follow-up method – ways of knowing and acknowledging the most outrageous and widely exploited laws of action, of objective reality.

In order for the successor to complete the task, a collection of methods is necessary, facilitating and acquiring scientific knowledge, so that methods of scientific knowledge.

For the purpose of executing specific tasks, the development of the peculiarities of the psyche and the behavior of a person in the process of stososovuetsya impersonal doslіdzhuyut methods. Methods to wash buti choose adequately the essence of the subject that is being twisted, and the product, which is guilty of buti otmany; adequate to the task. It is necessary to use methods from the nature of the studied phenomenon.

The following methods are grouped behind different signs: for equal penetration, daytime sees a group methods of empirical investigation , based on the facts, practice, experiments, that methods of theoretical research, pov'yazanі z abstraguvannyam vіd sensitive reality, pobudovoi models, penetrating the essence of twisted (history, theory).

Main іsl.methods є watch out for that experiment. You can vvazhat using hard science methods. Іsnuє impersonal others, specific for social sciences: the method of conversation, the method of developing processes and products of activity, the method of questioning, the method of testing too.

How can you make it possible to concretize and use the vicor method? specific methods psychological research. For example, if a test is a pre-sliding method, then specific tests appear as a methodology: Kettel's tester, Eysenki and others.

Empirical methods:

1) watchfulness It is one of the widest, and also the most accessible method of developing pedagogical practice. scientific caution - specially organized spriynyattya dosledzhuvannye object in natural minds: a) tasks are set, objects are seen, schemes of caution are formed; b) results of obov'yazkovo are fixed; c) data is withdrawn and processed.

To improve efficiency, be careful, but be trivial, systematic, varied, objective and massive. Іsnuyut and shortcomings: observation does not reveal the inside of the side of ped. phenomena; it is impossible to ensure the complete objectivity of information. Therefore obl. Mostly zastosovuєtsya on the first steps of the following methods.

2) experimental methods:

Rozmova - an independent or supplementary method of investigation, which zastosovuєtsya with the method of taking away the necessary information, or roz'clarification of what was not sufficiently zrozumіlim under the hour of caution. Rozmov to be carried out at the back of the planned food plan, require confirmation. Rozmov is carried out in a free form without writing down the statements of the conspirator. The variety of rozmovi є іnterv'yuvannya, brought to pedagogy from sociology.

Questionnaire - method of mass selection of material from additional questionnaires. Those to whom the questionnaires are addressed, give letters of support.

Interview the last dorimuetsya zazdalegіd namіchenih nutrition, which are asked from the singing sequence. Every hour the interviews will be recorded in public.

The effectiveness of the research, the interview and the questioning is rich in why to lie in the middle and the structure of the food, what are asked. The plan of the interview, the interview, and the questionnaire are the whole meal (food). Steps for folding the power supply:

according to the nature of the information, which must be taken into account;

Ordering an approximate low power, yakі may buti tasks;

Folding of the first floor plan;

Anterior re-checking with a trail of trial follow-up;

Correction of the feeder and the remaining correction.

3) production of products in the activity of scientists : writing, graphic, creative and control robots, little ones, armchairs, details, protection from other disciplines, etc. These robots can give the necessary information about the individuality of learning, about the yogo setting to work, and about the attainment of the rіven, reduce that skill at that chi іnshіy galuzі.

4) Vivchennya school documentation(special certificates of academics, medical records, class journals, student students, protocols of meetings, meetings) reviewed the report with some objective tributes that characterize the practice of organizing the lighting process, which really took shape.

5 ) method ped experiment – the main research method in pedagogy and psychology (like and guarded; zagalnoscientific). specially organized re-verification of this method according to the method, which will be used to show the effectiveness of pedagogical work. Pedagogical experiment - a long-term activity with the method of cultivating causal-native links in pedagogical phenomena, which transfers a long-term model of a pedagogical phenomenon and minds of yogo perebіgu; active work of the pastor on the pedagogical phenomenon; vimiryuvannya vіdguku, the results of the pedagogical influx and vzaєmodії; repeated performance of pedagogical phenomena and processes.

See the following stages of the experiment:

theoretical(statement of the problem, designation of the mark, object and subject of investigation, yoga task and hypothesis);

methodical(development of the methodology for following up on that plan, programs, methods for processing the results);

good experiment- conducting a series of follow-ups (development of experimental situations, caution, control of the confirmation and control of the reactions of the last ones);

analytical- kolkіsnyy and akіsnyy analіz, іnterpretatsіya otrimanih faktіv, formularyuvannya vysnovkіv і practical recommendations.

Distinguish between natural experiment (for the minds of a normal lighting process) and laboratory - a combination of piece minds of reverification, for example, those of a different method of training, if other scientists are isolated from others. The most successful experiment is a natural one. Vіn can be trival chi short.

p align="justify"> Pedagogical experiment can be ascertaining, that it establishes only a real standard in the process, or transforming (developing), if it is purposeful to organize it for the purpose of assigning the minds (methods, forms, and learning of the educational capacity) of the school student . The conversion experiment will require a balance of control groups. Problems of the experimental method for those who need to be good with the technique of doing it, need special delicacy, tact, pedantry from the side of the speaker, in order to establish contacts with testing.

3.7. Methods of pedagogical follow-up

Methods of pedagogical follow-up naming ways, with the help of which pedagogical phenomena are being developed and the task of perfecting that progress in the sphere of development and learning is being violated. At їхнє number enter as a form of the logical idea of ​​the experimenter (general methods, algorithms of rozumovyh processes), and the same procedures, in order to ensure the vikonannya zavdan eksperimentu.

Mayzhe dermal appearance of the experiment is supported by a group of methods. So, є methods of didactic, vocational, private methodological, managerial, laboratory and natural, obmezhenny and mass, yakіsnogo and kіlkіsnogo eksperimentіv i td.

In the middle of the experiment, which is understood as a complex method of investigation, theoretical methods are victorious: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, similarity, analogy, idealization, and experi- ment and induction.

Grouping methods of cultivating specialty, teamwork (sociometrics), dovkіllya.

Nareshti, methods of pedagogical experiment are differentiated by stages of research. In this classification, methods are seen: 1) pedagogical diagnosis; 2) pedagogical forecasting, zocrema planning; 3) organization of experiment, the foundation of scientific organization of practice; 4) shaping, stating and controlling experiments, including parallel and cross; 5) collection and selection of information, including the methods of guarding, working with documents, the results of the activities of the students; 6) processing of experimental data, zocrema of various mathematical methods; 7) promotion of results to the practitioner.

The succession and sequence of zastosovuvannyh methods and acceptances establish a system of methods, otherwise experiment methodology

In the context of psychology, the term "technique" often zastosovuєtsya with the most important "procedures" - the totality of the experimenter, which allows otrimat that chi іnshі іnformatsiyu about the object. For example, sociometric methods - the whole system of procedures for testing, recognizing the significance of the characteristics of groups and collectives.

In the course of the pedagogical experiment, the following methods of development and development (as an object of study) and methods of recognition and development of pedagogical processes and objects (as a result of the experiment) were distinguished. The stench can be tightly knitted, intertwined and twisted. Thus, a control work carried out can defeat the control function (method of knowledge control) in the initial process at once by the method of simulating knowledge in the experiment.

The choice of methods depends on the nature and nature of the goals set and tasks, methodological guidelines and specific minds of the experiment.

The hypothesis is tested to the truth for the help of specially developed (adequately to the subject) methods of investigation. p align="justify"> The follow-up method is the only way, a way to recognize the objective reality.

V.I. Zhuravlyov saw two main principles for the choice of methods for pedagogical research: 1) the principle of the aggregation of methods for research, which, in order to solve any scientific problem, is victorious for one, but a sprat of methods. At the same time, the methods themselves are reconstructed by the rozrahunka for the benefit of their natural presence; 2) the principle of adequacy to the method of the essence of the subject, which is being developed, and to that specific product, which is guilty of being rejected.

Methods of research are subdivided into theoretical and empirical ones.

The main rozumovі operations, scho zastosovuetsya in theoretical methods and research,- Tse analysis, synthesis, alignment, ranking, aggregation, abstraction, concretization, systematization, formalization.

Analysis- Tse rozkladannya doslіdzhuvannya tіlіgo on storіvі elementi, vidіlennya okremіh sign that yakostі yavlya. For example, the lecturer's diary in the lesson can be divided into several components (priyomi splkuvannya, sponukannya, explanatory) and analyze them okremo. Analysis of warehouses of different levels: social-pedagogical, organizational-didactic, special, operational and others. (in philosophical, psychological, pedagogical, didactic, methodical aspects).

Look at the analysis: classificatory, structural (there are clear blues and interrelationships), functional (there are functional dependencies), causal (the causal mindfulness of the manifestations is revealed).

Synthesis– the purpose of the resurrection of elements in the whole structure. So, posterіgayuchi lesson, doslіdnik z'yasovuє, yakі chіnі dіyah uchnіv vіdbuvayutsya for zmіni іy teacher.

Analysis and synthesis are closely intertwined, so the successor may still have the same distinctions between them.

Porivnyannia polygaє at the designated imitations or between the appearances. When povіvnіnіnі doslednik may nasampered vyznachiti yogo basis - criterion.

Ranking- Tse way, for the help of which they turn on all the other rows, which do not exactly pour into the final appearance. The ranking gives the opportunity to reveal the smut and the identification of other facts.

Uzagalnennya. Dolіdzhuyuchi the phenomenon, it is necessary to see the main features, and zagalnyuvati їх. The more the original sign of the appearances was recognized by the division, the more the recognition was proved.

Abstraction. This operation allows you to see the same side in a “clean look”, so that in such a way you don’t really see it. For example, in order to motivate the schoolchildren of the past student to sing their motives, needs, interests, and other things (body parameters, color of the hair of that eye) are not taken to respect.

Concretization- Tse znakhodzhennya private, scho vіdpovіdaє zagalnym kriterіyu, pіdvedennya pіd ponyattya. Concretization allows you to understand more clearly.

Systematization. This operation is necessary in order to systematize and classify the phenomena, so that they can be divided among the meanings of the group from the singing (tasks by the last) substituents.

Formalization. The right science can only be based on abstract ideas, the last reflections of people, which flow in logical and modern forms at a glance to understand, judgment, visnovkiv.

Before theoretical methods one can see the method of unity of historical and logical and the method of modeling.

The method of unity historical and logical. Pedagogues often have “translations” (ideas of developing and problematic education, individual approach and others). New ideas are interpreted in such a way that they are blamed irrespective of the past, that one of the most serious and most important methodological tasks of advancing the theoretical level of pedagogy is to establish in them the optimal development of historical and logical ambushes.

It is necessary to pay attention to the primacy of the first and the secondness of the other. Historical - the purpose, which is objectively true. It is more logical in view of the historical and rozum form of yoga. Otzhe, under the historical understanding of the development (development) of the subject, under the logical one - the end of the movement of the omnipotent people.

Qi cobs are closely intertwined. The historical method is without logical blindness, and the logical method is non-objective without embracing the real history of the object. For whom, abstract-theoretical analysis of the object dominates with the logical method, and concrete-historical - with the historical one.

The peculiarities of the logical method are those that allow one to look at the phenomenon from a greater point, the process reaches its full maturity. For the follow-up of folding objects that are being developed, the historical method is used. Vіn vikoristovuєtsya seldom there, de so chi іnakshe the subject of research is the history of the object.

Modeling. The method of modeling is such a deep-scientific method of investigation, in which it is not the object of knowledge itself that is being developed, but rather the image of the so-called model, but the result of the investigation is transferred from the model to the object. The wedding of that third object is carried out after the help of the wedding of another object, in a similar way to the first one, with further transfer to the first object of the results of the wedding of another. Whose other object is called model first. In science, there is a substitution model, a manifestation model, an interpretation model, a follow-up model. Modeling is the process of inducing a model.

Science model- all ideas are presented or the system is materially implemented, so that it adequately represents the subject of research and replaces it so that the development of the model allows you to take new information about the object. The main advantage of modeling is the integrity of the presentation of information. Hundreds of years of pedagogy developed as a head rank with additional analysis - dismemberment of the whole part; synthesis like this was not good. Modeling is based on a synthetic approach: the whole system is selected and continues to function.

Modeling is successfully implemented for optimizing the structure of the initial material, improving the planning of the initial process, managing the cognitive activity and managing the initial-vicinal process (diagnostics, forecasting, designing).

Modeling to serve the coming goals: a) heuristic - for the classification, recognition, significance of new laws, encourage new theories and interpretations of data; b) experimental - on the top of the problem of empirical verification (verification) of the hypothesis with additional operation with other models; c) calculus - to solve calculus problems with additional models.

The model picks up the object not without a middle, but through the collection of goals directed by the subject:

Model construction;

Experimental and (or) theoretical analysis of the model;

Statement of the results of the analysis with the characteristics of the original;

The manifestation of differences between them;

Model correction;

Interpretation of acquired information, explanation of manifestations of authorities, connections;

Practical re-verification of the results of modeling. The epistemological essence of scientific models lies in the fact that they allow systematically and specifically to express knowledge about the subject, its functions, parameters and other. The main recognition of the model is to explain the sequence of data that lies before the subject of recognition.

Before empirical methods next to include: caution, pedagogical experiment, methods of pedagogical experiments, analysis of the results of the initial activity of students and schoolchildren, analysis of that recognition of advanced pedagogical knowledge and experience.

Empirical data of the best are processed by the methods of mathematical statistics, as well as by the methods of pedagogical research.

Method of caution.Science caution– tse specially organized spryynyattya doslіdzhuvannyy object, the process of appearing in natural minds. Vidminnist scientific caution against everyday life, everyday life in the offensive:

Tasks are being appointed, objects are being seen, a scheme of guardianship is being developed;

The results of the obov'yazkovo are fixed;

Withdrawn data are processed.

On the promotion of efficiency, caution can be trivial, systematic, raznobіchny, objective, mass.

The main vimogi to caution: purposefulness, planning, systematicity, objectivity, binding of results fixation.

See the following warning:

- no middleі mediated. A series of bezperednіm quilting move is to be practiced and mediated, if the process of attachments itself, and even the picture can be fixed for any kind of show-offs;

– sucilne and discrete. The first ones are the processes in a full-length look, from the cob to the end, the others are dotted, vibrating fixation of appearances, processes;

- Vіdkrite ta konspіrativne. The first means that we try out the fact of their scientific control, and the validity of the report is accepted visually. Conspiratively guarded conveying the fact of the prihovannoy vіdstezhennya dіy pіddіdnih;

– longitudinal(Late, trivale) and retrospectively(probably until the past).

The follow-up care is organized from three positions: 1) neutral, from the position of the core of the pedagogical process for the inclusion of the follower into the real natural activity; 2) the student himself taught the lesson, along with practical goals and tasks; 3) the last one to enter the structure of the dії pіddoslidnyh like an ordinary vikonavtsa of all pіznavalnyh operations at the same time from the teachings.

The means of fixing the materials of the guardianship can be protocol, shchadennikov's records, video and film recording, phonographic records, etc.

The method of caution for all yoga possibilities allows you to reveal only the most obvious pedagogical facts. It is impossible for those who use it to ensure the complete objectivity of information.

Experimental methods. p align="justify"> Methods of follow-up of pedagogical processes, founded on the basis of verbal (verbal) inputs from the students on the basis of stoic inputs, are called experiential. They come for help: talks, interviews, questionnaires, tests.

The advantages of experimental methods are: quickness of extraction, possibility of withdrawal at wide boundaries of a given topic, possibility of mathematical processing of the taken information, equal ease of taking a large number of data.

Opituvannya can be social and vibratory, individual and group, full-time and correspondence, voice and anonymous.

Zagalnі vymogi to opituvalnyh metodiv: 1) vіdpovіdnіst podan tsіlyam i zavdannyam doslіdzhennya; 2) adequately fermentation of vimiruvanih indicatives in the mind of the food; 3) neutrality and unambiguousness of nutrition, which ensures the greatest objectivity of opinions; 4) availability and understanding of food; 5) self-sufficiency of actions; 6) dovircha psychological situation for an hour of treatment.

There are three main types of experimental methods used by teachers: interviews, interviews and questionnaires.

Rozmova- This method of extracting information on the basis of the verbal interpretation of the experimenter is tested in the form of a free dialogue on a single topic. Besіda vymagaє especially maisternosti: gnuchkostі chuynostі, vmіnnya zvіnnya zvіnnya zvіnnya zvіnnya zvіnnya zvіnja і vodno rozmovu na predetermined channel, rozumіtisya svіvrozmovnik’s emotional camps, reacting z їkhnyoї zmeni.

Interview It seems to me that the experimenter is less likely to put power on, and less likely to test them.

It is very important to move the interview and keep the information fixed. It is necessary to practice the report (navit literal) fixation of evidence (with the help of shorthand, stenography); Prote vikoristannya microphone nebazhane, because the situation is more shackling.

Opituvalnі methods of cultivating pedagogical problems are equally simple with the organization and universal yak otrimannya data of a wide thematic spectrum.

Questionnaire- the same method of mass collection of material for the help of specially divided pits, as they call questionnaires. This method is more productive, documentary, flexible for the possibilities of obtaining information. Questionnaires are based on allowances, that a person at the door confirms the supply. You can see this kind of questionnaire:

contact(required when distributing, completing and collecting completed questionnaires by the next person in case of uninterrupted yogo testing and testing);

in absentia(organized for additional correspondent contacts. Questionnaires with instructions are sent by mail, returned in the same way to the address of the next organization);

press(implemented through a questionnaire, published in the newspaper. After the filling of such questionnaires by readers, the editorial staff will remove the data, apparently to the purposes of scientific and practical, I will think about experimentation).

Types of questionnaires: vodkrita(revenge nutrition without accompanying ready-made responses to the choice of tested), closed type(instructed in such a way that on the skin the questions are ready for the choice of recommendations to be surveyed), zmishana(to avenge the elements of tієї аnd іnshої. Part of the vіdpovіdey proponuєtsya on vibrіr i at the same time free rows are left with the proposition to formulate vіdpovіd, scho to show for the interpronunciation of food), anonymous, exactly urіzana, propaedeutic and controllable.

Pedagogical experiment. An experiment (Latin expe-rimentum - test, proof, testing) - to follow up any phenomena with a path of active infusion on them for the help of creation of new minds, which confirms the goals of the follow-up, or through the change of the flow to the necessary direct. Pedagogical experiment - tse scientific statements to complete the transformation of the pedagogical process in the minds, which is exactly wrong.

As a powerful methodological tool, the teacher-experimenter can recommend the modeling method (reporting about the new marvel).

See the pedagogical experiment. The skin of a specific experiment hovers a small part of the initial-vichalal process, introducing to a new low pedagogical inputs, subsequent procedures and organizational features. The originality of the use of these signs (components) determines the type of experiment.

The area of ​​pedagogical phenomena, which lends itself to experimental infusions, gives the last few specific possibilities that encirclement. Fallow view follow-up sides of the pedagogical process see this kind of experiment: a) didactic (smist, methods, learning); b) higher education (ideological and political, moral, labor, aesthetic, atheistic, ecological development); c) private (acquired ZUN in the subject); d) managerial (democratization, optimization, organization of the primary and secondary process); e) complex.

Pedagogical experiment buvaє ієyu chi іnshoy іnshoy po'azanі іz umіzhnymi naukіvіh areas і in tsikh vypadakh іє psiholo-pedagogіchnіch, sієlо-pedagogіchnіm, mediko-pedagogіchnіm, pedagogіchnіchny ekonomіchniy zhoshcho.

The scale (volume) of the experiment is assigned to us in front of the number of objects that take the fate of the new one. Distinguish: a) individual experiment (continued one by one objects); b) a group experiment, from which a group of schoolchildren, classes, teachers, learners take the part; obmezheniya (vibrkovy); c) mass.

The mass experiment among the Russians with the experiment has a number of advantages: they allow you to make more important tasks, to choose richer material and to work more edging.

Pedagogical experiments can be reviewed:

For ohopleniem tієї chi іnshoyї part of the illuminating process (internal, interdisciplinary, internal school (high school), interschool, regional - district, city only);

By trivality (short-hours - no more than one situation, a lesson; average trivality - ring between the same ones, four, midnight, first rock; trivals - long-term, longitudinal, that oohlyuyut rocks and dozens of later days);

per tsіlі(constant - to blame the IS -TEACHECHICHICHICH, the COMPLY OF GOTIVKOVYA ZUN; translated, clarifying, submarine, - transferred to the gypothesis, shall be imposed, fortunate, re -fan -up, formed, and formed, and formed, and formed by the process. , yakі zgіdno zgіdno with the hypothesis of guilt to increase the efficiency of the initial process, control - to be carried out after a certain interval an hour after the initial, with the method of manifestation of their results);

per zmistom(pervnyalny: in one class, training is conducted on the basis of some methods or on the same initial material, and in others - on the basis of other, possibly newer methods; the next hour is given another, third, etc.);

per the month of the event(natural - scientific organization of the verification of the hanging hypothesis without destroying the primary-spiritual process and the laboratory process, which is transferred to a specially possessed destination, specially created ancient minds);

per the nature of the(parallel and cross).

Testing. The test (in English te-t - test, testing, follow-up) is a complete nutrition and task, which is presented to the tested person with the method of vimiruvannya (diagnosis) of his special characteristics. The assessment of the test is carried out according to the number of correct results on the ordinal (or interval) scale.

The test method allows to take more objective and accurate data based on questionnaire surveys, making it easier to analyze results mathematically. Protesting is done by other methods for the depth of acid analysis, allowing for the testing of various possibilities of self-expression.

In foreign psychology, that pedagogical testing is much more widespread; in our country, the development of dough-years until the end of the day was galvanized: officially, tests were victorious only for the purposes of professional education, psychopathological diagnostics, and the development of the physiological abilities of people in various sports and other areas. In this hour of tіsto-logіchnі doslіdzhennya start zastosovuvatisya in schools to re-verify knowledge, reduce that new learner.

The control program, laid down by the test, may have a global, global status (standardization test) or a global, local, self-made (non-standardization test). Standardization of the test transfers the creation of a single-mandate test, the procedure for conducting and evaluating the test tasks. Such a test will be based on a serious scientific and methodological basis and will be reviewed on a large scale of the last ones. After the number of wines, it is accepted as an interval scale for estimating tієї chi іnshої akostі (and is called standardized).

In the practice of mass pedagogical experimentation, there are adapted tests (species of standardized) and tests that are independently developed by teachers and methodologists. Therefore, the results of the current zastosuvannya may be obmezhena nadіynіst.

See the tests. Fallow view spheres that make diagnostics, rozrіznyayut viprobuvannya spetsіalnyh zdіbnosti, іnteresіv, attitudes, values; tests to diagnose interspecific blues; tests of the success of students, the recognition of professional skill. In psychology, there are tests of achievement, intelligence, creativity (advantages), design, specialty and others.

There are two types of tests: dryness tests (an hour of coldness) and tightness tests (an hour is enough).

per straightness see tests of intellectual, diagnostic, classification, analytical.

Expansion beyond the cordon test kіlkіsnogo rіvnja rozumovogo rіvnі dіtei vengeance nіlkіst nіlkіst nіtаnі zavdan. For the help of a table, for a long list of examples on the great contingent of the last ones, the number of correct statements and the decision to be translated from the best example. On the thought of more psychologists, the coefficient of intellect is estimated by the main rank of the training level of knowledge, the degree of specialization to culture, and not the basic characteristic of the qualities of intellect.

Kіlkіsnі methods. Yakіst - tse sukupnіst authority, scho show, scho є subject, chim vin є; Sound like a rozkrivaєtsya with an additional inventory sign. Kіlkіst vyznaє razmіri, scho ototnjuєєєєєє z іroyu, number. Yakіsne and kіlkіsne are indistinctly connected, to that they were traced to unity.

While in the exact sciences it is possible to build up to a given value equal to a homogeneous value, taken as a unit (etalon), then there are no such standards for psychological and pedagogical parameters. Moreover, more of these parameters (signs, power, power, factors) are attached (latent), about them you can judge only side by side, that is closer. For example, given the test of creativity (the sum of the right decisions), which is impossible to increase in size, for vimiryuvannya such a test.

Pedagogical vimir naming the operation assigned to objects and to the authorities of digital displays is consistent with the rules. In the pedagogical experiment, there are some of the main methods of vimir, which are called vimiruvalny scales (nominal, ordinal, and interval scales). Shkalyuvannya є assigning to doslіdzhuvanim characteristics of digital values ​​(balіv).

Nominal the scale (name scale) subdivides all objects into groups according to the sign (identity). For further processing of information, skin marks are given a digital code. There is no such thing as an equal number of references between objects in the nominal scale.

Apply

A. Uchnі class is subdivided into two categories and is assigned: girl - 01, lads - 02.

B. Groups of violators of the discipline and their designation (coding): in the classroom - 1, on the street - 2, at home - 3.

Poryadkov the scale is recognized for the vimir (designation) degree of authority, whether it be signs of power in different objects. The most important butt of the ordinal scale is the five-point system for evaluating ZUN uchniv. For her, the criteria are broken down and the method of vimiryuvannya. It is much more convenient to set up an ordinal scale for calculus assessments of other aspects of particularity (in the process of learning). Here there are a few different ordinal scales: a) ranking (number); b) grouping (ranking by groups); c) the guy is matched; d) rating method; bud) method of polar profiles.

At ranking doslіdzhuvanі ob'єkti are in order (arranged in a row) after the level of expression, be it as it should be. The first place in this row is borrowed by the object with the highest equal of given quality, which hopes for the best ball (the number of values ​​is chosen quite enough). Then the skin object of the ranged series is given lower marks, depending on the number of jobs.

With the best method rating the object is assessed by the averaged judgment of a group of competent experts. Mayuchi zagalnі scriterії ї ії іnki (on the ordinal scale, іn balls), eksperti nezalezhno one vіd one (in the written form) to blame their judgement. The average result of the expert assessment - rating - to complete the objective.

Method polar profiles transmitting stosuvannya from the assessment of the mental scale, with extreme exact values, such as the protilezhny signs (for example, kind - evil, warm - cold thin. p.). The gap between the poles is divided into a large number of parts (balls).

Butt

The assessment of the level of confidence in the candidate for the selected tenure is given on the polar scale: (I trust fully) 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 (I do not trust them).

Interval the scale, or the interval timer, is the one assigned to the objects of digital displays. The interval scale transfers the songs between the okremi (two be-yakim) numbers on the scale. The zero point of the scale is chosen sufficiently. Apply interval scales: temperature scales of standardized intelligence testing.

Scale vіdnosin vіdіznyаєtsya vіd іnintervalії їz tim, її її zero point її not suffice, but vkazuє on pvnu vіdsutnіst vіmіryuvanої dominionіvostі. Here you can see all the calculus of data that are taken away during the re-arahunka of objects, be it a multiplier (the number of students, the number of lessons is too small).

Social metrics(methods) recognition of the cultivation of interspecific varicose veins in groups and collectives. The stench vikoristovuyutsya all vishcheperelіchenі priyomiomi nominal and ordinal scaling, and basics їх їх їх їх їмаї ї orobki the characteristics of groups and kolektivіv uchnіv.

For the help of sociometric methods, you can signify:

1) sociometric index of the specialty of the team (S=R+ / N- 1, de S - index value; R+- number of positive choices; N- 1 - the number of partners in the team minus one;

2) the place of the individual in the team, the leaders and about the “outliers”;

3) mutually roztashuvannya viprobuvanih one to one that іn.

Traditional pedagogical methods the current pedagogy has fallen into decline in the fields of science that stood in the wake of the revolutions in pedagogical science - Plato and Quintilian, Comenius and Pestalozzi and others. Qi methods described below, zastosovuyutsya dosі.

Vivchennya dosvidu in sensi means organized cognitional activity, directing the establishment of historical links in vihovannia, the separation of the slanderous, stable in the navachal-vyhovennye systems.

U framework archival method Relatively scientific analysis is provided with materials that help to understand the day, turns and sequence of development of these and other problems (reminders of ancient writing, legislative acts, projects, names, additional, primary and secondary programs).

Metoyu graduation of school documentationє the establishment of causal-hereditary deposits, the interrelationship of subsequent phenomena, the selection of valuable statistical data. Class magazines, books of minutes of meetings and meetings, layout of the first tasks, rules of internal order, calendar and lesson plans for students, abstracts, programs of lessons are used as sources of information.

Analysis of student creativity,зокрема домашніх та класних робіт з усіх навчальних предметів, творів, рефератів, звітів, продуктів художньої та технічної творчості практикується при вивченні індивідуальних особливостей учнів, їх інтересів, нахилів, ставлення до справи та своїх обов'язків, рівня розвитку старанності, старанності тощо. This method is based on a resolute planning, a correct choice, a nice follow-up with warnings and conversations.

Pedagogy of victorists is also low in instrumental methods in physiology and medicine. Zastosovuyutsya different combinations of methods.

Be-yaké doslіdzhennya pochinaetsya s formularyuvannya problems. The problem itself can be blamed in the course of the practical activity of the next one, or the other theoretical studies, and regardless of the nature of the blamed problem and її analysis, reading the purpose and obgruntuvannya zdiisnyuyutsya us in front of the help of theoretical methods of follow-up.

Method historical-historical analysis allow acquaintance of the pastor with a source of nourishment from literature, historical decline, scientific monographs and publications. Doslednik weaves the history of the development of nutrition, analyzes and analyzes the difference, approaches the problem, robs the visnovka and the aggravation. Analyzing all the victories of the known scientific understanding, devising one’s own position until the revelation of the present day.

Method modeling- nachno-figurative characterization of the subsequent processes and appearances for additional schemes, armchair, short verbal characteristics, descriptions. In other ways, modeling allows you to describe pedagogical phenomena with additional matrices, signs, and mathematical formulas. The model does not represent a phenomenon, which is constantly being twisted, but it is yoga idealization, singing forgiveness. The models have a significant element of intelligence and creative understanding by the contributor. However, it does not reduce the scientific value of the modelling, as it allows it to appear in the presence of other, other-row warehouses, which are to be seen, to see the main, system-creating and system-original links and factors.

Causal and inherited analysis. Cause those apparitions are called, as if calling out chi change another apparition. A manifestation that calls out or changes by a cause is called last.Causality- tse such a link of manifestations, for such a manifestation-cause, it will always give rise to a manifestation-consequence. The reason for that effect, as a rule, may be folded in mutual connection. The effect, as it were, is generated by the cause, and by its very own blackness, it infuses the cause, which significantly complicates the process of establishing the fact of causality. Revealing, analyzing and explaining these links and allow the reader to more deeply penetrate into the essence of the phenomenon, which turns out to be correct.

Method content analysis- a method that allows you to take objective information about the food on the basis of the analysis of the main meanings of the individual and the form of information. When documenting documents, it is necessary to determine their equal value for follow-up, reliability and adequacy of the problem, know the methods by which the fixing in data documents was taken.

Empirical methods of follow-up

Pedagogical caution- without middle, goal-directed adoption of the pedagogical process in natural minds. Starting to be careful, the doslidnik is guilty of the nobility, that with some method to guard, like a long time, what a result will be cleared up. It is possible to proceed to guarding only for the obviousness of the necessary knowledge, to reduce the scope and methodology of carrying out guarding. Caution is effective with a well-thought-out and clear plan. It is necessary for the follower to keep a correct watch, to select facts objectively, to fix the results, to reveal causal and hereditary links in the evidence, to work on the correct vysnovka and recognition.

It is possible to record, keep a record, draw up protocols, take shorthand, record on video, tape recorder; take pictures, make a movie.

Caution by call h object vyvchennya can buti uninterruptedі mediating, vidkritimiі close, on sign of the hour- uninterrupted, discrete(revised parts), monographic(already three reports). Effectively so called turn on caution, if the child takes an active part in the life and activities of the children (for example, children in the minds of the primary and secondary process, posterigach becomes a teacher or a classy kerivnik). When the caution is turned on, natural blues are added, there is not a lot of piecework in the sights.

In the rest of the hour, the method is widely victorious chained guard carrying out guarding at specially recognized classes through a mirror-like wall or behind an additional closed television installation. The attachment of caution allows you to follow the behavior of the natural minds. The organization of the chained guardianship vimagaє in the case of the last day to the tact.

In okremi modes, you can use the method self-care.

Wash the carried out warning: purposefulness, systematicity, trivality, variability, objectivity, massity, dotrimanya tact.

The method of vigilance allows you to see the phenomena and processes in natural minds, which has value. Проте спостереження вимагає тривалого часу, який завжди досліджуване явище може бути доступне спостереженню, одні дослідник спостереженням неспроможна охопити велика кількість об'єктів, під час спостереження у фіксації фактів та його інтерпретації має місце суб'єктивний підхід дослідника, спостерігаються лише зовнішні прояви досліджуваного.

Steps of caution: vyznachennya zavdan that meti; choice of object, subject and situation; choose the method of caution, which is the least influencing the follow-up of the object and the most safe selection of information; choice of methods of registering a guardian; processing and interpretation of information.

Experience: interviews, questionnaires, interviews. Rozmova- the dialogue of the doslidnik with the test for a distant folded program. Rozmova, carried out specially for the nutritionists, allowing for rich aspects of the past events, assessments and positions of the past, their feelings and experiences, the motives of others and others. Efficiency of rozmov to lie down in the mind of the last person to establish friendly stosunki in the course of the conversation. Rozmov allows you to correctly direct Rozmov in the right direction, to vary the nutrition of the shortest and unambiguous understanding of their minds. Vіdpovіdі vyprobovanogo podovnyuyutsya sobistnym vrazhennyami vіd spіlkuvannya іz it. It is necessary for Rozmov to record, or rather, either on a dictaphone, take it out of the field of dawn (I know that the recording is going on), or immediately after the memory.

Rozmova is a foldable way, by which not all successors can speed up. At the end of the story, you can take your right thoughts and experiences, introduce the follower into Oman.

Interview - different kind of besid, but even more straightened out the assessment of the assessments and position of the interviewed. The interview, as a rule, is carried out in advance of the preparation of food, from one side, and the preparation of the answers, from the other side, in order to improve their breadth and accuracy to make it worthwhile.

Under the hour of conversation, that interview can be won and so called projective method, the essence of what is supposed to be in the fact that an experienced thought should be put on the spot of another person in a specially designed visual situation: "Yak bi vy vvychili, yakbi ..."

Withdrawal of information about the typicality of that chi other phenomenon in the great group questionnaire. When questioning, it is necessary to know and understand such things:

• a detailed selection of accurate and correct nutrition, which is the most common way to visualize the presence, which is being twisted, and to give reliable information;
• selection of direct and indirect feeds, which allow you to clarify the evidence, determine their truthfulness;
• the unambiguity of food and the validity of the hint in their formulae;
• victoria vodcritih(If you can get drunk on your thoughts), shut up questionnaires (with an interchange of variant of answers), zmіshanikh;
• re-verification of the prepared questionnaire for a small number of the last ones and the introduction of the necessary corrections.

Tsіkavі polar questionnaires ball score. Such questionnaires are selected for self-assessment and assessment of others. For example, it is required to educate all members of the group for low moral indicators: fair 5 4 3 2 1 unfair, kind 5 4 3 2 1 unkind.

In the rest of the hour, waving at the collective, teachers often victorious method of sociometric questionnaires (sociometry):"Z kim bi ti hotiv buti in one group (for us, friend toshko)?" etc.

The results of questionnaire surveys, interviews and interviews are collected by special statistical and machine methods. Methods of experimentation allow you to select a different number of people, tsikava for the final information. For the help of questionnaires, you can find a large array of surveyed, competently folded and closed questionnaires are processed for the help of electronic rachunk machines. However, there is always an element of innocence for a nurse, and often there are mild differences, which are given, not for all age groups and not in all situations, it is possible to conduct a questionnaire.

Method of rating and self-assessment. Rated method - the method of assessing the quiet chi іnshih storіn іyalnostі competent courts (experts). Before the selection of experts, there are sings of greatness: they seem to be competent, creative, creative tasks, are positively placed up to expertise, be fair, objective, self-critical. For the rating, you can win polar questionnaires.

Korisno for objectively acquired information to win self-assessment methods for the program compiled by the contributor.

In the course of the analysis of the captured information, it is possible to block ranking method, if the causes are revealed, they will grow in the order of growth, or the change in the stage of їх will be manifested, or those other signs (phenomenon) will be roztashovuyutsya fallow in the їхної significance from the position of the person who is assessing. For example, roztashuvat for equal significance for the next last proponation of the motives of marriage.

The method of specifying independent characteristics promotes the objectivity of visnovkiv. The essence of the method is to complete the collection of the last piece of information that came from different sources. For example, looking at the person of the schoolboy, the last student will take away information about the new teacher, the leader of the group of the last day, the best stoner, batkiv, one-year-old, the blacksmith of the group toshcho.

Method of pedagogical consultation (Розроблений Ю. К. Бабанським) передбачає колективне обговорення результатів вивчення вихованців за певною програмою та єдиними ознаками, колективне оцінювання тих чи інших сторін особистості, виявлення причин можливих відхилень у сформованості тих чи інших рис особистості, колективне вироблення засобів подолання виявлених недоліків.

Vivchennya and analysis of documentation, products of activity allows you to collect specific material about the final process of that phenomenon. So, the study of students' knowledge can give not only a few materials about the knowledge of the subject, but also about the work of the teacher. The study of students' work (drawings, works, students, etc.) helps to reveal the different interests of students, distinguish the peculiarities of their ideas, appearance, judgment and assessments, the level of formation of primary minds.

Pedagogical testing- Purpose-directed obstezhennya, which is carried out in strictly controlled minds, which allows for the help of specially divided tasks (tasks, interviews) to objectively improve the characteristics of the pedagogical process.

More zastosovuvannyh pedagogical tests to do simple, accessible, can be automated presentation and processing of results (with the help of a computer, the simplest technical devices). For pedagogical purposes, they are most often victorious tests of success, tests of elementary minds, tests of diagnostics of the level of training and development. Most often, vicorist tests are needed to avenge the nutrition of that sprat (no less than a few) of the options. Widely zastosuvannya in pedagogical practice and pedagogical achievements took away psychological tests. When victoring such tests, it is necessary to respect tact, not to speak out the results, not to work with the subject of discussion, to maintain confidentiality and anonymity when reviewing and analyzing the results. A whole series of special psychological tests (MMP1, Wexler, Rorschach and other colors) that are victorious in the robots of professional psychologists independently or without prior and retal consultation, rather than not victorious: stench is often labor-hours during special knowledge to process the obtained results. For the needs of their victories from their senior robots, they are hired for help to qualifying psychologists.

Vivchennya that uzgalnennya pedagogical certificate gives valuable material to the researcher. It is not uncommon for a teacher to know about solutions to complex problems in his creative search (suggestion by V. F. Shatalov, S. N. Lisenkova and others). The object of marriage can be mass dosvid - revealing current trends; negative report - for revealing characteristic shortcomings and pardons; advanced dosvid - for revealing that recognition of the innovative search of readers.

see two types of pedagogical advanced education: pedagogical maisternistі innovation.

Maisternist -vmіle, rationale and complex voicing by the teacher of the recommendations of science. Vivchennya, how to shy the teacher - the master to bring a clear understanding of the development of technology in the implementation of science into practice. Pedagogical innovationPedagogical Dosvіd, scho vengeance іnnovatsіynі іdkhodі v svorennі pedagogіchnії іyalnostі.

Criteria for innovative certification:

• novelty: in the introduction of new positions in science to the effective zastosuvannya already in the position and rationalization of other aspects of pedagogical activity;
• effectiveness and efficiency: high level of education, development and development of development;
• Vіdpovіdnіst vimog pedagogіki, ​​psihologii methods. High results can be taken away with the help of different unacceptable methods of training, training and stimulation, but there is no positive value;
• stability and repeatability the results of a trivial period for an hour of wrestling to reach the end;
• confirmation the possibility of repetition by other teachers with such a result;
• optimality to reach the whole pedagogical process: achieving high results with minimal effort and effort as a teacher, so and students, without the need to act on the accomplishment of any other equally important pedagogical tasks (V. I. Zagvyazinsky).

Vivchennya that uzgalnennya dosvidu zdiisnyuetsya at the offensive sequence:

• a description of the evidence for the urahuvannyam guarding, rozmo, opituvan, vvchennya documents;
• classification of warning signs, their clouding, introduction of rules;
• the establishment of causal and inherited links and the mechanism of mutual interaction between the different sides of the primary and secondary process, their assessment: the identification of the methods of that work of the teacher and the development, which lead to a high result.

To find the best pedagogical certificate can be blindly copied, the shards of faults are rich in what the specialty of the teacher, whose certificate is obtained, in a different way, means deep scientific analysis and understanding.

Dosledzhenny pedagogical phenomena have such an understanding, like completed work- one of the methodology of pedagogy. M. N. Skatkin, having taken into account that the last work is becoming an independent method of doing it, seven won:

• put on the basis of the data obtained by science, apparently to a theoretically substantiated hypothesis;
• I transform reality, create new things;
• accompanied by deep analysis and visnovki. The work was completed during the period of trial testing of the hypothesis before the organization of the experiment and after the experiment for re-verification in practice of removing the changes and recommendations.

Finished work- tse widely put the re-verification of the results of the introduction of something new, experimental into mass practice for a distantly divided program. The bagatorichnu last re-verification was carried out by the experimental programs of training at the pochatkovy school, developed by the ceramics of L. V. Zankov and V. V. Davidov. The final revision will be passed by new assistants and chief assistants, first of all, become mass. The report of the work gives more than a wild statement about the effectiveness and inadequacy of the congestion of that chi іnshoy zasobu, ієї chi іnshої systems of robots, which appeared as a result of the zastosuvanni of the system, for which it is not effective. What was the cause, what was the last, can be explained only with the help of a specially organized pedagogical experiment.

Pedagogical experiment. Be careful in the pedagogical process, which naturally proceeds, do not start to be effective, moreover, it is necessary to reconsider those chi and other admissions, which are blamed on the last one, to show not vipadkovy, but regular connections, reverify the proposed method, the proposed method. With the help of the vision of the head of the organization, a pedagogical experiment is organized, the essence of which is that the successor creates a planned organization of the situation. experiment- actively involved in the subject of follow-up due to the set follow-up goals; scientific statements dosvіd transformation of the pedagogical process in the minds, which is exactly wrong. The experiment allows you to see the appearance, which is twisted, from a number of others, purposefully change the mind of the appearance of the appearance, or the process, repeat the surroundings of the appearance, which are twisted in similar or changing minds.

see stages of experimental follow-up the stage of follow-up, if there are evidence of pedagogical phenomena, clarifying, when the hypothesis is being verified, transformative(creative, what form), if on the basis of ascertaining that theoretical understanding, new pedagogical phenomena are introduced and their truth is changed. The experiment can be trivalimі short-time The best objective assessment of the credibility of the model developed by the last model is given by a reliable re-verification of the achievements of the minds of the Masovo school.

The experiment can be naturalі laboratory. nature experiment, an experiment that takes place in natural or close to them minds, if the participants in the experiment do not know about inclusion before the new. The doslidnik himself can play the role of a teacher (sweeper), so that all guards over this move are chained, and the teacher knows, and the children are silent.

Laboratory experiment- an experiment to be carried out at a specially owned laboratory (class, audience only). Special laboratory methods can be tested (computer testing on the cob and in the course of the experiment, post-posterigach, which is in the class and in.).

For an hour of conducting a pedagogical experiment, call, organize as a minimum two groups of children: controlі experimental. Comparison of the results of the experiment in the experimental group with the control group, with the equality of the deepest minds of the development of pedagogical activity and allows the work of visnovo about the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of the experiment.

The strong side of the pedagogical experiment is those who appear, who are twisted, individually organized, corrected in the process of their implementation and in the process of their implementation and in the process of practice, they come to their understanding and development. Tse vimagaє significantly less time spent, lower with caution, to try to take away the results by proving and proving them. It is not enough for the experiment that people, if they know that they are participants in the experiment (that’s the reader of the experiment), don’t behave like that, as if the stinks were carried out in great minds, so that you can create a real picture of the pedagogical phenomenon that you are learning.

Under the methodology of pedagogical follow-up, there is a lot of principles, methods, methods, techniques, procedures, and organization of good work, tobto. cultivating pedagogical phenomena, cultivating scientific problems in the primary and secondary process.

What is the methodology of pedagogical follow-up

At this year's time, the bogey of pedagogical science has been uncovered. These methods, which have historically been formed for a long time, have already become traditional, but they are the same, which have become known notably recently, but they are being created. Recycling earlier in the house; The modern computer is victorious, and that video technology is counted.

Classification

Methods of pedagogical follow-up, if wisely, can be subdivided into great groups: global science and concrete pedagogy. Possibility of such a subdivision: methods of theoretical research, modeling, formalization, theory of immovability; systemic, structural-functional, statistical analysis. We do not sing on their characteristics.
Є th method and practical (on the basis of the theoretical), may zavdannya creation, selection and organization of empirical material - the facts of pedagogical smist, products of spiritual activity.
Establish a classification of methods for following up on the accumulated information, developing the pedagogical process in natural minds, those - in specially changed minds, for the method of processing and analyzing data collected.

Pedagogical dzherela: underwater stone food

First, go down to the week of feeding the methods of follow-up, insolently: dzherela rework the methods. You need to think like this: before that, how to set up methods as an instrument of follow-up, you need to mother the basis of facts and the facts themselves. For the stench itself spurs the student, having touched the pedagogical problem, to formulate it at the sight of a scientific problem, and then turn back to the methods of investigation. In short, apparently, the idea about the Gerel actually transfers the idea about the methods of research. The very idea of ​​a scientific quest starts only if there is a rozbіzhnіst, superechnіst, having explored the world like a new, unknown fact and a viable theory.
We give respect to the wisdom of thought to those who have the chief assistants of pedagogy, who have left for the rest of 30 years, there is no clear and clear contribution to that food. For those who, in a better way, have been seen as self-sufficient nutrition of pedagogical dzherelakh; in a different way, at the bottom of the posibniks, the confusion (contamination) of the concept of “method” with the concept of “dzherelo” of pedagogical research was allowed. For some of them, the methods are named as follows: the formation of school documentation and academic work; also - vyvchennya of letters, graphic works and virobiv uchniv; the birth of children's work and documentation of the first and second mortgages; the production of products in the activity of scientists is too short. The chief teachers of the pedagogical staff of the rest of the years saw the food in the same way.
The inaccuracy here is with the one who suffers less from the education of the products of the academic work and the products of the activities of the academics, but, for example, they are not preschoolers, the students are too thin. But the main nedolіk tієї dumka - dzherela (products of activity, educational work, school documentation) are insured to methods. For some people, they don’t like to add the words “vivchennya” or “analysis” to them, for those who don’t reveal the methods of analysis and analysis, but in this case, the essence: what methods of analysis and analysis are, unfortunately, not shown. Until then, “learning rites” (learning and child robots) are developed by one method, and the documentation of primary and secondary institutions by others.
Among the teaching assistants of pedagogy, among the methods of pedagogical education, it is called "the development and consolidation of advanced pedagogical education". Ale, in that and rіch, tse “vinciation and aggregation” itself will require methods and organization of follow-up; tse not methods, but, better for everything, the area of ​​follow-up. And dosvid, practice є, as it was said, by non-technical pedagogical dzherel, but with methods.

methodi

Let's take a look at the methods of pedagogical follow-up, without limiting the strict classification. On the right, in the fact that the last victorist's work is done in the complex, he wants to work at different stages of activity either to one, or to another method.
Watchfulness (observational methods) is a universal method of many sciences: psychology, biology, chemistry, astronomy, and teaching pedagogy. Sob podkresliti, scho we are talking about the guardianship of the manifestations of vihovannia, let it be called pedagogical guardianship. The term “pedagogical caution” itself has a low meaning: life of life (“Follow the child, do not run out on the road”); guardianship of a practical teacher (teacher, teacher, vikladach); guard control (inspectors, directors, school administrators); the initial warning (student-trainee, cadet, listener, teacher-trainee) and guardian of the student. We will talk about the rest of the report.
Pedagogical caution is a method of recognizing the pedagogical process and manifestations of the path of a purposeful, planned, uninterrupted adoption, protege for change and the development of minds and the results of vikhovnoy practice. Pedagogical caution is carried out both in natural and in experimental minds. It can be organized in schools, and in post-school and pre-school mortgages, and in families, and in health camps, and at universities, and among the labor collective, - in a word, usyudi, de vivchaєta doslіdzhuєtsâ apparition.
Be careful not to turn on and turn on. The butt of a non-included warning can be used by the head teacher of the lesson of the teacher of learning about the cognitive activity of the students, and the guards are not taught to the robot class. І one hour a student can lead a lesson, at the same time developing pedagogical nutrition, for example, the development of educational activity of students, the effectiveness of collective educational activity and others. At his wines, he actively takes care of the learning process, dynamically manages it. Tse butt of the included guard.
Indeed, the other kind of guardianship is widely victorious. When the warning is not turned on, the last person evaluates the visible, apprehended appearances more and objectively, more precisely fixes them, lower, who is busy. But at one time, don’t start being able to reveal the motives for such a vikladach, a good lesson, don’t fix your mind about the creative mind before the initial process. When the warning is turned on, the investigator knows about it himself. But at the same time, the wines are more subjective and ahead of the curve in assessing their actions and vchinkiv, let's say, at the lesson. The possibility of fixing some of the hundredth details of the lesson is getting more complicated, as well as the inaccuracy of the facts, even if it is necessary to give a general assessment of the lesson, leading to an inaccurate assessment by the teacher of his actions.
Pedagogical caution is carried out not spontaneously and spontaneously, but purposefully and systematically. For whom you need early preparation. Vyhodyachi z those, zavdan dolzhennya, specific, obranoї scientific and pedagogical problems, formulate a metaphor for that zavdannya guarding, name the object, place and calendar terms, name the participants. Slid also prepare a plan, food, sequence, organization of caution.
At the moment of the non-included guardianship, the gods began to intervene at the initial-spiritual process. Bazhano, that you, for whom you are being guarded, did not know the yoga of those. Otherwise, your behavior may appear navmisnoy, unnatural. The same facts that are feared, appear atypical, vipadkovy and inspire creation.
It is necessary to fix the material to be guarded. Tse mozhe buti is a remarkable protocol record, either a transcript, or, as a matter of fact, it is possible, a sound recording, a phonogram. At the protocol, you need to indicate exactly the caution: the date of that year, after which the guard is being kept (group, class, brigade, individual), what kind of occupation, or do it (lesson, after-class employment, labor on the right, turpohіd toshcho), who knows the guard: teacher, a whistleblower, someone else. Recording is carried out in any form or in any other form.
After the lesson, the materials are supplemented and clarified by the conversation with the teacher and, if necessary, with the teachings. The protocol is being specified. Nadalі yogo materials will give the necessary facts in the analysis of those that are being studied.
The record for the student is made in the following form: at the left half of the caution sheet, at the right-estimated judgement. If necessary, it is necessary to fix all the information about the process that is to be guarded: date, place, hour, object, etc.
Caution is given to living facts, gleaned, as a rule, in natural, and sometimes in minds, which are created on purpose, for example, during experimentation. And here the facts are reliable. I don’t believe in the fact that, with caution, the facts may not appear, as if they reveal the topic of investigation, otherwise there is not enough to pick up. Let's be careful to repeat the bagatorazovo, but at a good hour.
Experimental methods: interview, questioning, interview to make it wider with the pedagogical researcher.
Rozmova- tse exchange of judgments, thoughts of two (dialogue) chi kіlkoh osіb, group. Є її leading and other participants. Vaughn may be different forms.
catechistic(Vid wreck. katechesis - povchannya, povchannya) - food-remembrance form for those (on the back - Christian faith): food is formulated and immediately given for a new resurrection. For example, on the topic “Spelling of the “not” part with prikmetniks” - 1) How is the “not” part written with prikmetniks? Vidpovid: It's angry and okremo. 2) Do some vipadkas be written at once? Vidpovid: If the word with a frequent “not” can be replaced by another, however, we will replace it with a word without a part (unhappy - summary, not high - low), or if a word without a part does not get used (for example, stupidity, inconspicuous). 3) When is the writing different? Note: If the speech has an indication - not a long one, but a short one; not great, but small.
Heuristic(Vid Greek. heurisko-znakhodzhu) - a system of guidance, when you set a series of food, what to direct. In the process of roaming, the leading step-by-step guide is to bring in the minds of the learners to receive new information. The stench is stayuet hіba scho svіvuchasnikami її vіdkrittya. The ancient Greek thinker Socrates, with such a lofty mythology, called Volodymyr socratic.
Pedagogues distinguish between three options for talking about how you recognize them: informational, virtuoso, and eloquent.
AT informationalїї leading povidomlya svіvrozmovniki new information, for example, from the gallery of science, technology, science, politics, sports.
Appointment psychic besidi - explain, inspire the philanthropists to understand about the principles and norms of ethics, law, aesthetics, a healthy way of life, what to learn from a given society, about the rules of mutual people for the laws of morality, beauty, health. Often such a conversation is called ethical, but it is inaccurate, because the subject of the conversation is not surrounded by more moral nourishment, it’s too rich. In rosemary, there is a sense of regulation of the behavior of people according to the established norms. Kіntseva metatakoї roboti - shaping behavior special.
The last conversation was given by the clerk of new information to the pedagogical community in the light of the scholars themselves. At the heuristic and spiritual discourse, the clerk learns new knowledge, forms and transforms the behavior of others; in the last review of wines, I myself take new information from others. Tse - yoga tsil.
The mysticism of research talks in that way, schob, through a series of feeds "vivudity" from spіvrozmovniki yakomog more new information on the topic of research, more facts. Before rozmovi, it is necessary to formulate specific nutrition, where the last person wants to be judged.
The number of cases can be different depending on those situations. At the process, you should not look into the preparations of the power supply: dovirchi vіdnosinu zavzhd zapryat svіvrozmovnik to vіdvertostі, more ob'ektivnosti and іnformativnostі. Do not give a spy to the mind of the mind that they will cherish his honor, goodness, learn about the intimate, deeply special aspects of his life. More importantly, the setting to the speaker, tact and pretentiousness ensure the success of the next conversation.
It is necessary to fix the last time after the last, so to speak, with hot traces. To keep a record, more of a tape recorder, at the process of roaming, you can only think of it, as if you don’t block the speaker and as such a record doesn’t squeeze, doesn’t sound like it, don’t lead to isolation and don’t sound wary.
For a skin type, it is necessary to accurately indicate the date, the place of conversation and the data about the spy: name, name, according to the father, profession, specialty, tenure, etc. something, granny teaches such and such a toscho.
The value of conversation as a method is that there is a living contact between the student and the object of the ceremony. Bezposerednє splkuvannya gives the possibility to vary the nutrition, set the clarification. Doslednik, in case of this, often takes away information about such valuable facts, the presence of which and did not suspect.
Questionnaire - a method of written experimentation, detailed breakdowns in sociology. None of the surveys are widely accepted by pedagogical students, and especially by social pedagogues.
Questionnaire - the whole survey sheet from a series of ordered food and drink. There are two options of opinions: vibratory, if out of the number of proponents and analyses, the respondent chooses which one is the most appropriate (or closest) especially to you, and constructive, in which of the surveys he himself formulates the opinion. The questionnaire is conducted either from the designated individual of the respondent, or, for greater objectivity, anonymously, tobto. without a statement of the name of the questioned. The food of the questionnaire is closed, tobto. nothing more is given to proponated food; vodkritimi, if before the proponation of nutrition, that possi- ble measures can be supplemented.
Having chosen the topic for the questionnaire, the next person to become a food for those so that you can answer them specifically. For example, it is necessary to spread the formula for feeding on kshtalt: Do you like music?
What profession suits you? It is important for them to smell themselves, the stinks of the stench are even wider and more dispersed. There could be some clarification here: what genre of music do you like? Professiya in kakіy galuzі pratsі pratsi befits you? Like in conversation, in the questionnaires, it is not guilty to eat, which capture the special features, intimate moments of life.
Questionnaire advantages: it allows a short term and a rich amount of information. You can give some data to the calculus analysis, having turned to statistical methods, to beat the calculation technique. Thus, the picture of the pedagogical phenomenon will be accumulated.
A small amount of questioning is taken into account by those who do not have the actual material of personalization, there is no direct contact of the questionnaire with the object of inquiry. In the process of selecting the material, it is impossible to put the respondents clarifying the food. It does not include the creation of replies, either through an incorrectly understood food of the questionnaire, or rather a non-serious setting to the power of that reproach.
When processing questionnaires sumnіvnі їх (incomplete, zapovnіnі for іnstructієyu) do not take for calculation. Quantitative data, taken away by the questionnaire, then supplemented with a more precise analysis and interpretation.
Interview (in English. Interview - conversation) - one of the main types of experimentation through rozmov, how to conduct a follow-up for a long-term plan, either with one special, or with a group. They serve as a material for pedagogical research for further analysis, interpretation and understanding, understanding, in conjunction with the material, we take it away with other methods. The topics of the interviews, like the questionnaires, can be the most addictive, for example, about the primary work of the school: love and hate subjects, independent primary work, preparation of home primary tasks and other. In an interview, zocrema, for the rest of those, you can put the following food: what subjects are best to set home tasks? Chi volіє vіn vykonuvati їh one chi s comrades? Why explain? Which objects are more desirable? Wandering at home, why go to help the fathers? Why do the fathers chirp at the housework? Like in conversation, the interviewer should have unique non-tactful meals, as well as those that the respondent does not want to answer. Socrema, sumnіvno, schob on the very topic of the interview, the schoolboy vіdpovіv, let's say, on such a question: what do you need to do at home? Why don’t you do homework yourself, why are you using “cheat sheets”? Do you often copy off from your comrade Nevikonan? On such a diet, better for everything, the interviewer does not take away from the respondent's opinion, but rather from the smut more trusting the teaching to the last. If it is necessary for you to take into account the evidence (actual material from the first hand) on such a request, then it is better to ask for additional help from anonymous questionnaires.
Interviews are free: the interviewer is given freedom to set up, formulate the order of food for their number, but for the mind, what stink they say to those interviews. The interview is standardized, if the interviewer is victorious, it is absolutely necessary, and for this reason, further appointments, as well as possible and varied meals. Standardized interviews are carried out on the basis of strictly formulated nutrition in the exact sequence of the interview sheet. Vіdpovіdі buvayut vіdkritimi (be-yakim able) chi closed, tobto. only timi, scho mistatsya in the reference sheet. The material of the interview is analyzed.
The importance of the interview is a direct reference to the subject of the interview, the ability to take specific facts firsthand. During the process, interviews can be scored for fixing the material electronically. Nestacha іnterv'yu - without a wide range of pre-slidzhuvannyh osіb, the possibility of victorizing the statistical analysis of the material taken away is limited; the moment of volatility is also not included, that is. non-typical manifestation of the individual who is being interviewed: she may not be a typical representative of the group of people who are being interviewed.
Prior to the experimental methods, the characteristic that create as a method of follow-up is close.
The characteristic of the method can be subdivided into an independent one. Independence may be taken on the basis of characteristics for one and the same person among different people on the same and the same topics. For example, for one and the same student, one and the same student can give a description of the conductor vikladach, the dean of the faculty (as an administrator), the researcher of the scientific group, in which the student, the coach of the sports section, the doctor, the head of the student for the sake of the group, the head of the academic group, a trade union organizer, a friend of a student - a classmate of the other. In this way, the researcher takes away various factual material about the student, as well as specific topics about the students of your school.
The characterization of the transmission is free to describe the descriptions of different people, whether they are the only ones who are special, but different people. For example, all students of the same academic group can characterize the ideal student, how they imagine themselves; te same - a best friend, an authoritative vikladach toshcho. Let's analyze it later, as the students saw different students in an authoritative nominee of an ideal student.
create as a way to follow up with someone who has similar characteristics. A group of people write a free tvir on a given topic, what to say about the story. Obsyag robots do not show up.
Vіn lie down in the light of the author's creative work briefly, or blatantly raise the topic that is being developed, and also in the presence of the factual material in the author's work. At the hour of the vvchennya at the free hour of the schoolchildren, you can call on such works: My holidays; My day off; My daily routine; My favorites are busy at the time of the day. Create are analyzed and aggravated. As a matter of fact, folding represents an analysis of facts, stinks of stench vanish over a standardized look, and a free description, and therefore it is impossible to zastosuvat for analysis of technical standards. Until then, people who squeal us (ob'ekt vyvchennya) do not always want to wait for the hell of writing tvir.
Method biographies. Vivchennya biographies of scientists, writers, other mitzvot and culture, sports, heroes of practice, war, revolution, political heroes, etc. gives a wealth of factual material of pedagogical knowledge. The reader analyzes the mind, in some stinks they were molded as special: like a bula sim, a very social middle ground, a hoary, de navchavsya, kim and de pratsyuvav, which, in the thought of the doslіdnik, shriveled the development, molding and becoming a talent, a prominent figure of specialness. Lack, hut -haired mother -in -law to the serpent of the Vivchennya Bioography A.S. Pushkina (Umov Yogo Vikhovannya in sir, liki), Brativ Mikoli ivanovich that Sergey ivanovich, Acadigae, I. Oleksandrovich Arbuzovikh; the first cosmonaut of the Earth Yu.O. Gagarin (for the help of yoga mother, brother and sister); biographies of G.K. wash the sisters of that brother Zoya and Oleksandr Kosmodem'yansky, they became Heroes of the Radyansk Union and died for the honor and freedom of the Motherland in the last war (for the help of their mother L.T. Kosmodem'yansky and іn.). I call it, it would seem, the great example of the rich family of Oleni Oleksiivni and Boris Pavlovich Nikitin from the early and intensive development of children (behind the monographs of the fathers about the family) is of great interest to teachers and pedagogy. There are too many such biographies. We brought only deyakі yaskravі butts.
The usefulness of the method of biographies in tsomu, that the last one took life and the activity of quiet people, yak, sound, they already showed themselves visible victories, practical rights and became the vіdomі suspіlstvo. Vіn thoughts vіdnovlyuє (reconstruuєє) wash life and development, shukkaє rushіynі forces shaping the prominent zdіbnosti osobennostі. Tsey way is an important team. scho vymagaє trivaloї, and odі trivaє rokami, kopіtkoї raboty doslіdnika. For this reason, it is practically impossible to go into statistics, computational techniques. The results of the past work are worth a hundred times the wine with good facts, we are in front of the pedagogical difference, and not less: the reporter is right with the facts, which belong to a wide spectrum of the history of science, culture, sociology, too.
Pedagogical experiment(Vid lat. experiment - test, dosvіd). Tse hoch and folding and laborious, but, perhaps, the most productive method of pedagogical follow-up. On the right, in the fact that the pedagogical processes that go through the minds of the primary minds, do not forget the ready-made material on the topic that you want to repeat the story. For this reason, it is important to accumulate factual material through a path of simple caution. Todі doslіdnik piece by piece I create such a mind, for which b those manifestations appeared, like vіn vіvchaє. Otherwise, vyslovlyuyuchis, vіn vdaєtsya to the pedagogical experiment, for which vikoristovuєtsya complex of methods: caution, rozmovi, statističnі dolіdzhennya and іnshih. The experiment is carried out with specially created (with whom sensi - non-small, piece) and those at once - controlled minds and situations. Experimental setting up a kind of "pedagogical proof" for re-verification of the level of effectiveness of methods, priyomіv navchannya that vyhovannya. The experiment makes it possible to violate those other pedagogical phenomena, change the situation of the transition of pedagogical processes and for the need to repeat them.
In the fall, depending on the peculiarities of the pedagogical research carried out, there are different kinds of experiments.
stating experiment handing over the last work to a few changed minds. For example, the degree of effectiveness of the achievement of technical benefits in training at the primary (traditional) lesson is carried out from the equipment and equipment, moreover, at different stages of the lesson, as well as without technical benefits. The results of learning by the scientists to the material are equal and scatter the visnovki: chi є difference in the effectiveness of the training from the congestion of TK chi ni; yakscho є, then why і yak?
A transformative experiment(yogo is also called a creator) can be significant and inspire the essence of changing minds, and sometimes the middle of the pedagogical process. For example, the very topic of literature in the same class is taught for an hour of lessons, with a traditional structure: experimentation, contribution to new material, consolidation, re-verification of what has been learned. In a different class, they wove in a different organization - in the form of a businesslike grey, "holy" thinly. And here the situation changes, the situation changes, and the situation takes place. The results of assimilation of the material are also analyzed and roblyatsya vysnovki about the effectiveness of those other organization of employment.
Laboratory experiment on the vіdmіnu vіd natіvno, scho to be carried out at the sig nificant and zvichnyh minds, organized by a special laboratory. Here there are special features that help to create a pedagogical situation, that fix the relevant reactions of the students. For example, how to react to the behavior of a schoolgirl of the 2nd class in a special apprenticeship, one of them shows scenes played by lyalki (a kind of lyalkovy theater). According to the plot, scenes are shown that cry out for the hoarding, scenes of conflict situations are thin. behavior options. Fix the girl's reaction to the scene: I'm sympathetic, radiant, try to help the victim; sorry, baiduzhist too thin. Recorded data are compared with other scenes that called out those other experiences. Whiskers roam.
A laboratory experiment is more accurate fixing the facts (even indirectly, but not objectively), but it can be carried out only in a special place equipped with special devices. Folding is similar in deciphering records about the behavior of the last, decoded indicators, which characterize the behavior of the last.
Control experiment organized for reverification of the degree of reliability of the results, taken earlier during the ascertaining, rewriting or laboratory experiments. Vin is organized as a repeated crossover. The repetition is carried out as a duplication of the experiment, which has already been observed. The crossover may change the scope of the experimental group (EG) from the control group (CG): the excess of the experimental group in the crossover experiment becomes the control group, and the excess of the control group is the experimental group.
Based on the results of repeated and cross-sectional experiments, we can judge how reliable the facts and materials are, which the world can win for further analysis.
pilot experiment can also be called forward. Be it the methodology of follow-up, and especially the pedagogical experiment, it is necessary to prepare it carefully. The cob variant of the experiment can be far away, ale, maybe, and not the best. Therefore, it is necessary to reconsider in practice the feasibility and accuracy of the methodology of the experiment. Such a forward experiment should be carried out on the back of the head, and on the short version. The purpose of the pilot experiment, the appointments for re-verification and bringing the methodology of the experiment to a high level. After the first time around the experiment, some of the fragments are corrected. And even then it is possible to organize a pedagogical experiment in a general way.
Steps of the procedure experiment. The experiment is planned: the pedagogical problem has been completed and the topic chosen. її tsіl that task is formulated, a working hypothesis is hung; the object is selected, the experimental material is expanded, the terms and stages of the experiment are determined, and the participants. Then we will carry out an experiment, which in an hour can be short, for example, a series of lessons for one week or three, for example, a professional orientation of the robot with students at school for a special system for a year, two or three years. In case of obov'yazkovo owe, but the experimental group control. In the experimental groups, the initial-spiritual process is organized in the changed minds. In the control groups, the primary-visual process is observed in the primary, primary minds. At the skin stage and after the completion of the experiment, the results of the final fragment of the primary-visual work in the experimental and control groups are compared. In fact, the experiment is to be carried out in order to establish the results of the work in these groups on the basis of subtracting the facts and arguing the evidence and arguing.
Test vimiryuvannya vibrka behavior individual. Figuratively speaking, from the "sea" I swipe "drip", we analyze its peculiarities and for it we judge the whole "sea". Likewise, to the extent of the inexorably low behavioral decisions, the last person chooses a fragment of the behavior; tse, vlasne, i є vibrka. The selection is made until the end of the short-hour task, the result of which is analyzed. For otrimanimi denim to judge about tsyu people vzagalі, rozpovsyujuyuchi tsі w characteristics and for the last hour of the behavior of the people, scho vchaetsya. The test of appointments for the establishment of songs, including the psychological and pedagogical characteristics of a person. Vіn vіdrіznjaєєtsya brevity, vіdnosnoy simplicity of the procedure and the availability of possession, direct fixation of results. Tests are standard, suvoro formulated, and the correct nutritional requirements and tasks do not allow variability. You can win as an instrument as an individual, as well as for a whole group at the same time. The results are subject to statistical review.
In the fall, depending on the recognition, the test of achievement, intellect, creativity (advantages), specialties and others.
Testi reach call to reveal rіven attained by an individual (we learn, a student) know, reduce that skill in the same gallery, the knowledge of primary subjects. For the show of the vikonan commander, we will learn about the quality of the volodinnya with knowledge. In foreign lands (and now in Belarus) they have long successfully tested vicor to control the knowledge of students; Vlasne, for that, the accessibility and recognition are tested. As if knowledge is being distorted not just a fragment of a primary subject, but the whole course of a great division, then vicorist battery tests, tobto. whole series.
About the test of achievement, it is reported in topics about control and assessment of the success of training.
The weak side of the tests is those that the researcher (diagnostician, teacher) cannot reveal a number of factors that make him tick. For example, you can show the breadth, the depth and the knowledge (recognition) of the knowledge of learning, but it’s impossible to show the wisdom (trivality of saving the acquired). The test does not install in the same way, what is intellect, what is explained by that chi and the other level of the revealed knowledge of learning, tobto. in most cases, it does not allow establishing causal links in the results of the acquired knowledge. Vіn does not signify also the total illumination and preparation of an individual for the whole hour of training at a school, university.
Intellect test- psychodiagnostic methods for further assessment of the level of intellectual development of a person. To expand the procedures and formula for the test of intelligence. It should be said that the experts of teachers and psychologists are like pribіchniks, and opponents of the installed intellectual coefficient.
Tests are creative(Vid lat. Creatio - creation) call to reveal creative talents, talent, giftedness of an individual. Vikonuyuchi tests of this kind, trying to know (to know) unsustainable, extraordinary, extraordinary accomplishment, showing off (chi showing off) at their creative, non-traditional pidkhid. The results of the test are used to judge the world of giftedness of a particular individual.
Specialty tests directing to the assessment of emotional and volitional components in the mental activity and behavior of a person.
Prognostic tests(Greek Prognosis - transfer, transfer) are recognized for transferring the development of an existing individual to the future, about the prospects and possible result of this development. This view is one of the most important tests; The accuracy of the forecast is selected by 50%.
In this rank, the trusts win in practice the functions of control of knowledge, diagnostics and prognosis of the development of an individual. In the remaining two functions, it is also the instrument of the follower. (The first mortgages have the most extensive tests of reach, as well as intelligence and specialty.)
Projective Methods- the purpose of the tests. The last one talks about his ability to act, vchinki, behavior in a mentally proponing situation. For example, yak bi vin vchiniv in a specific situation, yakbi becoming the director of the school. Let's say, at all classes of wines, having spent the first five days of the first week, having given the school signs and all sorts of sleep, having done the work for the schoolchildren, they could take the opportunity to study, giving the students the right to choose their teacher and class kerivnik, then. An analysis of similar judgments gives good material for the contributor.
Rating scales(Vid lat. scala-go down) as a self-assessment and rating. Self-assessment conveys the assessment of an individual for the singing parameters of his/her own achievements, special qualities, diy, vchinkiv toshcho. Moreover, the scale of assessments is being established at balls, hundreds of other chilky performances, as a result of statistical analysis and interpretation. The weak side of this method is the significant subjectiveness of the assessments of individuals in their own special qualities, actions, and behaviors.
Rating(Від English. Rating-otsіnka, order, klasifіkatsіya, class, rank) - tse method of subjective evaluation of a being for a given scale. Such assessments are given by experts (competent judges). In their role, there are specialists, experts in methodology, directors of schools, teachers-innovators, academic psychologists, lecturers of universities, specialists in science centers, and the Institute for Advanced Qualifications. For example, if the professional qualifications of the teacher have been reached and that the equal level of pedagogical mastery of the expert has been established, it is possible to give an assessment to the okremim qualities and diyam of the teacher up to the prescribed scale. Data are analyzed: the analysis is carried out according to a special formula, which, moreover, is given a similar assessment.
Pedagogical council(Lat. consilium-narada, discussion) as a method of pedagogical follow-up to the past of expansions and proponations Yu.K. Babansky at the 70s. At the same time, the council of victors is most often in pedagogical diagnostics.
A council is elected at the warehouse of a teacher-subject teacher, a class clerk, a school psychologist, a doctor, a social teacher, a representative of the school administration, a lawyer or other fahivtsiv, whose thought is food, which is being discussed, you can be respectful and respectful.
The procedure for the council is used in the discussion and general analysis of the pedagogical fact of that phenomenon, yakі tsіkavlyat doslednіv і dіagnostіv. Participants of the consultation present their statements about the object and the subject of diagnostics and research, suggest facts and argue that they confirm their idea, joke about effective ways (methods and methods) of the initial-vihovnoy work of a hundred or more specific studies, or weakly consider the situation a decision about those who would fundamentally change the situation at the beginning of the gynecological process. Such a diverse collective discussion and a deep analysis of the situation give an open picture of a pedagogical phenomenon and allow you to make a rounding and ob'ektivnі vysnovka about the object and subject that you are learning. Head to the council, call the minutes. Vіn matime material of psychological and pedagogical, іnodi - legal and medical character.
The pedagogical council provides support in the initial and secondary process, not on the intuition of the teacher, but on the data of the relative and important without haste! - analysis of pedagogical facts and phenomena.
Mathematical statistics and the theory of homogeneity vykoristovuyutsya at the researched todі, if the material of the pedagogical understanding can be in its own ordered kіlkіsnі facts, but if not, the pedagogical manifestations can be seen in the abstract concepts of statistics. For example, it is important to learn from the kіlkіs dani to the world of humanity, mercy, intelligence, there are no shards of vimirnikіv and norms. Natomist stink is given by its characteristics.
A number of authors of the main teaching aids from pedagogy to the methods of follow-up are considered as well as the practical information of the readers, the learners. Ale is hardly right. Not a method, but rather an idea. And the dosvid itself - tse dzherelo, yak vychaєєєєєєєєєєєє and zagalnyuєєsya these methods, about yakі already said: caution, opituvannyam and so on.
Finishing the rozmov about the methods of pedagogical follow-up, we can say that the stench is not victorious, but in a complex, supplementing one by one. For example, pedagogical facts, which are accumulated with caution, supplemented by facts, obtained by empirical, experimental methods. The skin method has both strong, important, and weak sides, which overlap each other.

Pedagogical follow-up and search for ways to improve the pedagogical process. Such ways and methods of pedagogical follow-up. With this help, you can find information about the other subject that you are learning, conduct an analysis and processing, after which you include it in the system of knowledge.

Classification of methods of pedagogical follow-up

Doslіdzhennya klasifіkuyutsya decіlkom ways. So they see:

· Theoretical and causal-similar analysis, sequential-historical analysis.

· Practical methods: conversation, questioning, caution, experiment.

Depending on the source of information, methods of pedagogical research are divided into methods of development of theoretical sources and methods of analysis of the basic pedagogical process. Behind the methods of processing the analysis of quiet data, they see such methods, as the method of analysis and the method of analysis of the material.

Acts of methods of pedagogical follow-up

1. Caution as a method of pedagogical follow-up, it is the most accessible and widest. Under the supervision of the observer, the preparation and organization of the process, the manifestation of the object in natural minds. Significantly, what is despoiled by the so-called worldly. In the first place, concrete tasks are set for the scientific guardianship, guardianship schemes are developed, objects are seen. In another way, take away the results of the following obov'yazkovo fix. Thirdly, the data taken from the obov'yazkovo are processed. You can talk about the high efficiency of caution in that case, as if it would be systematic, versatile, trivial, massive and objective. Oskіlki sposerezhennya is engaged in the development of the internal side of the pedagogical study, zastosovuyut it only at the beginning stage of the study, using other methods.

2. Vivchennya dosvidu one of the most recent methods of pedagogical follow-up. For a wide sense of education, there is a need to organize directing the installation of historical links in education and education, and to instill the distinction of a stable sacramental in the language-nautical systems. Using this method, an analysis of the ways to solve problems is carried out, as well as an analysis of the vines to determine the need for these solutions in new historical minds.

3. Vivchennya products in academic creativity, such as, classy and homework, abstracts, dopovidey, works, as well as the results of technical and aesthetic creativity. A similar method can be widely used, for example, it can be used to win when evaluating the individual characteristics of the students, their strengths, interests, and the relationship to different clothes and language. The organization of pedagogical follow-up in such a way also requires a thorough planning, and to bring preparation to a sweet victoriousness with other methods.

4. Rozmovi, dialogues, discussions - those that help to bring out the sight of people, their names, feelings, positions and assessments of another person. Pedagogical conversation has some peculiarities: it is characterized by well-thought-out attempts of the past to penetrate the inner world of the pupils, and to reveal the reason for that other stuff.

5. Experiment - tse own kind of caution, only in a given situation the experimenter watches over this process, which wine itself is planned. Thus, a pedagogical experiment can be carried out by a group of students, by a school, or by a group of schools. There are some experiments to show up, rich in what to lie in the minds of others.

6. testuvannya- one of the most popular methods of pedagogical follow-up. Vіn є tsіlespryamovane that however obstezhennya all pіddoslednyh, as may be carried out in strictly controlled minds. Testing with other methods is supported by accessibility, accuracy, simplicity and the possibility of automation.

7. Questionnaire - mass selection of material, which is used for the help of a long list of exploratory personnel, about questionnaires. The questionnaire is based on the fact that the person was questioned honestly on the guidance in the nutrition questionnaire. However, as the statistics show, in practice, similar scoring is less than half true, which sharply leads to confidence in the questioning as an objective method of taking data.