Yak viznachiti, de yak phase. The phase of the electrical control. How to determine the phase and zero without attachments: it is possible to de-phase and zero along the wires and with an indicator twist.
vikonuvannyh funktsіy, utvoryuyut 1) Fabrics; 2) organ; 3) organ systems; 4) a single organism. A2. In the process of photosynthesis, growth 1) Protect yourself with organic speech 2) oxidize folding organic speech to simple 3) Clay sour and see carbon dioxide 4) Sap the energy of organic speech. A3. In klitz, there is a synthesis and splitting of organic speeches, which is called unity 1) Life 2) life 3) growth 4) reproduction. A4. How are the structures of clitins distributed strictly equally between daughter clitins in the process of mitosis? 1) Ribosomes; 2) mitochondria; 3) chloroplasts; 4) chromosomes. A5. Deoxyribose is warehouse 1) Amino acids 2) proteins 3) and RNA 4) DNA. A6. Viruses, penetrating at the clitin of the ruler, 1) Hunger with ribosomes; 2) settle in mitochondria; 3) create their own genetic material; 4) They open with її shkidlivy speeches, which are approved for an hour of exchange of speeches. A7. What is the meaning of vegetative reproduction? 1) spriyaє shvidkoy zbіlshennyu numeracy osobіnі mind; 2) lead to the appearance of vegetative sluggishness; 3) more number of individuals from mutations; 4) to bring to the diversity of individuals in the population. A8. How are the structures of cells, which store the life of speech, not to lie down to the organoids? 1) Vacuoles; 2) leukoplasty; 3) chromoplasts; 4) included. A9. Protein is made up of 300 amino acids. How many nucleotides in a gene, which is a template for protein synthesis? 1) 300 2) 600 3) 900 4) 1500 А10. The warehouse of viruses, like bacteria, includes 1) nucleic acids and proteins 2) glucose and fats 3) starch and ATP 4) water and mineral salts A11. In the DNA molecule, nucleotides with thymine make up 10% of the overall number of nucleotides. How many nucleotides from cytosine in this molecule? 1) 10% 2) 40% 3) 80% 4) 90% A12. The greatest energy is generated when one bond is split in the molecule 1) Polysaccharide 2) protein 3) glucose 4) ATP 2 Option A1. Factors in the power of DNA molecules self-conquer 1) Mutations occur 2) modifications are caused in individuals 3) new combinations of genes appear 4) decay information is transmitted to daughter cells. A2. What is the meaning of mitochondria in cells 1) transport and excrete end products of biosynthesis; 2) convert the energy of organic speech into ATP; 3) zdіysnyuyut the process of photosynthesis; 4) synthesize into A3 carbohydrates. Mitosis in a bugatolytic organism becomes the basis for 1) gametogenesis 2) growth and development 3) speech exchange 4) self-regulation processes A4. What are the cytological bases of state reproduction in an organism 1) DNA building up to replication 2) spore formation process 3) accumulation of energy by the ATP molecule 4) matrix synthesis of A5 iRNA. During reverse denaturation of the protein, 1) destruction of the primary structure 2) elimination of water bonds 3) destruction of the tertiary structure 4) elimination of A6 peptide bonds. In the process of protein biosynthesis, iRNA molecules transfer decay information 1) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus 2) one cell to the other 3) the nucleus to mitochondria 4) the nucleus to ribosomes. A7. In creatures in the process of mitosis at the beginning of meiosis, cells are established: 1) somatic 2) with half a set of chromosomes 3) state 4) spores. A8. In clitins, roslin, in the presence of clitins, people, creatures, mushrooms, are observed A) vision 2) eating 3) eating 4) photosynthesis A9. Phase subtilly in some chromatids diverge to different poles of cells 1) anaphase 2) metaphase 3) prophase 4) telophase A10. Attachment of threads of the spindle under the chromosomes is visible 1) Interphase; 2) prophase; 3) metaphase; 4) anaphase. A11. Oxidation of organic speeches with changes in energy in clitins is involved in the process of 1) biosynthesis 2) breathing 3) vision 4) photosynthesis. A12. Daughter chromatids in the process of meiosis diverge to the poles of the cell in 1) Metaphase of the first division 2) Prophase of the other division 3) Anaphase of the other division 4) Telophase of the first division
1) What is the name of the historical process of the journey of a person?B1
Choose rice and apply a stateless reproduction of organisms.
A) Genetically unique offspring B) Offspring - exact copies of fathers C) Reproduction of potatoes by slaughter D) Reproduction of potatoes by slaughter E) Offspring can develop from somatic cells E) Two fathers of adanija B2 - write down all the letters in the tables spіvpіdorderkuvannya systematic categories, starting from the least. class Dvodolnі B) vіddіl Pokritonasіnі C) species of Kulbaba likarsky D) kingdom of Roslini E) family of coniferous E) genus Kulbaba
Z 1
How and de coded are the declines in the power of organisms?
Suggestion:
1) the metaphase of mitosis is depicted on the baby;
2) the threads of the spindle are attached to the center of the chromosomes;
3) in the third phase of the dvoromatids, the chromosomes of the vichikovyvayutsya in the equatorial plane.
Why will the Orange Gruntu improve the life of cultural Roslins?
Suggestion:
1) weeding out the bourgeoisie and weakening the competition with cultural roslins;
2) spray the spray of roslin with water and mineral cavities;
3) increase the need to sour to the root.
How does the natural ecosystem wind up in the agroecosystem?
Suggestion:
1) great bioriznomanittyam and raznomanіtnistyu kharchovy zv'yazkіv and lanzyugіv kharchuvannya;
2) balanced circulation of speeches;
3) trivial terms of reason.
Expand the mechanisms that will ensure the stability of the number and form of chromosomes in all organisms from generation to generation?
Suggestion:
1) the beginnings of meiosis are settled by gametes with a haploid set of chromosomes;
2) when the zygote is filled with a diploid set of chromosomes, which ensures the stability of the chromosome set;
3) the growth of the organism is due to mitosis, which ensures the increase in the number of chromosomes in somatic cells.
Why does the role of bacteria play a role in the circulation of speech?
Suggestion:
1) bacteria-heterotrophs - decomposers convert organic speech to mineral ones, which will be conquered by roslins;
2) autotrophic bacteria (photo, chemotrophy) - producers of organic speech synthesizing from inorganic ones, ensuring the circulation of sour, coal, nitrogen and other.
What signs are typical for moss-like growths?
Suggestion:
1) more mokhivs - leaf-stemmed growths, deyakі z them mayut rhizoids;
2) mosses are propagated like a state, so and without a state way with a number of generations: state (gametophyte) and stateless (sporophyt);
3) the moss rose has grown - a state of the generation (gametophyte) and a box of spores - without a state (sporophyt);
4) zaplіdnennya vіdbuvaєtsya for the presence of the water.
Squirrels, as a rule, live with the coniferous fox and eat more importantly than the yalinkas. What biotic officials can bring the number of protein populations to a speedy rate?
It seems that the Golgi apparatus is especially well-known in scaly clitins of the subslunar fold. Explain why.
Suggestion:
1) enzymes are synthesized in the clitins of the subductal cavity, which are accumulated in the empty Golgi apparatus;
2) in the Golgi apparatus, enzymes are packed in looking puffy;
3) for the Golgi apparatus, enzymes are carried into the duct of the subductal fold.
Ribosomes from different clitins were placed in the test tube, the entire set of amino acids and the same molecules of iRNA and tRNA, all the brains were created for protein synthesis. Why is one type of protein on different ribosomes synthesized in samples?
Suggestion:
1) the primary structure of the protein depends on the sequence of amino acids;
2) templates for the synthesis of the protein - the same molecules of iRNA, in which the very primary structure of the protein is encoded.
What are the peculiarities of taman to representatives of the Chordovic type?
Suggestion:
1) internal axial skeleton;
2) the nervous system at the looking tube on the dorsal side of the body;
3) slots in the grass pipe.
The stable is standing on a puddle, drenched with dzhmels. What biotic factors can lead to a rapid increase in the number of stable populations?
Suggestion:
1) change in the number of dzhmelіv;
2) increase in the number of growing creatures;
3) reproduction of the growth of competitors (cereals and in).
13. The total mass of mitochondria is stably masses of cells of various organs of the scura to become: in the pharyngeal cavity - 7.9%, in the liver - 18.4%, in the heart - 35.8%. Why do the cells of these organs have different mitochondria?
Suggestion:
1) mitochondria - energy stations of cells, in which ATP molecules are synthesized and accumulated;
2) for intensive work of the heart meat, it is necessary to have a lot of energy, therefore, instead of mitochondria, the cells are the most high;
3) in the liver, there is a large number of mitochondria in the pores of the pidshlunkovy ridge, which is why there is more intensive exchange of speech in it.
Explain why yalovichina, as it did not pass sanitary control, it is not safe to live in a zhu in an undercooked or slightly oily look.
Suggestion:
1) in the yalovichi meat, there can be fins of a scourge cyp'yak;
2) at the grass canal, a mature hrobak develops, and the person becomes the residual ruler.
Name the organoids of the dew worm, images of the baby, its structure, designated by numbers 1-3, and its functions.
Suggestion:
1) image organoid - chloroplast;
2)1 - thylakoid facets that take part in photosynthesis;
3)2 - DNA, 3 - ribosomes, take part in the synthesis of their proteins in the chloroplast.
Why can't bacteria germinate into eukaryotes?
Suggestion:
1) in their clitins, nuclear speech is represented by one circular DNA molecule and is not water-silvered in the cytoplasm;
2) do not wash mitochondria, Golgi complex, EPS;
3) there are no specializations of state cells, daily meiosis and flooding.
What changes in biotic factors can lead to an increase in the population of the naked slimak, which sacks in foxes and eats more importantly roslins?
In leaves, roslin intensively proceeds with the process of photosynthesis. What happens in ripe and unripe fruits? Please explain.
Suggestion:
1) photosynthesis takes place in immature fruits (while the stench is green), because there are chloroplasts in them;
2) in the world, the maturation of chloroplasts transforms into chromoplasts, in which photosynthesis is not carried out.
What are the stages of gametogenesis marked on the baby by the letters A, B and C? What set of chromosomes can skin cells have at these stages? Before the development of some specialized clients, did the process?
Suggestion:
1) A - stage (zone) of reproduction (rozpodila), cells diploid;
2) B - stage (zone) of growth, clitina is diploid;
3) B - stage (zone) of maturation, cells are haploid, spermatozoa develop.
What are the effects of budovoe bacterial cells in the species of organisms of other kingdoms of living nature? State at least three things.
Suggestion:
1) the nucleus is clearly formed, the nuclear membrane;
2) daily a number of organoids: mitochondria, EPS, Golgi complex and in;
3) to wash one calf chromosome.
Why do growers (producers) care about the circulation of speech and transformation of energy in the ecosystem?
Suggestion:
1) create organic speeches from inorganic ones;
2) accumulate sony energy;
3) provide organic resources and energy to the organisms of other parts of the ecosystem.
How are the processes to ensure the transfer of water and mineral resources along the growth?
Suggestion:
1) from the root to the leaves, water and mineral speech are transferred over the vessels for the rahunok of transpiration, as a result of which the sisal force is generated;
2) the strumum in the bushes is sprayed with a root yoke, as if blamed as a result of the constant overdose of water in the root for the rahunok of the difference in the concentration of speeches in the clitins and in the middle of the middle.
Take a look at the image of a little clitin. Significantly, what letters are used to designate prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Show your points to the dawn.
Suggestion:
1) A - prokaryotic clitina, B - eukaryotic clitina;
2) clitina malunka A does not have a formed nucleus, її recessive material of representations by a ringed chromosome;
3) clitina malunka B may have a nucleus and organoids.
Why is the blood-bearing system of amphibians affected by anti-ribs?
Suggestion:
1) the heart becomes trichambered;
2) z'yavlyaєtsya to another klo krovoobіgu;
3) at the heart there is a vein and a blood loss.
Why should the ecosystem of the serpentine fox be venerated with a steady, lower ecosystem of the sallow fox?
Suggestion:
1) the wild fox has more species, the lower fox has more species;
2) in the zmishany fox of the lansyugi, the liveliness is dovshі and razgaluzheni, lower in the sapling;
3) the serpentine fox has more tiers, the lower one has the jade.
The need to expand, de-roof the phase, and de-zero, you can blame the house of the apartment from the be-any master. It is necessary when carrying out the simplest electrical work, for example, installation of electrical switches and sockets, replacement of lamps. Buvaє tse when diagnosing malfunctions of home electrical systems, vikonannі prophylactic chi repair calls. That and deyakі attach, for example, thermostats, when connected to the lifeline, keep a clear connection between the wires “L” and “N” at the terminal well. Otherwise, nothing guarantees the validity of the work, nor the correctness of the work.
Otzhe, it is necessary to learn to independently identify the phases and zero wires. On the right, it is not so foldable - to develop a revised methodology for using simple and inexpensive extensions. Ale Adeus Coristuvachi, ungratulated to the pages, to put paths in the dashikh: Yak Voznchiti phase I zero without molelings? Well, let's talk about the problem.
Dekilka slіv about pristroy home elektromerezі
In most important cases, the apartments practice the laying of a single-phase line of living 220 V / 50 Hz. A three-phase strained line is connected to the bagat-overhead booth, and then, at the separate shields, there is a commutation to the accommodation (apartment) in one phase and the zero door. Rozpodil vymagayutsya vikonati as evenly as possible, so that the effect on the skin phase was approximately the same, without strong distortions.
At the houses of the present day, it is often practiced to lay the circuits of the zakhisnogo grounding - the daily heavy-duty butt technology is important for such a connection for the safety of the operation. In this order, to the sockets, or, for example, to the rich lighting fixtures, three darts go - phase L(in English Lead), null N(Null) ta zahisne grounded PE(Protective Earth).
In the wake of the old life, there is often no grounding circuit. This means that the internal wiring is separated by more than two wires - zero and phase. Simply put, but the safety of the operation of electrical appliances is not up to the mark. Therefore, it is not uncommon to turn on the hour of major repairs of the housing stock, and when you come in thoroughly, the internal electrical circuits are added to the PE circuit.
In private booths, the introduction of a three-phase line can be practiced. І navit deyakі points spozhivannja often organized with the supply of a three-phase voltage of 380 volts. For example, you can also use a scorching boiler, or more technologically advanced home-made equipment. But the inner "pobutov" merezha all the same to fight single-phase - just three phases are evenly divided along different lines, so as not to allow skew. And in the be-yakіy zvichaynіy rosettes, all the same, the same three darts - phase, zero and grounding.
About grounding, to the point, go into the right direction for sure. And to the fact that the master of a private booth didn’t have any bandages and just organized goiters, because there was no such circuit, let’s say, with the arrival of early wake-up calls.
Grounding at a private booth - how can you work independently?
Mothers in their living quarters have a circuit of zakhisnogo grounding - tse means to improve the safety of the operation of electrical appliances. And behind the great rahunka - and the rye of the security of living in a booth for all the motherland began to rise. If you still can’t, then, without putting it on hold, it’s necessary to organize. For help - the article of our portal, to which the recommendation is being made.
What is the basis for the principle of determining the phase of zero without attachments?
Nasampered, let's just "take the beat by the horns" and respect the important food.
This way of presenting alone , That and then the singing world can get smarter. Find out about the color marking of wires for laying power cables and wires.
Refer to the main international standard IEC 60446-2004. It is also the responsibility of the contractors to install cable products, fakhivts, yakі zdіysnyuyut electrical installation.
When it comes to a single-phase mesh, then everything can be simple here. The insulation of the conductor of the working zero can be blue or black. Zahisne grounding is most often seen by green-yellow smugasti zabarvlennyam. I insulation of the phase dart - be it a different color, for example, brown, as shown in the illustration.
If you understand correctly that the brown color for the phase is not a dogma. Even more often there are other zabarvlennya - in a wide range of colors white to black. Ale, if it’s in a bad mood, it’s going to be blown up and out of a zero dart, and out of a zahisnoy grounding.
It would have been used - everything is just that right on purpose. Don't have mercy. So why does this single method of rozpіznanny wires without fittings still get smarter?
All on the right is less in the fact that such a color of “pinning” is finished, unfortunately, it’s far from creaking and not zavzhd. About the houses of the old budіvl - and say a year. There, the wiring is more important than wires in absolutely the same white insulation, so, I realized, do not tell anything to anyone.
That and in that case, if the cables are laid with wires in the insulation of various zabarvlennya, it is necessary to be absolutely convinced that the electrical installation work that is to be carried out, fakhivtsі suvoro dotrimuvalis rules. Often called out "maistry", requested from the side, liberties are shown in the feeders. From the same time, you can be blamed, as if the robot was controlled, beaten by a true professional electrician from a bad reputation. Otherwise, even before the hour of exploitation, the rulers already had the opportunity to change, that the “color scheme” was finished. Well, I’m sure, as if the entire laying of the land was carried out independently by the master, strictly following the standard that is recommended.
In addition, buvaє, scho for wiring vicory is used farbuvannya іzolyatsії provіdnіkіv far from the standard "set" - blue, green-yellow and phasic, whether it's some other kind. Since there are no diagrams with a description, then the color of the darts is nothing assigned for such a layout.
Otzhe, to bring the phase to zero in other ways, with different adaptations.
If a reader checks at once for a clarification about other methods for designating zero and phase, for the help of some "exotic" outbuildings on a potato star, then for nothing. The author of the article and myself no way not indulging in such methods, but otherwise I won’t recommend for any occasion.
We will not swear about the authenticity of such conversions. Golovna is not in tsomu. Such “slidi” are superficially unsafe. Especially for people who are not aware of the electric state. (And dosvіdcheny, povіrte, zavzhd faster faster with the right reliable and safe method). In addition, such manipulations can be carried out by young children. Chi will not be alarmed later, knowing about the power of the little ones pragnennya rich in what do the fathers inherit?
That one, behind the great rahunka, is hardly able to reveal the situation, in a kind of furnishing the floorings were baked, why should one go into such “vile” methods? Is it easy to go to the nearest store and pay 30÷35 rubles for the simplest indicator spin and forget about the problem? Like in the evening, why can't you afford to be patient until the morning after the diagnostics? So, I’m sorry, can’t you ask the susis for an indicator for a sprat of khvilin?
Before speech, potatoes - tse sche sho ... To know "fakhivtsі", as if on a serious basis, it is recommended to reconsider the presence of the phase with light finger sticking to the conductor. If you move, as if in a dry place, then you will not have anything terrible. You want to ask such “pleasant people” - and why are you stinking, that all those who listened to their recommendations are alive and well? Why didn’t the “supervision” happen, if the person, as if trying the phase “on the dot”, was violently bumped by the body of a grounded object of another naked conductor?
In order to understand the steps of the insecurity of such “re-wiring”, it is recommended that you familiarize yourself with the information about those who threaten to become a life and health, and that “non-negligible” electric jet at 220 volts. Possibly, after a rich food, they take care of themselves.
"Pobutov" changing voltage of 220 volts can become fatally unsafe!
The life of a modern person cannot be seen without electricity. But don’t forget to act only in the role of “friend of that helper”. In case of failure to comply with the rules of exploitation of accessories, in case of lack of balance, inaccuracy, and even more - it’s obvious that until the end of the day, we could be safe, it’s better to punish mittevo and vkrai zhorstoko. About the human body, it is reported about the publication of our portal.
To that - summary. The usual ways, the cream of one conceived, to independently overcome the expansion of zero and phase without attachments - don't know.
And now let's go through the possible methods of such a re-verification.
Determining the phase of zero in different ways
To the number of turns of the indicator spin
Tse, maybe, the simplest and most accessible technique. As has already been said, the versatility of the simplest accessory is already low. And learn to practice with him - on the right, kіlkoh khvilin.
Otzhe, as a powerful indicator twist:
The entire "stuffing" of the probe was taken from the sub-log case (pos. 1), prepared from dielectric material.
The working body of such twisting is a metal sting (pos. 2), most often - a flat shape. In order to reduce the fluctuation of the slippery contact with the spreading of the wire, which is tested by other stream-conducting parts, the exposure of the tip of the sting will sound small. Sting go short on your own, go “dress up” in an insulating shell.
Important - the sting of the indicator twist should be looked at as a contact tip for the hour of the test. So, if necessary, you can vikonat and the simplest installation operations, for example, twist the screw, which removes the cover of the socket or vimikacha. Ale regularly vikoristovuvati yogo same yak vikrutka - a great pardon. For a long time, with such an exploitation, the accessory did not live 0 wines, it simply did not cover the high demand.
The metal shear sting, which enters the body, becomes a conductor, which ensures contact with the internal indicator circuit. And the circuit itself is composed, first, of a straining resistor (pos. 4) with a nominal value of at least 500 kOhm. Yogo zavdannya - reduce the show-offs of the strength of the struma for the hour of the lancer's fading to the meanings that are safe for the people.
The offensive element is a neon light bulb (pos. 5), which will light up at the arc of small signs of the struma that flows through it. The mutual electrical contact of all elements of the circuit is secured by a pressure spring (pos. 6). And there, at its core, it is squeezed by a plug (pos. 7), which is screwed into the end edge of the body, as if I could either be metal, or I can make a metal "p'yat". That is why the stub for the hour of the rechecking plays the role of a contact maidan.
When dotik contact maidanchik with a finger, the koristuvach “turns on” into the lancet. The body of a person, in a way, by itself can be a good conductor, but in a different way, it is even a great "capacitor".
On tsimu i foundations the principle of the search phase of zero. The sting of the indicator twist is used for cleaning the conductor (clear sockets or vimikacha, other thin-bearing parts, for example, the contact pads of the bulb holder). Potіm kontaktny maidanchik of the probe stick with a finger.
Just as the sting of the spinner stuck out the phase, then when the lancet flickered, the voltage was sufficient, so that the strum was safe for a person, which caused the glow of a neon light bulb.
In that case, as if the re-wiring fell on the zero contact, the light did not winkne. So, there is also a small potential, especially at the apartment (booth) at the same time other electrical appliances are being processed. Ale strum zavdyaki the resistor will be covered with maly, which is not to blame for the indicator of lighting.
It is similar to the grounding conductor - there, in fact, there is no possible potential.
In that case, as, let's say, the rosette has two contacts to show the phase - it gave the cause of a serious malfunction. Ale tse is already a topic for an okremy look.
Descho in a different way is used to re-check with an indicator twist of a more thorough type. Such probes allow not only to determine the phase and zero, but also to carry out ringing of lances and a number of other operations.
Calls of such twists-indicators are even more similar to those of the simplest ones. Retail is only better in that the replacement of the neon light bulb is vicarious. And in the housing the living elements are 3 volts, which ensure the functioning of the circuit.
Even though there is no reason to believe that the twist itself is at the order of the coristuvach, you can conduct the simplest test. Just at the same time they stick their hands and stings, and a contact maidan. Lansyug closes up at the same time, and the light about you will signal to your lights.
Why is everything being said? It's just that the algorithm for assigning a phase to zero when coring with such a twist is somehow changed. Specifically, it is not necessary to hang around a contact Maidan. A simple twisting of the phase conductor calls out the indicator light. There will be no such light on the working zero and on the ground.
At our hour for sale are widely presented and road indicator spins, with electronic stuffing, light and sound indication. And often - turn on a digital red-crystal display that shows the voltage on the conductor that is being tested. Tobto, in fact, the twist-indicator becomes a simplified similarity
Koristuvatisya such is also not easy. If you need to apply the instructions to the attachment - in any case, the attachment is guilty of unequivocally showing the presence of the voltage on the phase wire and the voltage - on zero or grounding. Golovne - perekonatisya to the cob of pereverka, that it will be possible to attach, that it will win, that it will show tension in the net. Sound off without interruption on the case of the indicator.
Another “relative” of indicator twists is a non-contact voltage probe. On the 1st building, there were a lot of daily stream-conducting details. And the working part is a twisted plastic “nose”, which is how it is brought to the test conductor (clemy).
The strength of such an accessory is that, which is not obov'yazkovo, it is necessary to clean the wire, which is converted into insulation. The device reacts not to contact, but to an electromagnetic changing field, which is created as a conductor. When there is a slight tension, the circuit is used, and the device signals the fact that there is a phase wire, the light and sound signal is turned on.
Appointment of the zero phase behind the auxiliary multimeter
One more control and vimiryuvalnym attachment, which is necessary to acquire, whether it be a master master of the booth, є Variety of inexpensive, but in sufficient functional models - in the range of 300 ÷ 500 rubles. I can only do this once in a row - it will obov'yazkovo show up on demand.
Otzhe, how to designate the phase for the help of a multimeter. There may be different options here.
BUT. If the wiring includes three wires, that is a phase, zero and no grounding, but with colorful markings or there is no clarity, otherwise there is a difference in reliability, you can use the shutdown method.
Wrap like this:
- The multimeter is getting ready for work. The black wire is connected to the COM rose, the red wire is connected to the wire for voltage control.
- The changeover of the modes in the robot is transferred to the sector, the introduction of the variable voltage (~ V or ACV), and the value is set by the arrow, which changes the voltage in the measure. For other models, they can have, for example, 500, 600 or 750 volts.
- Then they were carried out vimiri voltages between front-cleaning conductors. You can have three combinations at a time:
- Between phase and zero, the voltage can be close to the nominal value of 220 volts.
- Between the phase and grounding, the picture itself can be the same. Ale, as the line is equipped with a system of protection from windings of the stream (attachment of an external connection - PZV), then the protection of the entire line can be used at any time. If there is no ELV, but the strum of the coil is not significant, then I will change the voltage again in the nominal area.
- Mіzh zero and grounded voltages are not to blame buti.
The axis of the remaining variant will show that we are conducting, that we do not take part in this world, and that we are phasing.
After re-verification, it is necessary to loosen the tension, to insulate the lines of the wires and to make the marking. For example, gluing white leukoplasty coats on them and scribbling on them.
B. You can change the wire (contact at the rosette) and without a middle butt of the voltage on the new one. Wrap like this:
- Preparing a multimeter for work - for the same circuit, which was shown higher.
- Next, a control measurement of the voltage is carried out. Two numbers are repeated here. In the first place, it is necessary to perekonatisya, so I can’t shave in the line, and we can’t shuffle the phase and zero, which seems to be on an empty space. And in a different way, the attachment itself is tested. If it is shown correctly, it means that the bridging is done correctly, and there is a tight resistor in the ring of inclusions, which will ensure an adequate level of security for the upcoming operations.
- Chervonim vimiryuvalnym drotom hounds the conductor who is being tested. As if it were a socket, then a probe is inserted into the nest, as if cleaning the end of the conductor - it’s better to speed up with a crocodile-crocodile.
- The other probe sticks with the finger of the right hand. I - watch the indication on the display of the multimeter.
- If the control probe is set to zero, the voltage will not be displayed. Otherwise, the value will be very small - which will be reduced by units of volts.
- In addition, if the control drіt leaned on the phase, the indicator will show a voltage of ten, or even more volts. Specifically, the meaning is not so important - it will lie in the face of a large number of factors. Ce and is inserted between the model of the multitester, which is victorious, and especially the support of the body of a particular person, and water content, and the temperature of the case, and in the mouth, in the yak of the swelling master, etc. Golovne - the voltage is є, and it is razyuche vіdrіznyaєtsya vіd another contact. Tobto - the phase is known.
It goes without saying that not everyone can overcome the psychological barrier - by touching the probe with the hand, if the multitester is connected to the outlet. There is nothing special to be afraid of here - we protested in front of the device by freezing the voltage. І strum, which goes through the new one when the lancet flickers, is not richly blown up by the fact that it passes through the indicator twist. Ale, for such a dotik, such a dot becomes almost impossible.
Nothing terrible, you can rob and troch іnakshe. For example, just touch the wall with another probe - plasters to wind the trellis. Yaka-nebud vologist all the same є, і tse allow the closure of the lance. The truth, shown on the indicator will be, better than everything, significantly smaller. And there will be plenty of such people, so that they will definitely be identified, which of the contacts is phased.
Anitrohi will not be more similar to a re-verification, as if another contact will be a task, whether it is a grounding attachment or an object, for example, a singed radiator or a water pipe. Pidide and metal frame, which cannot be grounded. And sometimes you can connect one connection to the probe socket with another, just lie on the bed or on the table, allowing you to make a difference. When testing the phase, the tester can show only a few tens of volts. With a zero conductor, it will obviously be zero.
Art. For the appointed phases, bachite, there are no special problems. Ale yak buti in that vipadka, like three darts. Tobto with the phase was assigned, and now it is necessary to clarify, which of the two, which are left out, is zero, and which is to the grounding.
And the ce axis is not so simple. Yes, of course, there are a lot of available methods. But none of them can claim to be "truth in the rest of the instance." So here you need special accessories, like professional electricians.
But sometimes they help and self-testing.
More has already been said about one of them. If the voltage freezes between the phase and zero, the daily peculiarities are not guilty. Ale, when vimir_ between the phase and the earth, through the inevitable turn of the struma, it is possible to spratsyuvannya system zakhistu - ELV.
The second way to detect zero and grounding is calling. You can try this by switching the multimeter to switch the support in the range, say, up to 200 Ohm i, in the general order - by turning on the voltage on the shield, peacefully measure the support between these conductors and guaranteed by a grounded object. On the PE conductor, this opir for the idea can be significantly lower.
But, again, this way is not considered to be reliable, so how different things are practiced, and the meanings can be approximately the same, so don’t talk about it.
Another option is to connect a grounding bus to the circuit that leads to it. Otherwise, take it from her, what is the translation. Potim - or else vikonati prodzvon, or to conduct a post-mortem survey of the voltage between the phase and two conductors, which are left out. The results are often allowed to judge those, de zero, and de RЄ.
Ale, to tell the truth, this way does not give up either demonic or safe. I know, though, through the different nuances of wiring and switching on separate shields, the result may not be entirely reliable.
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So that clarity is guaranteed to be necessary, de zero and de grounding, and it is impossible to explain it yourself, rather than a qualified electrician. With all the similarity of these conductors in the home conductor, it is not possible to swindle them in the same time.
Also, the main available methods for determining the zero phase were considered. Once again, it is suggested - as the visual method of designation (for color marking of insulation) does not guarantee the reliability of information, all other duties are carried out exclusively with the use of special equipment. The days of "100% methodology" with strong potatoes, plastic balls, jars of water and other "games" are absolutely unacceptable!
Before speech, in the publication there is nothing to be found about the so-called "control" - the lamps at the cartridge with two conductors. I know the same - because of the fact that such testing is without intermediary fenced by official rules for the safe operation of electrical installations. Do not risk yourself and do not create a potential threat to your loved ones!
At the end of the publication - a small video clip, assigning problems to the search for the phase of zero.
Video: How can one calculate the expansion of the zero phase
With a haploid set of chromosomes;
When zaplіdnennі in the zygote, the set of chromosomes is diploid, which ensures the steel of the chromosome set;
The growth of the organism is due to mitosis, which ensures the increase in the number of chromosomes in somatic cells.
2. For somatic cells of a creature, a characteristic diploid set of chromosomes. Determine the chromosome number (n) and the number of DNA molecules (c) in clitin at the end of telophase meiosis I and anaphase meiosis II. Explain the results of the skin disorder.
Naprikintsі tі-lo-fa-zi mei-o-za I set chromo-mo-som - n; DNA number, 2s;
In the ana-phase mei-o-za II, the number of chromo-mo-somes is 2n (n + n at the skin pole); DNA number, 2s;
In the case of tі-lo-phase I, the reduction took place, the number of chromosomes and DNA decreased by 2 times, chromo-mo-Co- mi two-x-ro-ma-tid-ni;
In ana-fa-zі mei-o-za II to po-lu-roses-ho-dyat-xia sisters chro-ma-ti-di (chromo-mo-so-mi) and become independent chromosomes , so the number of chromosomes is equal to the number of DNA.
3. What chromosome set is characteristic for gametes and spores of the moss zozulin lyon? Explain, from some clitins and after some stench, they settle down.
Ga-me-ti mohu ku-kush-ki-on lyon ob-ra-zu-yut-sya on ha-me-to-fi-tah from ha-p-lo-id-noi clitin way mi-to-za . The number of chromosomes in the gametes is single - n.
Superchki mohu ku-kush-ki-on lyon about-ra-zu-yut-sya on di-plo-id-nom spo-ro-fi-tі in spor-ran-gі-yah way mei-o-za z di -Plo-id-them clitin. Gaining chromo-mo-som from spores one-nar-ny - n
4. Chromosomal recruitment of somatic cells in wheat is healthy 28. Significant chromosome recruitment of the number of DNA molecules in the nucleus (clitin) of the germ before the cob of meiosis I and meiosis II. Explain the results of the skin disorder.
Klit-ki sіm'ya-za-chat-ka mіst'at di-plo-id-ny dial chromo-mo-som - 28 (2n2c).
Before the ear of mei-o-s in S-peri-o-de іn-ter-fa-zy - DNA subdivision: 28 chromosomes, 56 DNA (2n4c).
In ana-fa-zі mei-o-za 1 - up to po-lu-sam cells of roses-ho-dyat-xia hr-mo-so-mi, sho z-hundred-yut z two chro-matid . De-lennya re-duk-tsі-on-not.
For example, mei-o-for I, a cell is formed with a b-rum n2c -14 chromosomes, 28 DNA.
In meiosis II, 2 do-black cells enter from ha-p-lo-id-nim on-bo-rum chromo-mo-cat (n2c).
In ana-fa-zі mei-o-za II - chromo-ma-ti-di diverge to po-lyu-sam clitin. After a pink-jenny chrome-ma-tid at t-lo-fa-zi II, 4 ha-p-lo-id-them clitin-ki with on-bo-rum nc - 14 chrome-cat, 14 DNA
5. Hanging, for friendly minds, a female popelitsy, reproducing parthenogenetically, can create up to 60 individuals of only a woman's status, the skin of which will give styles of females every other day. What is the way to introduce such a multiplication, what is its particularity? Why do less women become satisfied with whom?
7. The total mass of all DNA molecules in 46 chromosomes of one human somatic cell is about 6 10 -9 mg. It is important to determine why the mass of all DNA molecules in spermatozoa in the somatic cell before the cob is the bottom of the cob and after its completion. Please explain.
Before the cob, near the end of the cob, the amount of DNA is doubled and the weight is 2 6 10 - 9 = 12 10 - 9 mg;
After the completion of the field in the somatic clitin, the amount of DNA is filled with the same, as in the external clitin:
6 10 - 9 mg;
In state clitins, there are 23 chromosomes, so it is less for two women, lower for somatic ones, it seems that the mass of DNA in spermatozoa for two women is less and becomes 6 10 - 9: 2 = 3 10 - 9 mg.
8. What features of chromosomes ensure the transmission of decay information?
Zdatnі to samopodvoєnnya rahunok DNA replication;
Chi zdatnі rіvnomіrno rozpodіlyatisya in kіtiny at rozpodіli, zabepechuyuchi offensive sign.
9. Which one is similar to meiosis to mitosis? Explain why it appears and what set of chromosomes in clitiny to produce.
Possibility to mitosis poserіgaєtsya in another rozpodіlі meiosis;
All phases are similar, sister chromosomes (chromatids) separate to the poles of the cell;
Clitini, which have settled down, have a haploid set of chromosomes.
10. Determine the type and phase under the cell, depicted on the baby. What processes are involved in this phase?
The metaphase of mitosis is depicted on the little one;
The threads of the spindle are attached to the center of the chromosomes;
In the second phase of the dvoromatids, the chromosomes of the vichikovyvayutsya in the equatorial plane.
11. What stages of gametogenesis are designated for a baby by letters A, B and C? What set of chromosomes can skin cells have at these stages? Before the development of any specialized clients, did the process?
A - stage (zone) of reproduction (rozpodіlu), clitiny diploidni;
B - stage (zone) of growth, clitina is diploid;
B - stage (zone) of maturation, cells are haploid, spermatozoa develop.
12. Chromosomal recruitment of somatic cells of wheat is more advanced 28. Determination of chromosome recruitment of the number of DNA molecules in one of the clitin sima germs before the ear of meiosis, in anaphase of meiosis I and anaphase of meiosis II. Explain how processes occur in qi period and how stench they add to the change in the number of DNA and chromosomes. Klit-ki sіm'ya-za-chat-ka mіst'at di-plo-id-ny dial chromo-mo-som - 28 (2n2c). Before the ear of mei-o-s in S-peri-o-de іn-ter-fa-zy - DNA subdivision: 28 chromosomes, 56 DNA (2n4c).
In ana-fa-zі mei-o-za 1 - to-lu-sam klit-ki roses-ho-dyat-xia hro-mo-so-mi, so-hundred-i-shchi z two chromo-ma- tid. Gene-ne-tі-cheskiy ma-te-rі-al of cells will be (2n4c = n2c + n2c) - 28 chromosomes, 56 DNA. In meiosis 2, there are 2 do-black cells with ha-p-lo-id-nim on-bo-rum chromo-mo-some (n2c) - 14 chromo-mo-some, 28 DNA. In ana-fa-zі mei-o-for 2- to-lu-sam klit-ki roses-ho-dyat-sya hro-ma-ti-di. After the rose-jenny chro-ma-tid, the number of chro-mo-som increased-li-chi-va-e-sya by 2 times (chro-ma-ti-di sta-no-v'yat-sya self- hundred-i-tel-mi chromo-mo-so-ma-mi, but still stinks all in one cli-tsi) - (2n2с = nc + nc) - 28 chromo-mo-somes, 28 DNA.
13. What chromosomal set is characteristic for the clitins of the soft heads and the spermatozoa of the pine tree? Explain, for some holidays, and for the sake of some kind, the flowers of the clitin are established.
14. Drosophila somatic cells have 8 chromosomes. It is important to understand how the number of chromosomes and DNA molecules are eliminated during gametogenesis in the nuclei before the podil in interphase and, for example, telophase meiosis I. Explain how such a number of chromosomes and DNA molecules are established. 1. Clitina revenge 8 chromosomes and 8 DNA molecules. Tse di-plo-id-ny dial. 2. Before de-le-nі-єm in іn-ter-fа-zі pro-is-ho-dit subvoє-nya DNA molecules. (8 chromo-mo-somes and 16 DNA molecules) up to in-lu-same cells, cells di-lyat-sya and about-ra-zu-yut 2 ha-p-lo-id-their nuclei. (4 chromo-co-mi and 8 DNA molecules).
15. The total weight of all DNA molecules in 46 chromosomes of one human somatic cell is about 6 10 -9 mg. It is important to determine why the mass of all DNA molecules in the cell nucleus during ovogenesis before the ear of meiosis and after the end of meiosis. Explain the results. Before the cob of meiosis, the chromosomes are subdivided, the total mass of DNA is 12 10 -9 mg. In the prophase of meiosis I, the number of chromosomes has not yet been changed during the annual change, and 12 10 -9 mg are depleted. In the course of the first stage of meiosis, the number of chromosomes changed twice, then, in the prophase of meiosis II, 6 10 -9 mg of DNA.
16. What chromosomal set is characteristic for nuclei of clitins in the epidermis of the leaf and the eight-nuclear germ bear with the bud of the flower plant? Explain, for some holidays, and for the sake of some kind, the flowers of the clitin are established.
Epi-der-mis of the leaf maє di-plo-id-niy typing chromo-mo-som. The grown-up roslin is a sp-ro-fi-tom.
All the clits are for-ro-di-she-in-the-go-bear ha-p-lo-id-no, ale in the center-tre on-ho-dit-sya di-plo-id-not the core (ob-ra -zu-et-sya in re-zul-ta-tі slі-i-nya of two cores) - not already eight-mі-nuclear-ny, but se-mі-klі-accurate for-rod-di- teddy bear. Tse ha-me-to-fit.
Spo-ro-fit about-ra-zu-є-sya z kіtin for-ro-di-sha se-meni way of mi-to-ti-che-sky de-le-nya. Ga-me-to-fit about-ra-zu-є-sya with a path of mi-to-ti-che-de-le-nya from ha-p-lo-id-noї superechki.
17. To bring to light why the vegetative reproduction of roslin is considered to be stateless. Give at least three proofs.
One person takes the fate of the multiplied;
That's why it's-la-yut-sya-ko-pі-i-mi ro-dі-tel-skoї person;
New or-ga-nіzm about-ra-zu-et-sya from so-ma-ti-che-sky kіtin (ve-ge-ta-tiv-them or-ga-nіv).
