed out: Grace of God, in which you stand” (1 Pet. 5:12).

Other Cathedral messenger written before the quiet Asia Minor Christians. In whose messenger the Apostle Peter with special power guards the believing types of deceitful liars. Tsі zhevchennya podіbnі to tikh, like vikrivає Apostle Paul in the epistles to Timothy and Titus, as well as the apostle Judas - in his Cathedral messenger.

About the recognition of the Other Cathedral messenger of reliable reports, krіm is quiet, scho to be avenged by the messenger himself, nothing. Who buv on im'ya is "branded lady" and children її - it is unknown. It became less clear that the stench was Christians (є tlumachennya, that “Pani” is the Church, and “children” are Christians). At the hour and month of writing that epistle, one might think that it was written the same way, if it was written earlier, in that same Ephesus. Another messenger of John may have only given one. The apostle shows his joy to the new one, that the children of the educated pan walk in the truth, vow to see it and, with arrogance, exhort not the mother of the hoary splintering with the deceivers.

Third Council messenger: sent to Gayu or Kayu Hto tse buv, it’s definitely unknown. From the apostolic writings and from the Church Retelling, it was clear that they carried a few osibs (Div. Di 19:29; Di 20:4; Rom. from them, or to someone else, the message is written, there is no possibility. Obviously, this Guy didn’t hug his own hierarchical plant, but just a pious Christian, wondrous. About the hour and the month of writing the third epistle, one can allow that: insults and envoys were written at approximately one and the same hour, all in the same place of Ephesus, de Apostle John spent stay rocky his earthly life. The whole message is folded into less than one distribution. The apostle praised Gaia for his virtuous life, firmness in faith and “walking in the truth”, and especially for his honesty, accepting mandrivniks like preachers of the Word of God, slandering the domineering Diotref, encouraging the deacons of the stars that help the wind.

Message from the Apostle Judy

The writer of this sheet calls himself "Juda, the servant of Jesus Christ, the brother of Jacob." Why is it possible to make whiskers, that there is one person with the apostle Judah from the number of twelve, who was called Jacob, and also Leove (do not stray with Levi) and Thaddeus (Div. Mt. 10:3; Mk. 3:18; Lk. 6 : 16; De 1:13; John 14:22). He was the son of Josip the Betrothed in the first retinue and brother of the children of Josip - Jacob, the year of the Bishop of Rusalim, on the honor of the Righteous, Josip and Simon, the year of the Bishop of Jerusalem. For commandments, before yogo Im'ya Bulo Iuda, Im'ya Thaddeus took off, having received the christening in the form of John the Baptist, and I took off the name Leoway, having entered the guise of the 12 apostles, perhaps, on the vіdmіna of the name of Yudi Iskariotsky, who becoming a healer. About the apostolic service, according to the Ascension of the Lord, the order to speak, that having preached the cob in Judea, Galilee, Samaria and the future, and then - in Arabia, Syria and Mesopotamia, Persia and Virmenia, died as a martyr, died on the cross . The drives for writing the message, as can be seen from the 3rd verse, were Yudi's turbulence "about the saving of souls" and anxiety about the strengthening of falsehood (Jud. 1:3). Saint Jude to say directly, what is the fault of the one who wicked people have crept into the court of Christians, as if they are destroying Christian freedom among the ghosts until they are disbanded. Tse, no doubt, - the false teachers-gnostics, began to crave under the sight of the "mortally" sinful flesh and respected the light not to the creations of God, but to the creation of the lower forces, the prophets of Yoma. These are the same simoniani and mycolatii, which victorious evangelist John in 2 and 3 divisions of the Apocalypse. The meta message is to guard Christians from being overwhelmed by these falsehoods, which were flattered by sensibilities. The message was recognized to all Christians in zagali, but behind the zmist yogo it is clear that it was intended for a private stake osib, those who knew their own access to a liar. With certainty, one can admit that the message was halfway back to the same Churches of Asia Minor, to which the Apostle Peter wrote with ease.

Apostle Paul's message

Of all the New Testament sacred writers, the Apostle Paul, who wrote 14 leaves, was the most popular among the Christian writers. For the importance of their honor, the stench is rightly called “another Gospel” and has always been treated with respect like thinkers-philosophers, as well as simple believers. The apostles themselves did not deprive them of the posture of respect for these comrades-in-arms of their “brother of the gods,” who was young for an hour of age before Christ, and who was alive to him for spiritual training and gifts of grace (Div. 2 Pet. 3:15-16). Adding up the necessary and important addition to the evangelical vchennya, the envoy of the Apostle Paul is guilty of being the subject of the most important and diligent wounding of the skin of a person, as a better way to know the Christian faith. These messengers are inspired by a special height of religious thought, which reflects the great honor and knowledge of the Old Testament writings of the Apostle Paul, as well as the deep understanding of the New Testament Christ's vchennya. Not knowing sometimes in modern Greek language words, the Apostle Paul was embarrassed, but sometimes he could express his thoughts and create his own words of wisdom, which later became widely accepted among Christian writers. Such phrases can be seen: “resurrect”, “be greeted by Christ”, “dress yourself with Christ”, “turn back to an old man”, “vryatuvatsya by the eye of a pakibuttya”, “the law of the spirit of life” is too thin.

Book Announcement or Apocalypse

The Apocalypse (otherwise in translation from the Greek - The Epiphany) of St. John the Theologian is the only book of the New Testament that prophesies. Vaughn prophesies about the future fate of humanity, about the end of the world and about the beginning of a new eternal life, and that, naturally, is avenged in the beginning of the Holy Letter. The Apocalypse is a book of mystery and an important thing for understanding, but at the same time, the same mystery character of the book and attracts yourself to look like believing Christians, and just drunken thinkers, like they try to guess the sense and meaning of the descriptions they see. There is a great number of books about the Apocalypse, among which there are few stupid creations, especially worthy of modern sectarian literature. Irrespective of the difficulties of understanding the books, spiritually illumined by the fathers and the readers of the Church, they were always placed before her with great reverence, as if inspired by God. So, Dionysius of Oleksandriysky writes: “Temryava tsієї books do not pereskodzhaє marvel їy. And if I am not all in my mind, then only because of my lack of education. I cannot be the judge of the truths that they lie in it, and conquer their minusculeness of my mind; cheryuyuchis more faith, lower rozum, knowing їх only overturning my rozumіnnya». This is how the Blessed John speaks about the Apocalypse: But what am I saying? Whether the praise of this book would be lower than її goodness. During the liturgical services, the Apocalypse is not read to those who, in the olden days, the reading of the Holy Letter for the liturgical services, was always accompanied by explanations, and the Apocalypse is even more important for explanation (prote in the Typicon is an introduction to the reading of the Apocalypse, like the beginning of the reading of the Apocalypse, like the beginning of the reading of the singing period).
About the author of the Apocalypse
The author of the Apocalypse calls himself Ivan (div. Announcement 1:1-9; Announcement 22:8). To the solemn thought of the holy fathers of the Church, the Apostle John, the kochanian disciple of Christ, who took away the height of his belief about God, the words of the name “Theologian”. His authorship is confirmed as a tribute in the Apocalypse itself, so it is rich with other internal and external signs. The intoxicated pen of the Apostle John the Theologian still has the Gospel and the three Epistles of the Council. The author of the Apocalypse seems to be guilty on the island of Patmos for the word God, for the wedding of Jesus Christ (Announcement 1:9). From church history, it is clear that John the Theologian was less likely to be apostles when he recognized the link on this island. The proof of the authorship of the Apocalypse of the Apostle John the Theologian is the similarity of this book with the Gospels and the messengers not only for the spirit, but also for the warehouse, and especially for some characteristic virazes. A long time ago order to bring the writing of the Apocalypse until the end of the 1st century. So, for example, Irenaeus writes: "The Apocalypse has appeared not long before today and may be in our hour, like the reign of Domitian." Meta writing to the Apocalypse - depict the future struggle of the Church with the forces of evil; show the methods by which the devil fights against the goodness of that truth for the shelter of his servants; give ceremonies to the believers, how to pay peace of mind; depict the death of the Church's enemies and the ultimate victory of Christ over evil.

The pinnacles of the Apocalypse

The Apostle John in the Apocalypse reveals the impassioned methods of calmness, and also shows the best way to vanish in order to be faithful to Christ until death. In a similar rank, the Judgment of God, about which the Apocalypse is repeatedly spoken of, the Last Judgment of God, and all the private judgments of God over the okremi lands and people. These include the trial of the common people under Noah, the trial of the ancient cities of Sodom and Gomorrah under Abraham, the trial of Egypt for Moses, the court trial of Judea (for six hundred years before the birth of Christ and anew in the seventieth rock of our yeri), and judgment over the ancient Nineveh, Babylon, over the Roman Empire, over Byzantium and, more recently, over Russia). The reasons why the righteous punishment called out God, forever were alone and you yourself: nevira of people and lawlessness. In the Apocalypse, there is a commemoration of the first hour of the hour and the hour of the hour. Weeping out of the fact that the apostle Ivan, having glimpsed the shares of the people not from the earthly, but from the heavenly perspective, where he awakened the Spirit of God. In the ideal light at the Throne of the Most Vishish, the hour is ticking and before the spiritual gaze one hour stands today, past that future. It is obvious that the author of the Apocalypse describes the future of the future as having passed, and the past - as right. For example, the war of the Angels in Heaven and the fall of the devil's stars - the ones who ate before the creation of the world, are described by the Apostle John, as they were traipsed at the dawn of Christianity (Announcement 12 ch.). Resurrection of the martyrs, that king in Heaven, who slanders the entire New Testament era, is venerated by him after the trial of the Antichrist and the false prophet (Announcement 20 ch.). In this rank, the spectator does not tell about the chronological sequence of the subdivisions, but reveals the daytime great war evil with good, which goes at once on many fronts and cries like a speech, and an angelic light.

From the books of Bishop Oleksandr (Mileant)

Facts about the Bible:

Methuselah is the head longevity of the Bible. Vin lived for a thousand years and died at the age of 969 years.

Forty people worked on the texts of the Scriptures, and they did not know one of them. For this reason, there are no obvious contradictions in the Bible.

From the literary point of view, Nagirna's sermon was written in the Bible, after a thorough text.

The Bible was the first book to be entrusted on typesetting in Nimechchina in 1450.

The Bible to avenge the prophecies, as they were vipovnyuvalis through hundreds of rokiv.

The Bible is widely published in tens of thousands of copies.

Luther's translation of the Bible in German mine conceived Protestantism.

The Bible was written in 1600 years. Never has such scrupulous work been carried out over one book of the world.

Bishop of Canterbury Stefan Langton added the head of that verse to the Bible.

49 years of non-stop reading is needed in order to read the Bible properly.

In the 7th century, the English language released the Bible with a stingy pardon. One of the Commandments looked like this: "Adulterous." Mayzha managed to recycle the entire circulation.

The Bible is one of the most commented and most cited books in the world.

Andriy Desnitsky. Bible and archeology

Chat with the father. Coming to the celebration of the Bible

Chat with the father. Memorial of the Bible with children

“Having served us well, this myth about Christ…”

"Everything will be good!" - God said and created the Earth. Then, having created the sky and all kinds of creatures in pairs, we didn’t forget about growth, so that the creatures would be eating, well, obviously, having created people in their own way and likeness, so that it was over kim panuvati and repent of yoga pardons and the destruction of the Lord’s commandments . ...

Mayzhe skin of us upevneniya, scho so everything really seemed to be true. About what the holy book sings nothing, how it is so simple and called - "Book", Tіlki in Greek. Ale heard the very name walnut "Bible", in the name of which the name of the collections of books LIBRARY.

Ale navit here lies a deceit, for which few chi vzagali nіhto do not betray respect. We believe well that the book is being folded 77 lesser books and two parts of the Old and New Testaments. And who knows who of us, what hundreds other small books did not reach the tsієї great book, except for the fact that the church "bosi" - the high priests - of the middle lanka, so called, mediators between people and God, so they spoke among themselves.

With whom repeatedly changing not only a warehouse of books that goes up to the largest book, but instead of the smallest books.

I’m not going to analyze the Bible for the last time, and before me, a few times, I feel like I’ve read a lot of miraculous people, like they thought about writing in the “holy writings” and sang more in their practice, such as “Bible Truth » » David Naydis, “Funny Bible” and “Funny Gospel” by Leo Texil, “Bible Pictures…” by Dmitry Baidi and Deer Lyubimova, “ Crossroads» Igor Melnyk.

Read the books and you will know the Bible from the other side. So, even more, less cries, that people believe not to read the Bible, to those who, like stinks, they read it, it would be impossible not to remember such a large number of super-evils, non-suggestions, to understand, to deceive that nonsense, not seeming already about calls to the point of guilt. of all the peoples of the Earth, God-won people.

That same people themselves were thriving for a few times under the root of the selection process, until the god of God did not pick up a group of perfected zombies, as if they won all the good commandments, and, naygolovnishche, suvoro їx were pardoned for their relatives , i... new religion.

With this robot, I want to turn your respect to those what did not go wrong with the visionary canonical book, but about what to talk about hundreds of other dzherel not less tsikavih, lower holy writings. Otzhe, let's look at the biblical facts and no less.

First skeptic, who pointed out the impossibility of calling Moses the author of the Piatiknizhzhzhya (and Christian and Jewish authorities commemorate us in himself), as a Persian Jew of Khiv Gabalka, who lives in the IX century. Vіn pomіtiv, scho in deakyh books Moses rozpovidaє about himself in the third person. Moreover, for an hour Moses allows himself to speak immodestly: for example, you can characterize yourself as the shortest person among all people on earth (the book of Numbers) or say: "... there was no more prophet in Israel like Moses"(Deuteronomy).

Dali topic expanded Dutch philosopher-materialist Benedict Spinoza, who wrote the Theological and Political Treatise in the 17th century. Spinoza “nariv” in the Bible such a number of inconsistencies and blunders, - let's say, Moses describes the vlas funeral, - that such an inquisition of the growing summation is no longer possible.

At the beginning of the XVIII century., the German Lutheran pastor Witter, and then the French liar Jean Astruc, worked out that the Old Testament is made up of two texts, that there may be differences pershodzherel. Tobto about deakі podії in the Bible rozpovidaєєєєєє, moreover, in the first version of the name of God it sounds like Elohim, and in the other - Yahweh. It appeared that all the so-called books of Moses were piled up under the hour of the Babylonian crowd of Jews, tobto. richer piznіshe, which the rabbis and priests affirm, and definitely could not be written by Moses.

Series of archaeological expeditions before Egypt, Zokrem, expeditions to the Jewish University, they did not know the next traces of such an epochal biblical podії, as a result of the Jewish people from the Cієї krai in the XIV century to our here. At the same ancient dzhereli, something like a papyrus or an Assyrian-Babylonian cuneiform tablet, one never thinks about changing the Jewish language at the Egyptian full of indications for an hour. There are riddles about the dead Jesus, but no riddles about Moses!

And Professor Zeev Herzog at the newspaper "Haaretz" summed up the scientific research on Egyptian food: “It is possible for someone to feel unacceptably and to accept it, but it is clear to the survivors of this day that the Jewish people were not in slavery in Egypt and were not foolish in the wilderness ...” The Nazis of the Jewish people were in slavery at Babylonia (modern Iraq) and having adopted the stars of a lot of legends and retellings, including them later in the transformed look from the Old Testament. Among them was a legend about the all-world flood.

Josip Flavius ​​Vespasian, the famous Jewish historian and military leader, who is still alive in the 1st century AD. There are only 22 books of the so-called Old Testament in the number of 22 books, and it seems that the Jews do not list books, but they are handed down from long ago. You can talk about them in such words:

“We don’t have thousands of books, like you’re not good for yourself, you can’t ask one alone; There are only twenty-two books that shove everything in the past and are justly respected by the Divine. Of these, there are five to lay Moses. They have the law and retellings about the generation of people, who lived until the yogo of death - tse interval in three thousand years of May. Under the death of Moses and until the death of Artaxerxes, who reigned in Persia after Xerxes, the prophets described in thirteen books, what they lived after Moses, what the fellows lived. Other books to avenge the hymns to God and instruct people how to live. Everything that was trapilos in the sight of Artaxerxes and has been described to this day, but the books are not meritorious for the same faith, like fortune-telling, because the authors of them were not known by reference to the prophets at the harsh onset. As we put ourselves before our books, we can see in the distance: it has already passed the centuries, and no one dared to add anything to them, no choice, no rearrangement; faith was born to the Jews in the church like the Divine: it was necessary to mitiate, and if it was necessary, then die for the sake of the new one ... "

The Bible, as we know, is composed of 77 books, of which 50 books are composed of the Old Testament and 27 - New. But, as you know yourself, in the middle ages, less than 22 books were recognized as such that they could enter the warehouse of the so-called Old Testament. Tilki 22 books! And in our days, the old part of the Bible has swelled up 2.5 times. I was blown away for the rahunok of books, that the Vigadans would avenge the past for the Jews, the past, no matter how stinky; past, stolen from other peoples and appropriated by the Jews. To the point of saying, naming the people - the Jews - they carry in themselves their essence and signify "vicerpanih UD", which is - education. And UD - tse ancient times called a person's state body, as there is a sense in such words, like a wudka, a vudilishche, satisfaction.

The evolution of the Bible, like a single book, tried to make a hundred years, and the clergy themselves confirm it in their internal books written for the clergy, not for the flock. The І tsya church struggle continues until the end, regardless of those that the Jerusalem Cathedral of 1672 vinіs "Designation": “We believe that it’s Divine and the Holy Letter was given by God, and to that we can believe it without any kind of mirkuvannya, not like that, as someone wants, but like yoga was vithlumachil and handed over by the Catholic Church”.

In the 85th Apostolic Rule, the 60th Rule of the Laodicean Council, the 33rd (24th) Rule of the Council of Carthage, and in the 39th Canonical Epistle of St. Athanasius, in the canons of St. Gregory the Theologian and Amphilochius Ikoniysky, the lists of the sacred books of the old and the new testament were made. I tsі pereliki not zvіm zbіgayutsya. So, in the 85th Apostolic Rule, the Crimean canonical Old Testament books are named and non-canonical: 3 books of Maccabees, the book of Jesus the son of Sirach, and between the New Testament books - two messages of Clement of Rome and 8 books of the Apostolic Decrees, prote, do not guess the Apocalypse. There are no riddles about the Apocalypse and in the 60th rule of the Laodicean Council, at the end of the catalog of the Holy Books of St. Gregory the Theologian.

Athanasius the Great said this about the Apocalypse: “Okrovennia well Іoannovo nі zarahovayut to the Holy Books, and whoever is called untruthful”. At the translation of the canonical Old Testament books at St. Afanasia was not guessed by Esther, like a wine, the order of the Wisdom of Solomon, the Wisdom of Jesus the son of Sirakhov, Judith and the book of Tobit, as well as "Shepherd Yermoy" and "Teachings of the Apostles", zarahovu to books, "we will appoint Batka for reading new ones."

At the 33rd (24th) rule of the Carthaginian Council, the following list of canonical biblical books is propagated: “The canonical writings are the essence of qi: Buttya, Wihid, Levit, Numbers, Repetition of the Law, Josus Nun, Judges, Ruth, Kings of Chotiri books; Chronicles two, Job, Psalter, Books of Solomon chotiri. There are twelve prophetic books, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, Tobiah, Judith, Esther, Ezra, two books. New Testament: chotiri of the Gospel, Day of the Apostles one book, the Epistle of Paul chotirindtsat, Peter the apostle two, John the apostle three, Jacob the apostle, Judy the apostle one. Apocalypse of John book is one.

By a marvelous order in the English translation of the Bible of 1568, the so-called "Bishops" Bible, only two of the books of Kings were guessed. That same bible is folded into 73 books zamіst 77 like hardened at once.

Only in XIII centuries of biblical books were divided into chapters, and only in XVI the capitals of the chapters were subdivided into vertices. In addition, the first to formulate the biblical canon, the clergy went through more than one bunch of pershogerel - small books, choosing the "correct" texts, like a great book - the Bible. In the same way, we can judge about the celebrations of bygone days, described in the Old and New Testaments. So come out, scho that Bible, yaku bagato who can read it, the bula is formed, like a single book, only at the XVIII century! And before us, there was less than a handful of Russian translations, we found the synodal translation for them.

From the book of Valeriy Yerchak “The Word and the Right of Ivan the Terrible”, the first riddles about the Bible in Russia became known to us, and they appeared less psalms: “In Russia, only lists of books of the New Testament and the Psalter were recognized (the most recent list is the Galician Gospel, 1144). The latest text of the Bible was earlier than translations only in 1499. from the initiative of the Archbishop of Novgorod Gennadiy Gonozov abo Gonzov (1484-1504, Chudov Monastery of the Moscow Kremlin), a kind of zrobiv tsyu pratsyu zvyazku z heressy zhivіvstvo. In Russia, various service books were victorious. For example, the Evangelical Aprakos appeared in two different types: the new Aprakos included the entire Evangelical text, while the short one included only the Evangelical text of John, and the Evangelical Reshta in general no more than 30-40% of the text. The Gospels for Ivan were read more and more. At the current Divine service practice of the Gospel in the name of John Goal. 8, vіrsh 44 about the genealogy of the Jewish family is not read ... "

Why is the Bible called synodal and why is it the most popular?

Everything is simple. Appear, only synod The Russian Orthodox Church is the cathedral of the greater church hierarchies, it has the right to the ruling court TLUMATI the texts of the Bible, correct them, as if they were tempted, enter chi to see the warehouse of the Bible, be it books, solidify the biographies of many holy church people and a lot of others.

Also, how was this holy book written, and what is holy in it?

Tіlki in rosіyskіy movі іsnuyut takі perekladi Bіblії: Gennadіїvska Bіblіya (XV stolіttya), Ostroh Bіblіya (XVI stolіttya) Єlizavetinska Bіblіya (XVIII stolіttya) pereklad Bіblії arhіmandrita Makarіya, Synodal pereklad Bіblії (XIX stolіttya), i in 2011 viyshov ostannіy varіant Bіblії - The Bible at the current Russian translation. That text of the Russian Bible, which is familiar to us, and which is called synodal, was first seen together only in 1876 fate. And it became possible in three centuries, after the appearance of the first Church-Slovak Bible. І tse, I guess, there are only Russian translations of the Bible and in the middle of them there are no less than 6 singles.

Adzhe the Bible was translated by all the language of the world and of different epochs. And, zavdyaki tsomu, the translations subsided, and even though the same texts of the Bible, the acts of the moment still seem to be different. And de zabuli pіdterti, for example, fenced in the riddles of mysticism, or describe the time, or names, or name the old reminders, there they lost their original texts, like and shed light of the truth on those that happened in those, not so long ago hours, in whole. And people, as I think, help to put together the disparate pieces of the mosaic into a single and whole picture, so that we can see more or less information about our past.

Not long ago I ate the book of Erich von Deniken “Pribultsі from space. New knowledge and insight", which consists of about a dozen articles by various authors on the topic of the cosmic journey of mankind. One of the articles in the book is called "Pochatkovy bible texts" by the author Walter-Jörg Langbein. I would like to quote the deeds of the facts, known to him, to you, the stinks of the stink richly voicing so called the truth of the biblical texts. In addition, the numbers of vysnovka are clearly adapted to other, more suggestive, facts about the Bible. Later, Langbein wrote about those biblical texts that are rearranged with pardons, on the basis of which I believe they do not give up their respect:

“The “primary” biblical texts of the year are reordered by thousands and thousands of pardons, which are easily seen and zagalnovidomi. Find the "first" text, Codex Sinaiticus(Code Sinaiticus), revenge no less 16 000 straight, "Authorship" which belongs to seven different proofreaders Deyakі mіstsya were changed three times and replaced by a quarter "pochatkovy" text. Theologian Friedrich Delitzsch, the organizer of the ancient Jewish vocabulary, knows less about this "primary" text pardons rewriting close to 3000…»

I see more importantly. І tі facti just vrazhayut! It is not surprising that stench diligently hovayutsya among us, not only religious fanatics, but to instill sensible people, as if they are joking about the truth and hope to learn independently about the creation of the Bible.

Professor Robert Kehl from Zurich wrote about the source of falsification in ancient biblical texts: open school ... »

“Usі without blame is aware of the “primary” biblical texts of the year, copies of copies, and you, ymovirno, at your own hand - copies of copies. One does not run out of copies for any other. Available over 80,000 (!) Rіznochitan. From a copy to a copy of the verse, they were accepted by the experienced copyists and later, and were rewritten for a quarter of an hour. With such a mass of falsifications, that protirich continues to speak about the “word of the Lord”, taking the Bible to the hands, - it means to be between schizophrenia ... "

I can’t help but agree with Langbein, and, looking at the impersonal evidence of other proofs, I absolutely confirm this visnovka.

And the axis is brought up by the fact that if and de they wrote their new testimonies in the gospels Matthew, Mark, Luke and Ivan. Vіdomy English writer Charles Dickens having written a book near the XIX century, yak was called "Child's History of England". Russian language is translated, like "History of England for young (children)". This book was seen in the middle of the 19th century London. And tell them about the English rulers, who the young Englishmen needed to know well. In this book it is written in black and white, what is the hour of the coronation of Princess Elizabeth I, chotiri evangelisti and like St. Pavlo buli in yasnyami in England they took away freedom for amnesty.

In 2005, another book was seen in Russia. I will bring a small fragment from it (section XXXI): “... The coronation went miraculously, and the next day one of the courtiers, zgіdno zvichaєm, gave Elizabeth a prohann about the sound of a large number of evangelists and among them a couple of evangelists: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, and also the hour of St. on my so marvelous mine, that their people are called to them by learning to understand. Ala Queen Vіdpovіla, Scho Stolya Speat D_notee from the saint themselves, chi want to drive on the will, І Todі in Westmіnsіnterskomi Abatiyi Bulo recognized by the Grandiosna Publіchna Consolidation - Holy Rail Rozhigіyniy Turnіr - For a section of the acts of Nayvidnіstnіyi Vernikіv T_єї таюїi Vіri (pіd , svidshe for everything, Protestantism).

As you can see, all sensible people quickly thought of the fact that repeating and reading the warto was less than a wise word. At the meeting, it was decided to conduct a church service accessible to everyone in English, and also adopted other laws that brought about the most important right of the Reformation. Tim is no less, the Catholic bishops and the adherents of the Roman Church did not cry, and the royal ministries showed prudence and mercy ... "

Letters from Charles Dickens (having written a whole book of wines for his children and obviously not trying to deceive them), about those who Evangelists lived in the XVI century, visions are close to 150 years ago in England, it’s not so easy to see anymore. Automatically screeches an uncrossed visnovo about those who wrote the New Commandment of the Bible, in the beginning, at the XVI century! I suddenly become aware that the so-called Christian religion is founded on a great lie! So “good visti” - this is how the word “evangelism” is translated from the Greek - no more lower cynical guesses and there is nothing good in them.

But still not all. The description of everyday life of the walls of Rusalim, put in the book of Nehemia, for all parameters is compared with the description of the case of the Moscow Kremlin (for deciphering Nosovsky and Fomenko), as if robbed... tezh near the XVI century. Why go out, if it’s not the New Commandment, but the Old Testament, that’s it. the whole bible, was written in recent hours - at the XVI century!

The facts that I have pointed out will sing-songly be sufficient for any thinking person, to start digging and shukati confirming yourself, to add up your integrity to the understanding of what you are seeing. Ale, false skeptics, and this is not enough. Um, don’t give any information, you won’t change anything anyway! For the knowledge of the stench is equal to the equal of the children of small ones, adzhe thoughtlessly- richly lighter, lower nobility! That child needs to speak to my child.

And if any of the great readers of the Volodya have more information about this food, and if anyone has additional information to expand the facts I have chosen, I will be wise, so that you can share your knowledge! These materials are needed for the future book, the materials for which were taken for writing this article. My email address: [email protected]

Oleksandr Novak

The Bible is called differently: Book of books, Book of Life, Book of Knowledge, Eternal Book. Non-overlapping її the largest contribution of spiritual development people stretching for hundreds of years. Behind the biblical plots, artistic texts and scientific treatises, pictorial canvases and musical creations were written. Image of the Eternal Book on icons, frescoes, sculptures. Modern art - cinematography - did not pass by її side. The most popular one read a book z usikh, if the trimal was human hand.

However, people have long wondered about food, they didn’t give an absolutely unambiguous answer: did you write the Bible? What is true, is God's promise? Can you safely trust what is written there?

Before the history of nutrition

We know the following facts: the Bible was written maybe two thousand years ago. More precisely, three thousand more than six hundred years. But nutrition is not correct from the look of people who believe. Why? more precisely - writing down. Adje was created by representatives of different social versions of our society and inspire different nationalities. And they wrote down not their own powers of peace, guarding over life, but those who the Lord punished them. Take care of those who wrote the Bible, cherubing God himself, putting their thoughts in their evidence, leading them with their hand on parchment and paper. Henceforth, even though the Book was written by people, there is no way to avenge the very word of God and nothing else. One of the texts says directly: it is “inspired by God”, tobto. natkhneno, inspired by the All-Vishish.

Ale in the Book read neskovok, protirich, "dark patches." It is possible to explain the inaccuracy of translating the canonical texts, it was quiet with pardons, who wrote the Bible, but with our incompetence. Until then, the rich texts of the Gospels were simply slums, bedrooms. Many who did not reach the main zmist, became apocryphal. Few people know that most of the fragments of the Holy Letter were admitted to the broad masses of that other Ecumenical Council. Tobto, even though it was wondrous, but played a far from remaining role in God's divine providence.

Why did they write the Bible themselves, and not pass it on, so to speak, її zmіst іz mouth by mouth? It turns out that shards in the form of sleep would be forgotten, otherwise it would be passed on in the creation of the form, with the premise of the black "reply". Written fixation made it possible to hide information and self-interpretations. In such a rite, the deak її obєktivnіst was taken care of, it appeared possible to translate the book with different language, to convey її impersonal peoples and nations.

Chi allows all the verses to be stverdzhuvaty, that the authors only mechanically, thoughtlessly wrote down the thoughts of “burn”, silent somnambulists? We don't call it that. Approximately from the fourth century, the saints who wrote the Bible began to be respected as contributors. Tobto. special element of becoming the mother of the place. The reasons for this recognition were the explanations of the stylistic heterogeneity of the sacred texts, the meanings and the actual readings.

Shared the Bible

We all know what the Bible is made of - from the Old and the New Testament. The Old Testament is everything that was before the whole history about the creation of the world, about the Jews, the people of God. Varto guess what sacred power for the Jews is only the first part of the gospel. The Bible is not recognized by them. And reshta christianskogo svіtu navpak - live for the canons and the commandments of the other part of the Bible.

Obsyag trichi revisit obsyag New. The insults of the part are mutually reinforcing and are not well understood. Kozhen to avenge the copy of vlasnyh books, so you can share them for groups: pochalni, historical and prophetic ones. There are six hundred and sixty-six and thirty-six authors, including the shepherd Amos and King David, the mitar Matviy and the fisherman Petro, and also the doctor, the teachings of the others.

Acts of clarification

It remains only to add that for people far away from the world, the Bible is a miraculous literary reminder that has survived a hundred years and has earned the right to immortality.

Traditional pardons

The Bible is a sacred book for a significant part of the population Zemnoi kuli, moreover, many of them blindly believe that it was written by the Lord himself, or at least from yogo words. To whom one can know enough confirmation, especially real historical podias, so that they are otherwise veiled by sacred texts. Tsya ancient book is just a cry of wisdom;

Ale, everything is better at first glance. And even if you go to this food from the other side, we will understand who, having written the Bible in truth, and also it was necessary for you. Let's try to get to know each other.

Who wrote the Bible. Dumka theologians

Who, if not individuals, "especially close to the Lord," can renew the world on such a delicate diet, as if praising the mind of the singing part of the Parathians? Truthfully, they will be truthful in their opinions, judged only by those who have heard them. Later, after the words of the learned people, the Bible itself, the New Testament and the Old Testament were written by the prophets, looking out of the visions, sending them to burn (read - by the Lord). Moreover, it is impossible to know the names of these prophets, the crim of John the Theologian ("Apocalypse"). You can, obviously, believe it, or you can go back to another delicate food about those, how to name a person, how you respect that in your dreams you will speak with the Lord, and in an hour I’ll take away the truth to the people.

Who wrote the Bible. Dumka mystics

The mystics of the building be as it were, to bring the name of the river to the place of supernatural vistas and the prihovanim zmist. Such sobі "vitrati professions". But my thought, no wonder, is more like the truth. Worry about the fact that the Bible is its own collection of the age-old wisdom of the peoples, cover the veil of everyday life, so that you know more than that, who will be taken over by the Divine light. If you happen to wait, even if only you, who know fanaticism, can blindly believe the spoken word of the skin, firmly, that the phrase is said to the skin maє sense and є Truth.

Who wrote the Bible. Dumka istoriki

Different histories, schilni reminiscent of historical remembrances, take into account that most of the legends described in the Bible were already described in other books and legends of ancient peoples. True, it is impossible to confuse the obvious similarity of the New Testament with the widest legends of various nationalities: Odin, Hercules, Hercules, Osiris. All these characters were children of such a deity, sent to our world in a different way, carried the Divine truth and perished (they did not die their own death). Ale to bring the historians to the point of penetrating into the Divine light, stench often fix the same code that allows you to understand the truth of the light. It's still too early to judge about yoga's foundation, how and dotsilnist yoga searches. Time to show everything.

Who wrote the Bible in truth

Are you ready to take objective evidence in a correct way? Ale, in order to gain more peace of mind on the chain of food, to have a little more respect for those who make up the Bible: for us in front of the numerical history of the benefits of the Jewish people, like a good end of the fire. The structure of the skin is approximate: a description of the problem, a description of difficulties, relief of difficulties. And the deacons of history have begun to rage and avenge morality ("Gone out of Paradise", parables), as if you can bravely zastosuvat until today's life, not being afraid to have mercy. It appears that the Bible is a historical work, a description of the history of one people, foundations on real podias and priming with legends of this mysticism, on which you had to rebuvat. The value of the Old Testament (before the speech, a small part of the other sacred book - Tori). New Testament - a description of the life of a special person, which she really founded, is engaged in the propaganda of new looks, written down by one of his followers. You can also know povchalni іstories, and reasonable thoughts, ale wine is filled with artistic creation.

How the Bible was written

The oldest writing material is a stone, and a tool for writing is a cut. The first riddle about writing in the Bible is related to the revelation about the Ten Commandments, scribbled on a stone.

Boards for writing were made from wood, or elephant tassels were grimaced with a ball of wax. The Assyrians, the Greeks and the Romans fought with them. Every now and then, two boards fell apart for additional loops. The edge of the leaf was a sharpened stick.

The Babylonians for writing vikoristovuvali clay thin rectangular plates. The words were written on the surface of the soft clay with a trihedral stylus, and then the tablet was hung on the sun. Archaeologists have discovered the number of "libraries" of such clay tablets. Quite often the wits of broken dishes, "shards" were beaten, on which they made notes for memory, made rahunki and made lists of necessary purchases. Ink was prepared from soot, bred in olive oil or gum.

Even before the era of everyday pyramids, the Egyptians learned how to prepare papyrus from the core of the Nile reed, which grew in swampy places. Vologі tovstі stems were laid in rows, one on top of the other, and beaten with a kalatushka, the docks did not leave a thin sheet. Then we hung the sheet, and on it it was possible to write. Papirus is expensive, but yogo learned how to write more than once, zmivayuchi scratching a lot of records. The Egyptians wrote in outline penzlika, and ink was removed from the juice of roses, infused with certain types of coma.

The skins of sheep, kiz, calves and antelopes were dried, scratched and cleaned, and then stretched and beaten with a kalatushka, to cut a smooth even surface for a sheet. So the material was prepared, titles parchment. Znaryaddy for the letter robbed in succession, zagostryuchi and splitting one end of the outlined stick.

Movie Bibles

Alphabet

Close to 1500 B.C. in Canaan, a comrade fell asleep on the thought of a miraculous idea to come up with a symbol - a letter - for the skin sound in the movie. It took about 25 letters in total. Now it was not necessary to memorize hundreds of different symbols in the transmission of hundreds of different words. If it were, the word could be written down, just by listening to the sounds of Yogo, that sounded the same letters. Qiu bliskuchu ideu Shvidko adopted the noses of other languages.

Old Jewish language

Most of the Old Testament was written in an old Jewish language. There are 22 letters in the Hebrew alphabet for voiced sounds (the voice of the reader is guilty of introducing himself).

Arameic language

The Aramean language was widely expanded in the Persian monarchy - the leading power of the Near and Middle Descent for two hundred years (starting around 550 BC). Arameyska became my trader in the whole region. In Aramaic, some parts of the Old Testament books of Danilo, Ezdri and Jeremiah were written.
Prote davnoevreyska was deprived of my prayers, that divine service. Illuminated people still understood the old Hebrew, wanting, if the Jewish Bible was read in the synagogues, often translating the sense of Aramaic. Manuscripts of parts of the Old Testament, written in Aramaic, were preserved; They are called "targumi".

Greek language

At 331 p. BC Alexander the Great conquered Persia. Vіn ruled mayzhe vіdomim ancient world, and "everyday" Greek became mine, like a greater mind. The followers of Jesus wanted to see the light of feeling the Good News; to that with Aramaic, as if saying Jesus, they shifted it with walnut. The first Aramaic words (for example, the word “abba”, which means “father”), were saved only in poor places. Turning up to the daughter of Yair, Jesus said: "Talifa kum" - this is how the Aramaic phrase sounded, like a wine. The authors of the Gospel gave us a Greek translation: “Maiden, I tell you, get tired” (Mk 5:41). The Greek alphabet has 24 letters, before that letters for voice sounds were included. They wrote in walnut zliva to the right. In the Epiphany of John the Theologian (Announcement 1:8) God seems to say: “I am Alpha and Omega, the cob and the end...” (alpha and omega are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet).

Who wrote the Bible

Today the Bible will ring out like a book, in a thousand over a thousand sides. Different parts of the Bible were written by different people for a long time, elegantly, until 1500 - 2000 years. Only a few more and more numerical parts were collected in one book. In the history of ancient Jewish characters - Moses and the Ten Commandments, Josip and Yogo of different colors, David and Goliath - ate about 3500 years ago and were recorded at about the same hour. Usna tradition The first revelations in the Bible are about prehistoric hours, long before writing was found. The stench was transmitted in exactly the same way, as in our days, children of playing dogs are transmitted - a path of constant repetition. Such a transmission of evidence is called a customary tradition. In the evenings there were fires, at the hour of worship, at the work and in the war people sang songs and told stories, like the stench was recognized by children. Before these roses, they were set up with great honor, their shards were about God. The skin word was important, and it was necessary to repeat it correctly. Book tradition Vcheni cannot say exactly when the books of the Old Testament appeared: they were recorded in a hundred years. Until III Art. BC, the Jews recognized the deacons of their books as "sacred", writing from the direct inspiration of God. The stench was formally recognized by such a Cathedral in Yavni (Yamnії) in 90 r. according to R. Kh. i became the books of the Old Testament, as we know it now; it's true, maybe we have a different order. New Testament Jesus of Nazareth was born a richly written Old Testament books, exactly two thousand years ago. Ale roses about the new cob were also transmitted orally. Matthew, Mark, Luke and Ivan wrote some of the Gospels, based on the witnesses about the life of Jesus, which were denied by eyewitnesses. All the stories about the people of Jesus at Bethlehem, about Yogo's life and completed miracles by Him, as we know from the Gospel, were recorded up to 100 rubles. for R. Kh. The books of Matthew, Mark and Luke are called synoptic gospels; maybe, the stench is rooted in the same and quiet verbal retellings about the life of Jesus and Yogo vchennya.

The Apostle Pavlo and other authoritative mentors wrote messages, in which they explained to the believers the provisions of the faith and taught their Christian behavior. The first of these messages appeared about 50 p. R. Kh., even before the writing of the Gospels. If the apostles and Christians of the first generation began to die, the young believers tried to pick up the right writings together, as if they were telling more precisely about Jesus and the Holy Virgin. Approximately up to 100 r. for R. Kh. having taken away the knowledge of that canon of the New Testament from 27 books, which we know today.

Dead Sea Scrolls the Bedouin shepherd, who watched the herd of sheep at the humpbacked desert at the entrance to the Dead Sea, marking the entrance to the cave on one of the streams. Vіn throwing a stone there and raptom feeling the sound of earthenware that is breaking. Zatsіkavitsya tsim, vіn climbed to the oven and knew there a lot of clay vessels. Continuing his research, he revealed the middle courts to parchment, covered with ancient Jewish writings. Yogo znahіdka did not call out to anyone of interest, but if the archaeologists swayed suvoi, there was a right hype. Over the course of a year, near the city called Qumran, about 400 souvenirs were revealed near the caves, as if they were the library of the Jewish religious sect of the Essenes. The scrolls avenged some of the books of the Jewish Old Testament, the Crimean Book of Esther. During the hours of Christ, near this month, the ascetic mass of the Essenes lived, which the settlement fell asleep, as if they had unearthed it. Qumran Radiocarbon analysis showing that the body of the Dead Sea was written in the period between 200 r. BC and 70 r. according to R. Kh. Vіn 1000 years older than the most recent list of Ісаї, but the texts may be identical. Tse show, how accurately the boules were rewritten, how seriously the stinks were set to their right.

If the Bible was written down, the books of zvichnyh for us were not yet blamed. People wrote on suvoys. They made papyrus from leaves, parchment, or spun from thin midi plates, stitching or gluing them together, so that a long line came out, up to ten meters of a headband and thirty centimeters of a hem. The last lines were twisted on wooden haircuts: the reader with one hand opened his throat, and with the other he wound yoga on another haircut. Having finished reading, they wrapped the bag in cloth and tidied it up for protection from the high judge.

book people

It was clumsy to carry the suvoi from month to month; a lot of time I looked at those who knew in their old age a short biblical passage. At II. Christians chose to purchase the books of the New Testament. Ymovіrno, the stench was the first to move out of the SUVs. Natomіst came to me the thought to put in a sack of arkush in papyrus or parchment, squeezing it and sewing it according to the warehouse, and then let me add the same zoshiti themselves. This early type of book is called "codex"

The earliest of the latest copies of the New Testament written in new letters 300 r. according to R. Kh. Yogo is called Codex Sinaiticus, to that yogo was known to be near Mount Sinai, at the monastery of St. Catherine. At 1844 p. German teaching Kostyantin Tischendorf pіd hіvіduvannya tsgogo vodokremlennya monastir having revealed a piece of parchment from early Greek texts. It appeared that the manuscripts avenged part of the Old Testament and dated IV Art. for the R. Kh. At this hour, the Codex Sinaiticus is collected from the British Museum in London. Among the other important early manuscripts of the Greek Bible is the Codex Vaticanus, none in the Vatican Library, and Codex Alexandrinus, in the British Museum.

How did the Bible come to us

Jewish copyists

For a long time, census takers were distinguished by a special honor, to those who were often seen as the only ones who could read, compose the commandments and keep the rahunki. If you needed a new copy of the Old Testament, the skin word could be copied, and on the copying of the sacred bindings, save the text and explain it. To ensure that the census takers were aware of the importance of their practice, they did not allow pardons, they were viable suvori rules. For example:

Today the clerk is guilty of rozpochinati to the robot for prayer;
- the deputy of the name of God, having covered the clearing, like a man, who wrote more “clean” ink;
- having finished copying that number of the next division, rewriting the number of rows, letters and letters in the original and matching it with the one that was in the new one in the copy. Vіn knowing and reversing the central word in the skin division.

Pardons all the same traplyalis. Ale, it’s bolstered, that in the average one pardon fell on 1580 letters.

Septuagint

First, the Old Testament was transcribed from the Jewish language into Greek in the 3rd - 2nd centuries. BC. The Jews at that hour spread throughout the entire Mediterranean and often spoke Greek, not Jewish. The fortune-telling translation was made in Alexandria in Egypt for the fabulously majestic Alexandrian library.

Chenci

"Monk" in Greek means "a person who lives alone." The first Christian chants buv Anthony, who is alive near the deserts of Egypt, approximately from 270 to 290 rubles. for R. H. Yogo, the butt was inherited by others. Most often, however, people (and okremo women) lived in groups in monasteries, spending their days at prayers, cultivating Bibles and practical work - they were engaged in strong government and watching over the sick.

Rewriters

At Dark Vіka, which came after the collapse of the Roman Empire, the texts of the Holy Letter were saved and protected chenci. Leather code listing in the hand. It was long and laborious right. Sometimes there were pardons, perhaps, because of this, or poor lighting, when they were doing it. Hourly, the clerk will svіdomo, introducing changes, bazhayuchi viklasti Pisannya in his own words, or bring the text to the vіdpovіdnіst vіdpoіdnіst vіdno razumіnnya. Often chenci were practiced at the scriptoria, tobto. adopted, de skin sitting at their table by the outer silence. There were no stoves in such rooms, and lighting through the fire was not safe. Pratsya copying bula was stoky. I used such a saying: "Two fingers trim the pen, but the whole body works."

Translation of the Bible

Up to 300 r. for R. Kh. The Syrian Bible was called Peshitta, which is the "simple" version. The Syrian preachers brought the Gospel and the entire Bible to China, India, Germany and Georgia.
The Virmensky and Georgian alphabets are boulli, ymovirno, created especially for translating the Bible in terms of language. The Bible was also translated into Coptic (a form of old Egyptian) - the language of the Christians of Pivnichnaya Africa.

Bible for ready

Until IV Art. the language of the German people was not written down by anyone. Ale approx. 350 r. Bishop Ulfila translated the Bible into the language of the Ostrogoths and thus fixed yoga. The best copy of the translation that was saved is the Codex Argenteus (Siberian Code), which is saved in Uppsala (Sweden), written in gold and silver on purple parchment.

Vcheny on the name of Ivan, who was born in Pivnichniy Italy approx. 345 r. for R. Kh. Vіn has risen in price a lot, having changed a lot of language and rewriting a lot of parts of the Bible. OK. 382 r. for R. Kh., Pope Damasus, having asked Ієronim to prepare a new translation of the Gospels, as well as the Psalms and other Old Testament books, to try to get pardons that crept in.

Vulgate

At that hour, most of the Christians at Sunset spoke in Latin and it was important for them to understand the Greek New Testament, while the translations in Latin were rendered imprecise and inaccurate. ІєRONім, yakiy u 386 r. having settled in a monastery near Bethlehem, having begun to translate my original Latin Jewish and Greek texts of the whole Bible. The Jewish rabbin helped you to learn the Jewish language and translate the Old Testament from the original. Qia robot occupied twenty-three rocks. The completion of the translation of Ієronіm by the year nabuvav daedals of greater breadth. Vіdomy yak Vulgate, "folk" version, vіd іz VIII Art. until 1609, it was the only Bible that the Roman Catholic Church was crowned with.

Expensive books

Irish tradition V - VI Art. The Irish Chances broke as far as Scotland and Pivnichnoy England; The flowers brought with them the mysticism of the Celtic little ones. Miraculously embellished books were prepared in distant monasteries, restashed on gloomy strimchaks and islands. A monk could always work on one book, showing his love for God. Yak embellished books Some books were made from thin veal coats, or from sheep coats and kiz. After that, having completed the rewriting of the Latin text in a beautiful, thin handwriting, like a black man, they re-verified the work. Years later, they began to copy the texts, and embellish the sides. Such little-robed books are called illuminated manuscripts. Some copyists placed on the side a painted oblіvіvka with foldable vizierunkas. The letter of the first word of the head or paragraph could be enlarged so that it occupied the entire side of the page, and then they were supplemented with її vizierunki, with quotas it was filled with small figures. The monks created folded compositions that intertwined, from curved lines, spirals, curls, shields, where they included crying, albeit illustrative images of creatures and birds. The stench was painted with self-contained watercolor farbs, but for a greater effect they added gold leaf to the thin sheet. The instruments were gostrі ptashinі pіr'ya and simple penzliks, and with them copying showed striking results. Gospel of Kels The Book of Kels has one small baby (1.6 sq. cm), which consists of 158 critical interlacing elements. The manuscript, embellished with colorful little ones, is the greatest masterpiece of Celtic and Anglo-Saxon art. The work on the manuscript began at the 7th century. at the monastery, roztashovanuyu on the island of Iona in Western Scotland. After the Vikings arrived, the book was brought to the Kelsky monastery in Ireland, and then it was completed. The book has 339 leaves measuring 33x25 cm and richly embellished with leather. Now the book is being collected from Trinity College (Dublin, Ireland). Lindisfarne Gospels At 635 p. a monastery was founded on Lindisfarne, an island on the belly of the pivnichno-skhidny coast of England. The Lindisfarn Gospels, visible behind the beauty of the illuminated manuscripts, were copied and embellished at the monastery of Bl. 700 r. After about 300 years, the priest Aldred entered in rows of Latin text a translation of the Anglo-Saxon (old English) language. Golden Gospels Golden Gospels - a series of marvelous illuminated manuscripts of the Gospels, created in the 8th century. from France under the sight of Alcuin, who arrived from York to England. The inscriptions in them are mostly made of gold, and embellished with silver and gold, and everything is on a thin veal coat. Type VI Art. dіyshov copy of the Bible, translated by my Gothic Ulfila; also written in gold and silver on a stained purple parchment. Bibles "At the Lanciugs" The greater Bible was embellished with a more modest, lower Kelska Book or the Golden Gospel. Ale navit simple census of books borrowing rocks. The Bibles were made much more expensively, and if the completed book was displayed in the monastic chapel or in the cathedral, it was often necessary to chain the lancet to the lectern to the pulpit, in order to hide the stolen goods.

In the Middle Ages, most of the Bibles were written in Latin, which is mine, unintelligent forgive people. The deyakі smilivtsi virishi changed such a camp of justice - to translate the Bible of the people's mine. Shift Waldo Close to 1175 Peter Waldo, foreign merchant, who is alive in France, in Lyon, having vowed to dedicate his life to God. Rozumіyuchi the words of Jesus literally, handing out all his mustache. The followers of Waldo, the Waldensians, translated the Bible of Provence, I, imovirno, as well as Italian, German, P'montsky (Italian brewery) and Catalan (it is spoken at the brewery meeting in Spain). Alphabet for words At IX Art. two brothers, Christians Cyril and Methodius from the metro station Thessaloniki in Greece, broke the sermon to the words of Schidnoy Europe. For their own purposes, they translated the Old Slavonic Bible. To write down the translation, stink the alphabet, which became the prototype of the Cyrillic alphabet (in the name of one of the brothers), which and today are rooted in pivdni similar Europe and Russia. Here name the Gospel written in Church Slavonic Cyrillic. Jan Hus At the XV century. near Prague, the capital of Bohemia (the lower part of the Czech Republic), the rector of the Charles University, Jan Hus (1374–1415), spoke out against the greed, arrogance and ambition of the priests. Vіn buv pіd іn the great influx vchenny Vіklіf. Glancing at Gus for a quick glance, it was ringing in nonsense, aggravated and wrongly-sht burned on the fire. However, the followers of Hus began to translate the Bible in Czech language, and the New Testament of Czech instructing in 1475. The first biblical book, translated by my Anglo-Saxon, was the Psalter; tsey translation zrobiv close to 700 r. Bishop Aldhelm of Sherborne. Pіznіshe Bіda Vysokopozhny, abbot of the monastery in Yarrow (pіvnіchno-shіdna England), translating shortly before his death in 735 r. part of the Gospel in the form of John. John Wicliff John Viklіf (1329-1384) dreamed about the translation of the Bible in English, so that the Holy Scripture became accessible to ordinary people. Yogo was arguing that only the priests could sing, like parts of the Bible to read that like a trace of tlumach. Vіklіf was a contributor to the University of Oxford, until he was reprimanded for criticizing these other short-lived churches. Later, Viklifa was tried as a heretic, and the deacons of his valuable books were publicly sleeping on the bugatti. Wycliffe's followers, Nicholas of Hereford and John Persh, translated the entire Bible into English; the work of the bula was completed at 1384 p. In 1408 p. The "Bible of Viklif" was fenced, but it was prepared in hundreds of copies and secretly sold. So, just like ordinary people, they were sometimes able to read, the followers of Wycliffe - regular priests, abo "lollards", - walked around the villages, reading that tlumachachi the Bible. Deyakі from them perished on the bagatti like heretics; at the hour of the strata, they hung their bibles on their shoulders. To this day, about 170 copies of this translation have been passed down to our days.

bookmakingOne of the earliest writings of the Bible U 1450 r. the bottom was trampled, as it could not help but plunge into the history of the spread of the Bible with the best rank: book-making was found (to put it more simply, book-making was re-opened, to that the Chinese began to read their books from 868 BC to R.A.H.). Johannes Gutenberg from Mainz (Niechchyna) realized that the text could be printed on parchment paper with the help of wooden letters, smeared with furboi. In such a way, it is easy to prepare hundreds of other books instead of copying the skin of the hand. Potim Gutenberg raspochav dosledi s metal fonts. The first book that Gutenberg overruled was the Latin Bible (1458).

Have 1978 r. one of the few Gutenberg Bibles that were saved was bought for 1,265,000 pounds sterling. Hocha Johannes Gutenberg and the inhabitants of Mainz tried to save their wines at the taєmnitsa, the secret of them having become a familiar sight of Europe, from Rome and Paris to Krakow and London. In England, the first drafting of Drukars was written by William Caxton (London, 1476). Nezabar the Bibles were friends everywhere. Old Testament of old Jewish my old visions 1488 p. in Italy by the Soncino brothers.

Two great translations

Great Reformer Martin Luther

In the XV-XVI centuries. Europe has great changes. Happens more and more illumination of people, builders independently judge about religion and society. At the Church's right, there is a panout of trouble: a lot of priests are dishonest and lazy, they preach good ideas without sending to the Bible. One of the quiet, who stood up against the fundamental order, was the German priest Martin Luther, who was born in 1483. At that hour, the doors of the church often chimed like stunned boards. I axis at the Zhovtni 1517 r. Martin Luther nailed to the door of the church at Wittenberg a sheet of 95 theses of religious reforms. Luther's activity brought about majestic changes in the church, which we call the Reformation, and he himself rose to history as a reformer of the church.

Luther was deafened by the law and you had a chance to huddle at the Wartburz castle. There Luther began translating the writings of my German, so that other people could taste joy, as if he himself knew the wine from reading the Bible. Luther, having realized that a good translation can be chanted directly from the original movie, and is guilty of creating on the basis of an everyday roman movie.
Povna "Lutherian Bible" - one of the first Bibles written by my ordinary people - was published in 1532. And this year Luther's translation, which has pompously slipped into the molding of the modern German mov, is filled with the most beloved German Bible.

Bible for pogonichs

The Bible of Viklifa misted the immeasurable pardons, which were allowed for an hour to translate that rewriting. To learn after the wine-growing of the Drukarian verstat, the English did not have a small handful of drafted Bibles, as if they could read their own mine. Vlad respected the insecure to allow simple people to read the Bible and revise it themselves, as if they were reading it. Translating and drukuvati as a part of the Bible was hindered. And there is only one English in the name of William Tyndale, as if saying to the priests: “As God saves my life ... I’ll work like a peasant lad, who trash horses harnessed to a plow, we know more about the Bible, you don’t know.”

Bible smuggling

William Tyndale (1494-1536) is the largest English translation of the Bible. Living with the vygnannі near Nіmechchinі, translating the wines from the Greek New Testament. In 1526 p. hand-wrought copies were brought to England in bears made of grain and cats made of fish. King Henry VIII having punished them to burn. The translation of the Old Testament Tyndale did not finish: the fault of the wounds, agglomerations and burns on the bugatti in Belgium. Vmirayu, vіn praying: "Lord, smash the eyes of the English queen."

bible

Bible in Dutch

Many translations of the Bible were based on Luther's Bible. Protestant translation of the Bible in Dutch language written by Jakob Lisfeldt and published in 1526. The Roman Catholic Church issued a Dutch translation, vikonanized by Nicholas van Vinge in 1548.

Geneva Bible 1560 r. the bula was translated by English Protestants who live with the Vignan in Geneva. This is the best English translation for that hour; some people call it the "Pants Bible", to that in the book Butte 3:7 in the translation it is said that Adam and Eve "stripped their pants". The crossbeams began to be wicked in the churches of Scotland.

King James translation

If King Yakiv I in 1603 p. having entered the English throne, there were two translations at the walk: the Geneva Bible and the Bishop's Bible (the Miles Coverdale version of the Bible was corrected, issued in 1568). For the intercession of King James, a new vision was created, based on these translations, as well as original Greek texts and ancient Jewish texts. Fifty scholars were divided into six groups, the skin of which translated its part of the Bible, and the text, which they wrote, was revised by the commission, which included two centuries of each of the skin groups. Tsya "Praised Versiya", first instructed in 1611, dossi koristuetsya majestic popularity for its accuracy and beauty.

Portuguese Bible

The New Portuguese Commandment (originated by Joao Ferreira d "Almeida)" was published in Amsterdam in 1681. The new Portuguese Bible appeared only in 1748-1773.

Bible in Spanish

The new Spanish Bible, translated by Valencian Catalan, appeared in 1417, but all copies were taken by the Inquisition. The translation of the Chence of Cassiodor de Rhine, which is alive with Vignanna, was published in 1569. at Basel (Switzerland). Translation of the Rhine, clarifications by Chance Cyprian de Valera, revisited in 1602. and becoming the accepted Protestant Spanish Bible (translated by Rein-Valera).

Bible in French

The priest of the Roman Catholic Church, Jacques Lefebvre d "Etaple, having published the French translation of the New Testament in Paris in 1523. Church authority, however, was put up to this undertaking with suspicion, so Lefevre sympathized with the Reformation. happened to be in Antwerp (now Belgium), the date could not be confiscated.

Bible for Italy

The first Italian Bible was instructed at Venice in 1471. The Catholic Bible of Antonio Brucholi was seen in 1530, and the first Protestant Bible - in 1562. no longer.

Russian bible

The bible was seen in Russia in 1518 by the words of the Jansk my; the won was grounded on the crossbar, crushed 863 p. brothers-preachers Cyril and Methodius. Russian my New Testament first appeared in 1821, and the Old Testament is only 1875.

Swedish Bible

In 1541 Sweden took the Uppsal Bible; translated by Laurentios Petri, archbishop of Uppsali.

Bible for dances

Denmark became a predominantly Protestant land during the early period of the Reformation. The first Danish translation of the New Testament was written by a friend in 1524. I accepted the Danish Version, ordered in Copenhagen in 1550, to name the Bible of King Christian III, in the name of the monarch, who ruled Denmark at that time.

The Bible at the New World

Translating the Bible into the greater European languages, the Christians of Europe took their glance at other parts of the world. Bible for Native Americans In the XVII century, the deacons of the English Christians, who are called "Puritans", realized that the sovereign Church no longer seeks the Bible. A group of Puritans, who lived as Fathers-Pilgrims, in 1620 p. go to Pivnichnoy America, maybe a little bit there new life. Eleven years later, the English priest John Eliot (1604-1690) arrives to the New World with another group of colonists. Having taught the words of the Indians of Massachusetts, Eliot began to preach the gospel to them. Until 1663, translating the entire Bible into the language of the Indians of Massachusetts. This translation of my native Americans was the first Bible published in Pivnichny America. Pivdenna America The first drafted Bible book for the indigenous inhabitants of Pivdennoy America was the Gospel in the Aymara of my Luke, issued by the world in 1829. Translation of zrobiv Dr. Vincente Pazos-Kanki, Peruvian, Yaky is alive near London. First Indian Bible At the beginning of the XVIII century. Representatives of the Danish Mіsії pієtists violated until the East Indies. The German missionary Bartholomew Zigenbalg (1628-1719) translated the New Testament in Tamil language; The first translation of part of the Bible is like my India. Vin also managed to translate the Old Testament to the Book of Ruth. The translation of Siegenbalg was completed by the next German missionary-pietist Christian Friedrich Schwartz (1726-1760). Before 1800 r. The Bible was translated no less than 70 mov. Until 1900 if only 500 words were translated from one Bible book. How can you explain such swedish changes? During this period, the last ones began to rise in price throughout the world; entrepreneurs founded offices of their companies in distant lands. Quite often they asked the priests to accompany their sales agents; butt of William Carey, having inspired the enthusiasm among Christians to preach and translate the Bible. Africa The successors and missionaries to the eye of David Livingston began to explore Africa in the 19th century. Scottish Robert Moffat translating the Bible of my Bechuan. For translating the Bible of my Yoruba, Ajay Crowther, the slave of Nigeria, became the first African bishop. The translation was completed in 1884. Shevets, who translated the Bible If the young Englishman William Carey (1761-1834) dropped out of school, he went to maister to shevtsya. Becoming a Baptist, starting the New Testament and becoming a Baptist preacher. Vin independently mastered Latin, ancient Greek, ancient Jewish, French and Dutch language. Keri, having believed in those who said the words of Jesus: "Go, teach all the people", were not less than apostles, but even to the Christians of the Old Ages. Keri, calling out to his hearers: "Check on the great sight of God... Enter into the great beasts for the sake of God." Zavdyaki yoga exercise 1792 p. a Baptist missionary society was created. Keri in India In 1793 p. William Carey at once from the retinue that chotirma children broke to India. There he made a living, serving as a majstro at the farbi indigo factory, and in the free hour he wielded a sprig of Indian language. Nezabar vin began to translate the Bible of Bengali mine. With an open mind, the Vikonans translated the Bible again into six monastic mov, and the other Bible books were translated into 29 mov, including Sanskrit, Bengali, Marathi and Singalese. Career's colleague, Joshua Marshman, having translated the translation of the Bible in Chinese language, which the Englishman Robert Morrison has already taken up. Most of the Chinese Bible was published in 1823.

Bible and history

Dani, get well at the hour of excavation, often mothers can be impersonal tlumachen, and even the reliability is overwhelmed with goodness. Absolute accuracy is rarely attainable. When did a man show up? How many rocks of the earth? When is Abraham alive? When eating out? How did the conquest of Canaan become a way of invading calls, or as a result of an internal social upheaval? Chi buv Moses the author of the Pentacle? Neither biblical criticism, nor archeological excavations are impossible to give altered views of supply. Some people think that archeology and biblical studies supersede one to one. The problem often lies in the lack of knowledge to adequately understand the biblical text, often in the case of an incorrect clouding of archeological evidence. The deyakі mіstsya could be incorrectly identified, otherwise unprofessional excavations, otherwise the data of the excavations were assessed pomilkovo. Archeology often helps us better understand words, but it’s rare to bring clarity to an important part of the Bible. Vimagati vіd neї already rich - it means wrong to understand її sutnіst.

Destiny of God

The Bible is a collection of books, written in a protracted fashion from the standpoint of Judaic monotheism. The biblical authors did not stop us from writing history in the modern sense; їhnya meta bula - to demonstrate the work of God in Jewish history. The main contribution of archeology to the study of the Bible lies in the fact that for our help we can clarify and better reveal the history, in the context of a biblical faith. The Bible was written not in a vacuum, and under, as in its description, also not in a vacuum. Ancient Jews recognized the influx of cultures of other peoples, they contacted with such stench, and the Bible indicated that infusion, like good, so bad. Biblical archeology penetrates deep into those areas of ancient history, as the people of the Bible gave.

Why is this stone important?

What is the value of archeological evidence for the reader of the Bible? The main contribution of archeology is not to rob in apologetics. Without a doubt, the results of archaeological research have clarified some problems. For example, near the Greek city of Thessaloniki, a writing was found on a stone that avenged the word politarch, this term Luke vgamovu in Diy 17:6 hundred and hundred of Roman power. Critics of the Bible respected the pardon, shards until the end of the day there was no mention of this term. From the other side, all try to know Jericho Josus Naveen or Jerusalem Solomon did bring good luck.

Hvilyuyuchi vіdkrittya

Tim is not smaller, there are a lot of hvilyuyuchih vіdkrittіv, like miraculously іlustruyut Bible: clay prism Sіnakherіb (Sennacherіm), scho gadu tsar Yudeї Ezekіya; the black obelisk of Shalmanassar depicting the Jewish king Iuy bowing down to you; Babylonian chronicle, which gives evidence of the date of the destruction of Jerusalem in 587 BC; The cylinder of Cyrus, which shows that the Persian monarch, having desired the sovereign people, among them, the Jews, to turn in their native lands and renew their place and temples.

Written on a stone pad of the theater yard in Corinth, scho to avenge the name of Erast, the treasure trove, perhaps the very one who had the fortune-telling in Rom 16:23; the winter palace of Iroda the Great in Yerikhon and the place of his burial in Irodion. A well-known archaeologist, the late Roland de Vaux, said: “Archaeology cannot “bring” the Bible. The truth of the Biblical religious authorities… You can neither bring spiritual truth, nor ask, it can be confirmed or discredited by the material knowledge of archaeologists. The Bible was written for the sake of the great world, like a historical narrative... the very confirmation of the “historical” truth of the Bible is checked in the form of archeology”.

The value of archeology

The greatest value of archeology for a person, like living the Bible, at її building place our biblical faith in її ії ії іstorichny context її ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії її ії cultural context, yakom vіdbuvalis bіblіyni podії. For those who love the Bible, there is nothing miraculous, to stand on the Olijny Mountain in Jerusalem and look at the results of archaeological excavations near the Holy Mist: here are part of the walls, inspired by Nehemiah; Axis descend, for the hours of Jesus they led the hill to the Temple; Excavations in Masada, near the Dead Sea (Israel) here is the Ezekiy tunnel, which leads to the Siloamsky headquarters, de Jesus crushing the eyes of the blind; the axis is more beautiful than the stone of the Temple; And like a hvilyuvannya stroll through the chariot of Solomon and Ahab in Megiddo; roam among the ruins of Caesarea Primorskoy, the great place on the Mediterranean Sea, or among the pools, sporzhennyh Essenes in Qumran, where they knew the Dead Sea. The aqueducts of Caesarea, the baths of Masadi and Erichon, the synagogues of Galilee, the water tunnels of Megiddo, Hatzor, Gezer and Rusalim, the fortification of Lachish, the altars of Bethlehem and Mount Ebal, the forums and temples of Samaria and Gerasi, the theaters of Amman and Ephesus, if they were rooted in these months. With our own eyes, we can recognize the places as such, like the stench of the hours of Abraham, Solomon, Jesus and Paul.

Historical context

The story of Jesus begins not with “Once in a distant land…”, but “If Jesus was born to Bethlehem in the days of King Herod…” (Mt 2:1). It’s like miraculously turning the hillock of Yudeya, walking along the streets of Bethlehem, bluffing through Nazareth, riding on the churns of the Sea of ​​Galilee, or walking along the Old Town of Jerusalem. Like praising the shovel of an archaeologist behind the skin, seeing that here, in their own places, in the historical and geographical reality, the most expensive recession in history was transferred to people. The axis of why the value of biblical archeology is for someone who allows you to place the faith in the reality of a long history.