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Films in the Goblin's translation, which are uniquely humorous, have an acid soundtrack, and at the same time are adequate and accurate translation, as it was intended by the director and screenwriters. It’s a good idea to translate the films, as if it’s always good, and the current translation will change the sense of the picture, for good luck Dmitro Yuriyovich Puchkov - wine Goblin, cim do not sin

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Correct translation, the most important translation in the post-traditional expanse of Ale, the wide popularity of Dmitro Puchkov, having omitted, through his own, so called “funny translators”, created such masterpieces like Volodar Ring trilogy, having created the scripts not the best for the original ones, as if they were condemned to the success of the big fans of the wide , piece goods. Nothing like this has been done before. Only here you will know films in the translation of the Goblin in the best quality, Goblin HD watch online.

Goblin translation, otherwise the so-called “funny translation” by Dmitry Goblin Puchkov їх sixth: Volodar’s village: Brotherhood and hoop (Lord Of The Rings: The Fellowship Of The Ring, The), Volodar’s village: Two zirvani vezhi (Lord Of The Rings: The Two Towers, The), The turn of the homeless (Lord Of The Rings: The return Of The King, The), funny translation on the film "The Matrix" - Shmatrix, funny translation on the stars of the war - The dawn of the war: A storm in the glass ( Star Wars: Storm in the Glass).
І on the way, all the way forward: Trunk, or Go back and forth, the translation of some kind of boon is already ready, like a rock of fate, ale check your hour, Goblin sang it out in episodes, 15-20 strands, 4 shmatki already pereklav і safely rolled at the measure. Chekaєmo on reshtu.

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We pratsyuemo so that you, comrades, could marvel at the cinema lovers at the correct translation of the Goblin in any place, de b you didn’t know and if I’ll add it, I’ll look at it a lot!

Hegel G.W.F.

Science of logic

INSTUP

Better understanding of logic

Every other science does not recognize the need to repair the flooring from the very essence of the matter, without further thought, like the science of logic. In the skin of other sciences, the subject that is being looked at, and the scientific method is different among themselves; so the very mind [of the sciences] does not start absolutely from the very cob, but to lie in others to understand and to understand it with the necessary other material. Why is it that these sciences recognize the right to speak only for help about the soil, on which stench to stand, and about this link, just like it’s about the method, directly zastosovuvaty perbachuvani vіdomimi that accepted forms of definitions just and koristuvatisya for the establishment of their own deep understanding that main purpose is the most obvious way of mirkuvannya.

Well, logic, on the other hand, cannot be taken as a rethinking idea from these forms of reflection, which rules and laws of thought, but the stench itself can become a part of the mind and, on the cob, can take away its own wrapping in the middle of it. But in її zmіst to enter not only an introduction to the scientific method, but also the very understanding of science, moreover, the understanding of the final result: it’s impossible to say that it’s like that, it’s just that the whole world has generated knowledge about it її її the result (Letztes) is completed. And so the object itself, the thought, or, speaking more singly, the thought, which can be understood in understanding, is seen in essence in the middle of it; the understanding of this thought is settled at the hour of її roaring and, later, it may be presupposed. Those that we are passing here at this entry, cannot be used to obstruct, let’s say, understand logic, or give in advance to scientific obstruction її zmіsta that method, but can be on the method for the help of such roses. point. zor, with some trace of science.

If you start to recognize logic as a science about the mind, then you will understand that the thought is to become the goal of a certain knowledge, that the logic is abstracted in the form of some kind of zmist, and so the friend of the warehouse is part of the knowledge, matter, mothers, calls are given so, then, logic, since matter is absolutely independent, can only show a formal mind of true knowledge, but you can’t avenge the most real truth, you can’t wind your way to real truth, rocks are the very essence of truth, instead of knowing it.

Ale, first, it’s not far off the firmness, that logic is abstracted into some kind of change, that it should teach the rules of thought, that it may be possible to go into the view of what is understandable to that її character. It’s true, it’s like they’re affirming, її the subject is a thought and a rule of thought, then there’s no middle ground in them, it’s their own, it’s more powerful than it; they can also have another part of the warehouse of knowledge, like matter, the character of such a її cackle.

In a different way, vzagali manifestations, on some dossi ґєї the understanding of logic, often already zіyshli zі scenes, often їm an hour will appear again, an hour, sob razuminnya tsієї science went out of the highest point of the eye and out of the eye of the eye.

The understanding of the logic, which was understood by the dosі, was founded on the occasion of the accepted splendid svіdomіstu admitted about the razdіlnіst zmіstu pіznannya yogo forms, or else to say, іtіnі, і credibility. It’s better to transfer, first, that the matter of knowledge is known as such a posture of thought, like a ready light, that the thought, take it by itself, empty, that it adjoins to the center of matter, as if the form of the call, reminds it, it’s less for him to know become real knowledge.

In a different way, these two warehouses (because they are transferred, they are known between each other with warehouse parts and knowledge is folded out of them mechanically or in the shortest possible time chemically) are, at a thought, in the coming hierarchy: the object is completed by itself, Ready, antrochs will not require their own rationality of thought, even though mentality is more flawed, which still needs to be remembered by the deaking mother, and before that, it can grow to itself adequate to its own mother, like a m'akoї undetermined form. Truth is the intelligibility of the object, and in order to create such an intelligibility - more by itself it is not given as a preparation, - the intellect may be substantiated by the object, in order to confirm it.

Thirdly, the fragments of the essence of matter, that form, the object and the mind are not left behind in the meanings of vague insignificance, but are taken more precisely, the skin of them is embodied in the external sphere. That is why thoughts, embracing and shaping matter, do not go beyond the borders, sprinyattya її і porozuminnya z it is overwhelmed by the appearance of the yogo itself, and in view of which it does not become its other; but let yourself be aware of the process of appointment already at the time to lay down only exclusively myslennia. Henceforth, to instill in one’s own position to the subject, it is not necessary to go out of oneself, not to pass to the subject; the rest is left as a river with one’s own, just chimos sweaty thoughts.

Look at the vіdnoshennia between the subject and the object vrazhayut і vznachennya, yakі to establish the nature of our everyday life, scho plyuє more than a manifestation. Alekse if tsі zaboboni are transferred to the region of the rose, nachebto and in the new May the same time, nachabto tse vіdnoshennia istne by itself, stench є pardons, prostuvannyam yakah, we will lead through all parts of the spiritual and natural universe, to serve philosophy or, vіrnishe, the stench is the essence of pardon, such a trace of doti, how to proceed to philosophy, so. like stench blocking the entrance to her.

In this plan, the amount of metaphysics is small more than the height of the revelation about the mysteries, lower than those that have become walking by the hour. And she herself took into account those that are true (das wahrhaft Wahre) in speeches, those that know the thoughts about them are in them; henceforth, indeed, the truth is not speech in one’s bezperednost, less speech, links in the form of thought, speech is thoughtful. This metaphysics respected that the meaning and purpose of the thought is not alien to objects, but rather their essence, otherwise it seems that the speech of that thought about them themselves, according to their own opinion, is one to one (like the German mova speaks of sporidness). in their immanent appointments, that rightful nature of speeches becomes one zmist.

Ale philosophy, having sunk the reflective mind. It is our fault to know exactly what tsey viraz means, which is often victorious just like an effective word (Schlagwort). Under him, there was a trace of an abstract mind, and, later, spreading knowledge, which rests on his podila. Obstorance of Rosum, vyn witching heavily healthy stupid і і І і ivsky, zgika ostim osti -sowing on the senses of real, the thought of the dumka in that sensit, the deprivation of the priest, the seniority. vin is left by itself, it gives rise to nothing more than chimeras16. At this visionary mind, it seems to itself that it understands the truth, the mind is surrounded by knowledge of less subjective truth, less of a manifestation, less of something that the nature of speech itself shows; knowledge of equal thoughts.

However, this straight forward, accepted by the knowers and seems to be the second and shortest ago, may be more profoundly undermined, on which way the mind of the greater spirit of the new philosophy rests. And to the very presence of the appointed, which has become wild, the manifestation of a trace of shukat at the mind of the one that the appointed rose needs to stick out of itself. - We have already named the reflection of the field in that which goes beyond the borders of the uninterrupted and signifies and subdue yoga. Ale, so it is she’s guilty of going out and for between her own separate terms, and first for all the commons. At the stage (auf dem Standpunkte) of which spіvvіdnennia is called їkhnє zіtknennya. Tse zdіysnyuvane reflexієyu spіvvіdnennia itself to the right of the mind; Appointment over the appointments, which come to the understanding of their mind, is a great negative crochet to the right understanding of the mind. Ale, not brought to the end of rozumіnnya to bring to a pardoning look, nіbi rozna vpadaє superechnіstіє out of itself; you don’t know that the super-accuracy is the reason and the reason of the mind over the exchange of the mind and the adoption. Zamіst robiti zvіdsi zvіdsi svіdіy krok uphill, pіznannya nezavіlnosti rozumovіv vіdstupає up to sensible іsnuvannya, pomіlkovo vazhayuchi, scho vіn know stіykіstі і zgoda. Ale oskіlki, from the other side, you know for yourself how to recognize only the appearances, it will be better for them yourself, that it’s sensitively unsatisfactory, but at one time it’s allowed, that, even if you don’t know what you say in yourself, prote in the middle of the sphere the manifestation is more correct; there are no more curtains of objects, and one number of objects, the very speech of oneself, is not known, the other kind of objects, the very appearance, is known. It’s similar to those, yakbi mi attributed to someone more correctly intelligible, but with whom they added b, scho wine, however, the building intelligence is not true, but more like crap. So it’s just like it would be stupidly, so it’s the very stupidity of true knowledge, that you don’t know the subject, like wine in yourself.

§ l
Philosophy is relieved of these troubles, as other sciences may be. It may come from the reasons that її objects are without middle recognition of the manifestations and that її the method of recognition is far behind the appointed time for the exit point and її further development. The truth is that the objects themselves are out, like religion. Philosophy and religion are the subject of truth, and the very truth of the most significant word, - that sense, God, and only wine alone, is the truth. Farther, offended, they are engaged in the area of ​​the end, nature and the human spirit, that one is placed before each other and up to God, like up to the truth. Philosophy can, from now on, admit knowledge of її objects, and it’s guilty of admitting yoga, so it’s the same as an interest in її objects, wanting to be aware of becoming aware of objects earlier, less understanding about them, and only passing through the manifestation that beastly on them its activity, the thoughtful spirit is brought to the mindful knowledge, that understanding for help to understand.
But if you start to look at things in a mischievous way, then it will not be difficult to see that you can take revenge on yourself and show the need to bring your own money and bring it to your own self, so the designation of your objects. In such a rank, it appears that the beginning of knowledge of these subjects, which is given by the manifestations, is insufficient and unproven admission, or hardening is unacceptable. At the same time, however, there is a difficulty, as if it is believed that philosophy is guilty of something to start, at the same time every ear, like without a middle, to establish its own change of mind, vernishe, itself is such a change of mind.
§ 2
Philosophy can be considered in front of it as a thoughtful view of objects. But it’s true - but it’s really, really - that a person is seen by creatures of thoughts, then all people are just like that, that it’s crushed by thoughts. Zkilki, one, fіlosofiy є Special Ostsіb Mislennya, Taki Ossіb Mislennya, who are hungry for a good man of the Pіnanni, and at the same time, the firfska of Mislennya, the same, is the same, the yoke of the same time. being at the same hour the same with him, to that in himself there is only one thought. Tsya raznitsa pov'zana z tim, scho zmіst human svіdomosti, scho maє its basis of thought, protrude on the back not in the form of a thought, but in the form of a sense, glance, manifestation - in the forms, yak may be invigorated in the form of a thought.
Note. Vidpovidno up to rooted in a long-standing position, that having turned into a truism, a person is revolted by the creatures of myslennia; the whole camp can be trivial, at one time wondrous, those who have to guess about such old-fashioned reconciliation. And Tim Tim is not chisly through the fabrication of a nashi hour, Yaki Nastilka Vidokremnu, one of the same one is so badly felt by the vicinates of the one to be tossed alone, they are so bad, I feel more and more than the relay, and it is touched by the way. and nebi religiia and religiinist essentially zovsm not be rooted and do not perebuvayut myslennі. In such a case, one forgets that only a human being is born to mother religion and that creatures are so very little born to mother religion, how right is that morality.
If you admonish your religion in the light of a thought, sing on the reflection of a thought, as you can call it a thought (Nachdenken), - reflecting a thought, to work with your own zmist and bring your thoughts to light like that. Neohainistence, which is born of disrespect to this division, that there is a misunderstanding, ignorance of this distinction, as if it is exactly the same as philosophy, it gives rise to the most gross statements about the rest and calls on it to find some dikish zakidi. Oskolki people maє religiyu, right and morality and oskolki won vodіє them less oskolki won - the truth of thought, all the rights of the right, the religion of that morality - chi tse zmіst given to the senses, viruvannya chi manifestations - it was not without the participation of thought; diyalnіst and products of thought are given in them. Ale, one river - mothers are so deluded and pierced by thoughts, almost that manifestation, that other - mothers of thoughts about such a similar manifestation. Thoughts generated by the reflections about qi ways and ways of bringing together are formed by reflection, mirroring thinly, as well as philosophy.
This often led to the panuvannya of a pardon firmness, nibi the same thought є nebhіdna umova i navіt єnіy slyah, going yakim reach me about eternity and truth. So, for example, metaphysical proofs of the butt of God (these have already been seen in the past) have been seen for so long, knowing what and turning into why only and bringing to believe and turning into the butt of God. Tse hardening is similar to hardening, we can’t do it without recognizing us for the chemical, botanical and zoological appointments, and we are to blame for the poisoning of the dot, the docks have not been completed the study of anatomy and physiology. It would have been better if, at times, the importance of the significance of sciences in that area, like philosophy in it, is greatly increased and reach the level of absolute and fundamental necessity. Imovirnishe, however, that the replacement of what was necessary, science would not justify the same.
§ 3
Zmіst, scho reminiscent of our svіdomіst, even if it was of some kind, bula, to become the significance of sensible, glimpse, image, manifestation, goals, obov'yazkіv thinly, and inspire thoughts and understand. Feel, look at, an image, etc., to that forms of such a sight, as if it is overwhelmed by yourself, that you will be aware of it, look at it, imagine, or it’s bad, that you will only be aware of it without a house of thought, otherwise you will be aware of it. with a house of thoughts, otherwise, nareshti, only conceivable. Whether there are any of these forms, or if there are a number of such forms, it is possible to become the subject of information. But if you can fight with the subject of evidence, the peculiarities of these forms also penetrate into the light, so that it is similar to the skin of them, it may be a special object, and those that are in themselves can be looked at as a different light.
Note. Shards of singularity are felt, glanced at, bazhannya, wills are thin. bud., oskіlki mi їх svіdomlyuєmo, are called vzagali manifestations, we can say that philosophy replaces the manifestations of thoughts, categories of chi, seemingly more accurate, understanding. Appearances can be looked at as metaphors of thoughts and understood. Ale, with the help of manifestations, we still don’t know their meaning for thought, we still don’t know thoughts and understand what lies at their foundation. First of all, not the same - mothers of thought and understanding and nobility, as if they were manifested, looked at, almost seem to tell them. Often those who call unreasonable philosophy are tied up with the same furnishing. Skladnіst polagaє, from one side, in nezdatnostі, and tsya nezdatnіst є in fact, it is less than the sound of the sound - think abstractly, to fix pure thoughts and crumble in them. In our primal svіdomosti, the thoughts are connected with the zvichny chuttєvim and spiritual material; in mirroring, reflexing and mirroring mi home thoughts until you feel, look, manifest (in the skin speech, if you want it to be clear and absolutely sensitive, already in the category; ). Alezovsim still work as a subject of his own thoughts, without a house of other elements. The second reason for the lack of intelligence of philosophy is the impatient mother's own mother's observation of those who are like a thought and understanding. Often mi zustrіchaєmo viraz: it is not clear that it is necessary to think for understanding; but with whom it is not necessary to think of anything else, to understand. However, the sense of this expression is stronger, however, in tuzi for the already known, obvious manifestations: in witnesses it is so obvious, at the same time with the form of manifestation, the soil was taken from the new one, on which it was firmly and firmly rooted; transferring from a clean region to understand svіdomіst don't know, I'm out alive. Writers, preachers, orators, etc., are most aware of what they say to their readers or listeners of speech, so that they should know in advance how to remind them, how they sound to themselves.
§ four
Philosophy can bring us to our everyday knowledge, which is necessary for the philosophical method of knowledge, or we can awaken such a need. Alas, as a matter of fact, in religion, as a matter of fact, the truth has come to light, you can show that you yourself know them. According to the vіdnoshenyu vіdminnostі її, scho vіyavlієєє, vіd vіdіnіh vyavlіny vyavlennі vіdvdati ї, vіdіnі vіd vіd nіkh vznіchennya.
§ 5
Для попереднього пояснення вищезгаданої відмінності та пов'язаного з останнім положення, що справжній зміст нашої свідомості при перетворенні його на форму думки та поняття зберігається і навіть, власне кажучи, вперше виявляється у своєму справжньому світлі, — для такого попереднього пояснення можна нагадати читачеві про інше old reconciliation, what to tell, what is the knowledge of the true in objects and podias, and to learn from feelings, glances, thoughts, manifestations of thinly. thought is needed. Ale, I’m thinking about it, I’m turning it over a little, I’m just thinking about it.
Note. Shards of the very mind are in a philosophical form of activity, and the skin of a person, in the nature of the building, is thoughtful, then, the rocks are missed by the difference between the understandings and the manifestations (assigned in § 3), it is just the opposite of what they often imagined unreasonableness of philosophy. Tsya science often looks at itself with such an unimportant attitude, that navit you, if you didn’t deal with it, they show that without an accommodating education, the stench of the mind, how to deal with philosophy, and that, otrimavshey svechaynu osvita and spiraling especially on religion, in a way and judge philosophy. It is important to respect other sciences, which are necessary for knowing them, and that knowledge of them alone gives the right to judge them. It’s good that in order to prepare a cherevik, it’s necessary to live a little business and get into a new place, wanting a skin person to be in his nose of the world for someone, let his hands and zavdyaki їm natural peace, which is necessary for this to cope. Just for philosophizing, such a wedding and practice is not necessary. Tsya zruchna thought in the rest of the hour was established zavdyaky vchennya about bezperednє znannya - znannya vglyadі spoglyadannya.
§ 6
The same side, so important, a pile of the zrosumil, Shio is not the same, the yak of that serpent, the Yaki spocation of the revolutions of the living spirit, he was in the upper and zmіstom є diysnіst. I’ll find the evidence of which zmistu I call proof. A thoughtful look at the world already distinguishes between them, that in the great kingdom of the noble and internal cooking butt, it is more than minus and insignificant, less than a manifestation, and we, in our own way, are truly meritorious in the name of activity. Oskіlki philosofіya is only a form of vіdrіznyаієєz іnshih vidіvіvіdіmlennya tsgogo zmіstu, nebhіdno, schob vаnіlії vіdnіstyu і dosvіdom. It is possible to look at the narrowness of the lesser, like the true touchstone of the truth of the philosophical doctrine, as well as the most enduring method of science - the reconciliation of the self-confident mind, which is born of the knowledge of the wisdom, the wisdom of wisdom, the pure wisdom.
Note. The editorial to my "Philosophy of Law" has the following provisions:
What is reasonable, those are right, and what is right is reasonable.
These simple positions of riches turned out to be wondrous and were attacked to strike from the side of the quiet, who respects their undeniable poinformation in philosophy and, of course, it made sense, also in religion. To ask for help in respect of the religion, to that in the її vchennі about the divine order of the world the whole position is exactly missed. As far as the philosophical sense is concerned, then we have little right to admit that the critics of the flooring are illuminated, so that they know not only those that God is real, that wine is right, that wine is only truly real, but that the formal side of them is also preparing a buttya (Dasein) is a partial manifestation and
more than a partial reality. In everyday life, they call it diissnistyu whether it’s primhu, oman, evil is too thin, so it’s just like it’s like a reason, even if it’s gone, it’s been a minute and past. Ale people, who want Volodya to the greatest honors of the language, do not wait for them, who are vipadkovy meritorious for the full name of the deed; vipadkove є іsnuvannya, scho mає no greater value, lower mozhlive, yak, however, could be used and not buti.
If I was talking about efficiency, then it was part of the language of critics to think, in what sense I live my life, to that in the report writing “Logic” I look at the same efficiency and indignity, not only in the form of a fall, so is that kind of a prepared butt, the reason for that other appointment.
Against the effectiveness of a reasonable post, even those statements are that ideas, ideals are only chimeras and that philosophy is a system of such empty guesses; Against this, it is so self-evidently manifested that ideas and ideals are too high in order to be effective, but too weak in order to achieve such a thing. Ale Nykhochiechikhi, nyisniy, the same rosuma, the yak -mere abstract for the puhinna, the zobovsi, Yak VIN is especially hunting, nіbi ovykh, they are ionic. od not є; more, yakbi svіt buv such, like vin maє buti, then where would the thought of the hung-up mind go? If the mind is straightened out of its own bounds against the trivial old and passing objects, installations, stations, etc., yak, maybe, and mothers can see a great value, but only for the singing hour and for the living quarters, then we can appear right and reveal in these subjects a richness of such things that do not fit with the real meanings; who can’t draw a mind, to remember for yourself a lot of such things, which are really not like that, how can they be?
Ale tsya wisdom does not maє razії, vyavlyayuchi, scho, occupied with such subjects and їх goiter's wounds, out of the sphere of interests of the philosophical spider. The rest is busy with less ideas, as if it’s not so powerless, so that only muse, and not effectively buti, - it’s busy, then, with such a thing, in such a number of objects, establish, become thinly appease the superficial, outer side.
§ 7
So, as we think about revenge on ourselves, the principle (we live here the same word is also on the cob) philosophy and flourished again in its independence in the new hour (following the Lutheran Reformation), on abstractions, and also attacked the world of manifestations on the manifest unworldly material, then philosophy began to be called whether it was knowledge, the subject of some kind of recognition became the world and slander in the sea of ​​​​empirical loneliness, the destruction of the need, the law in apparent lack of knowledge, the multiplicity of as if drawing water at once from the cloudy sight of that sprinyatti ovnіshny and internal, from the overlying nature, just as it were from the overlying soul, and in the human heart.
Note. The principle of taking revenge on oneself is an inexcusably important position, that for acceptance and recognition, it would be necessary for the person to take the fate of someone else, otherwise, speaking more accurately, it is necessary that she knew such an honor sobi; he is guilty of accepting and recognizing the truth, either with his own deep feelings, or also with his deep spirit, his day-to-day self-confidence.
That very principle, having won the name of faith, without intermediary knowledge, outer and especially its innermost secret.
Those sciences, yakі, in such a rank, took away the name of philosophy, zgіdno z vishchevkazanim principle, we for їх vihіdny point called empirical sciences. It is important that by their sutta method, and as a result, laws, general provisions, theories, thoughts about the essential. So, for example, Newton called his physics the philosophy of nature, and Hugo Gratius, on the basis of setting the behavior of the peoples one by one, and for the help of the splendid world, having created a theory, as if he took away the name of the philosophy of international sovereign law. Among the English, the name of philosophy has preserved this sense until now, and Newton continues to glorify it as a great philosopher. Find in the price lists the list of instruments and those instruments, which are not included in the special heading of magnetic or electric devices, - thermometers, barometry - are called philosophical instruments. My fault, obviously, is to remember this drive, which is not a tree, a bay, etc., but rather a thought can be called an instrument of philosophy *. Particularly call the philosophy of political economy - science, goiter for its emergence of a new hour. We call it її the science of rational state sovereignty **.
* Seen by Thomson, the journal is also called: “Annals of Philosophy, or a Journal of Chemistry, Mineralogy, Mechanics, Natural History, and the State of Silesia and Mystects”. The reader can put together a statement himself, for which objects are called philosophical here. In the midst of a slander about new books, I recently spent in one English newspaper on the following title: “Under the philosophical principles of saving, hair became wise, smart, chemical. , physiological principles.
** The English statesmen's spirits in the mass promotions often vicorist "philosophical ambush" for the recognition of the outrageous political and economic principles. At the session of the parliament 1825 (2 fierce) at the debate about the address at the entrance to the throne of Prom Brugham, he hung out with such a rank: “Gitni sovereign people and philosophical ambush of free trade, - for there are no sumnіvіv, that tse cobs of philosophical, - with the acceptance of such greatness by the parliament.” Ale is not the only member of the opposition speaking in such a rank. At the grand banquet, which was held that same month by the success of maritime trade under the head of the first minister, the Earl of Liverpool, the royal secretary Canning and the treasure general of the army, saying Charles Long, were sitting in a toast to: Recently, a new period has opened up, if the ministers can zastosovuvat until the administration of the land of wisdom, the rules of deep philosophy. As if the English philosophy did not look like the German one, but if in other places the word gets used feat mockingly, it’s like it’s lilive, all the same, it’s all right to bachiti, why should you still see the Shan of the powers of the English devils.
§ eight
It’s not enough to know at your own closet, but it still shows, first, that there are more objects, that you don’t enter into this region - freedom, spirit, god. It’s impossible to know on the ground of this knowledge not to someone who doesn’t stink in the region until the knowledge (stink, honestly, they don’t accept at a sensitive understanding, but everything that’s in the air, tries at the svidomosti, - it’s worth tautological camp - it’s accepted in that), , that the objects behind the mirror stand out as if they were not scintillated.
Note. To the old camp, as if pardoningly ascribed to Aristotle to that, no matter how much the thought of yoga philosophy. It is the place to say: "Nihil est in intellectu, quod non fuerit in sensu" - "there is nothing in the mind that would not be in the mind, dosvidi". Although speculative philosophy did not want to wait for it, it may be known to incomprehensible people. Aleone stverzhuvaly so and turn-around camp: "Nihil est in sensu, quod non fuerit in intellectu" - for that whole wild sensi, which is vous21 and, for a more deeply appointed, the spirit is the cause of the world, and far away (div. § 2), what is legal, moral, religious, feat є pochuttya і, henceforth, dosvіdchenim experiences such zmіstu, like maє svіy korіrіnі і є є є svoe pobuvannya іlki in myslennі.
§ 9
In another way, the subjective mind will require a little satisfaction in order to form knowledge; tsya form є demand vzagalі (div. § 1). Prote, from one side, in the last known place, to be in a new place, etc., to have the character of being the most unmarked in itself, the most not associated with special, now, in a deep way one other; so the very thing is connected one with one particular objects, taken for themselves, act as if they are one to one and vipadkovy. From the other side, the knowledge is always based on the unmediated, the known, from the change of mind. In both vіdnosinah here one does not know one's contented form of consumption. Razdum, shards of wine directing to those who satisfy my need, є philosophical thought of a freely meaningful word, speculative thought22. Like a mirkuvannya, like a hoch and can sleep with the thought of the first kind, but at one time you can see a new one, you can also form, power to you alone, like a form of understanding.
Note. Zvіdsi can be seen the setting of speculative science to other sciences. Vaughn does not see the rest of the empiricism, but the knowledge of him, swears at him and robs him with his own splendour: it is also the knowledge of the world in these sciences, the laws, the canopies are thin, but it is not necessary to introduce them into the category of other categories. Vіdminnіst, in this way, it's better to change categories. It is speculative logic to take its own logic and metaphysics forward, to take care of your own forms of thoughts, laws and objects, but at once it develops them further and transforms them for the help of new categories.
It is necessary to distinguish among understanders from the speculative sensi and tim that you call to understand. Thousands and thousands of times repeated and turned into hardened zabobon, which can not be touched at the sight of understanding, may be understood in the remaining, one-sided sense.
§ ten
This philosophical thought itself will require that it should understand its necessity and correct its construction to know absolute objects. And yet, it is wise and true, and by itself philosophical knowledge, and to that, mothers are no longer in the middle of philosophy. The previous explanation, then, would not have been philosophical and could not have been anything else, like a mandate of rethinking, zapevnen and mirkuvan, so that vipadkovy firmness, as by this very right, and however, without evidence, it would be possible to put forward the opposite positions.
Note. One of the main provisions of critical philosophy lies in the fact that, first, proceed to the recognition of God, the essence of speeches, etc. get to know the tool earlier, lower the work of the robot, as if it were the fault of the vikonan for the help of the new one; if this instrument is not sufficient, then the work will be stained. This thought was given such a controversy, that it called out to the most suffocated and impoverished year, so that the recognition, turning in its interest to objects and ceasing to occupy itself with them, turned back to itself, the formal side. However, if you don’t deceive yourself with words, then it’s easy to say that, at that hour, other tools can be assessed in a different way, lower for the help of vikonannya these robots, for which they are recognized, further recognition can be less likely to be recognized by the process of recognition so the titles of the tool of knowledge mean nothing else, how to know yoga. Ale bazhannya to know the first, to proceed to the knowledge, it’s just stupid, like the wise man of that scholastic, who wants to learn how to swim, the first to throw himself into the water.
Reingold24, as a wiser to a swindler, suffers such an ear of philosophizing, proponing, to get away from the hypothetical and problematic philosophizing and go along the path, unwittingly, in that, like a rank, docks do not show up, what is reached first (Urwahren). At the closest consideration, the paths are reduced to the ultimate method, and to the analysis of the empirical substantiation, or the frontal allowance, which is given the form of appointment. It is impossible not to recognize as correct, which is a simple reason to follow, foundations based on rethinks and earlier assumptions, hypothetical and problematic, but a correct understanding does not change the nature of this method, but only at once reveals its insufficiency.
§ eleven
Philosophy’s need can be more closely identified by the approaching rank: the spirit, which is how you see and look at your subject, sensibly, how you feel like a volodya - image, how you will - the whole, etc. I am pleased with them as well as my own inner being, my thoughts and rob the rest of my subject. In this order, to come to oneself in the most meaningful word, for it is the principle, it is clean, the house of self is allowed to become a misunderstanding. Ale, roblyachs on their right, misunderstood in the mud, so they waste their thoughts in the constant inconsistency of thoughts and, in such a rank, do not reach themselves, but, on the contrary, they get lost in the fullness of their protilezhnosti. The thing that the spirit needs to fight against the result of the mind, which is less than mindful, and the thing that is needed is based on the fact that the mind does not show itself, but is deprived of the true self, and in the cost of spending one’s own self-butt, “I could overcome ”, In itself, the vision of one’s own protirich.
Note. Awareness of the fact that dialectics is becoming the nature of the mind itself, that as a mind it can fall into contradiction with itself, on the contrary, illuminating it, becoming one of the main sides of logic. Myslennya, having spent nadiya with his powerful forces, virishiti rubbish, in a way that he set himself up, turns to quiet, allowing that calmness, as if having taken away the spirit from his other forms. However, in my turn of mind, we are not obligated to fall into misology25, as Plato is already in front of him; it would not be a little polemical to speak out against oneself, as if to rob oneself of such a name without intermediary knowledge26, as one affirms that it is the only form of understanding of the truth.
§ 12
Vinikla z vishchevkazanї use philosophy as its own exit point dosvіd, without middle and mіrkuє svіdomіst. Zbudzhene dosvіdom like a teaser, I’ve given myself so much thought that I’m more natural, sensitive and peaceful with my own power, clean, I’ve allowed the house of the element and put myself, in such a rank, on the back of the front (entfernendes), negatively set before the negative point . It is vain to know one's satisfaction in oneself, in the idea of ​​the global essence of these phenomena; This idea (absolute, god) can be more or less abstract. Knowledge of science from its side, far away, serve as a stimulus to the sublimation of its form, in such a richness of їx zmіstu proponuetsya as it is only without middle and knowledge, order one to one i, then, vzagali vpadkovy raznomanittya, and up to the level of zmіst in need. This stimulus vivayvaet thoughts from the appointed zagalnosti and less satisfied with oneself, that one is introspective, and humiliates him to the development of himself. Remain, from one side, less than spriynyattya zmіstu zaproponovannyh him vznacheny, іnshoy side, vodomlyaє tsmomu zmіstu the form of a free development of the cob (ursprunglichen) thought, which is no longer necessary for the subject itself.
Note. About the meeting at the meeting between the middle and the middle, we happen to speak in more detail below. Here we are more to blame than before to pay respect to those who, if they want two moments to act as if they were different, nevertheless, you can’t live with them daily, and the stench is known one by one at an indistinct link. So, for example, knowledge about God, as if in awe of all supersensible feelings, is in fact a warning over the sensitive minds or glances; it’s not worth it to take revenge on your own negative attitude to your own exit point and cim є in the middle. More in the middle, it’s like a cob and a transition to something else, so it’s more than a friend, a little bit, a little bit to a new deyshli yogo “inshoy”. Ale, knowing about God becomes less self-sufficient on an empirical side, and, to learn more, at the very sight of the cross-reference and convergence, it will become self-reliant. As if in the middle of transforming into delusional and monotonously adding to it, one can say that the philosophy of goiter is related to its first accusation to the dosvіd (a posteriori), ale cim, vlasne, trohi is said, for it’s true, it’s for real, without any mention. So it can be said for itself that the process of goiter and yawning for its own food products, because without them we could not eat. The process of life, zrozumilo, in whom the contemplation seems to be non-dual, more than honoring that, for which the goiter is guilty of its own wet reasons. This sensi has a thought not less than the world's unsatisfied.
Ale right, reflected in oneself and to that, in oneself, the bezperednist thought (a priori) is in the middle, yogo in-self-being is inflamed; Myslennia here is satisfied with oneself, and so I am powerful baiduzhіst to the water of the Kremlin, and at one hour and baiduzhіst to its development. Likewise, to this religion, baiduzh, it is more or less blamed, it has reached the height of scientific knowledge, or it is left at the stage of deep faith and heart, but it has an intense character, but it still brings satisfaction and bliss. If the mind is rooted in the impertinence of ideas, as it is necessary to see it in the first philosophical studies (for example, in the butti eleatian school, in the Heracleitian becoming thin), then it is rightly said in formalism. It may be that more advanced philosophical beliefs formulate less abstract positions and destinations (for example, the absolute has everything the same, it is subjective and objectively the same), as it is less often repeated for an hour to look at the particular. In the case of the first abstract intellect, the thought is more correct and grounded, that philosophy, with its development of goiter, is bound to the truth. Empirical sciences, on the one hand, do not stumble on the watchful, lonely manifestations, but, collapsing on the nose of philosophy, for the help of thought, they shape the material: at philosophy. From the other side, the stink zmushuyut the very idea to go to tsikh specific terms. Spriymayuchi zmіst empirical sciences and znіmayuchi domineering yoma form bessrednostі і ginostі, smylennya є vodno razvitok myslennya іz itself. Filosofiya, Zobov'bov, such an rank, his own outlet, the emergency sciences, the nimystol nystotnita form of freedom of the Mislennya (April Form) that is prefabricated on the knowledge of the re -pronounced fact that the fact is transmitted. images and illustrations of the cobweb and the whole independent activity of thought.
§ 13
The vindication of that development of philosophy, the emergence of its own form of modern history, is portrayed as the history of the center of science. Tsya form povidomlya schablya development of ideas the nature of the epidemiological sequence of philosophical navchani and creates the appearance of what is between these principles and the rozrobkoy rest іsnuyut seldom vіdmіnnostі. Ale to rob this work of a thousand and one living spirit, thinking the nature of such a person is convinced that wine, if it remains, has become, such a rank, this subject, wine that rises to a higher level of development. The history of philosophy shows, first, that different philosophical beliefs are created, and only one philosophy on different slabs is developed; in a different way, which are especially important principles, skins of which lie at the base of one system, whether it be a system or not, are only a matter of one and the same whole. Stay behind an hour of philosophical thought as a result of all previous philosophical studies and may avenge in yourself the principles of all; That’s it, even more so for philosophical beliefs, for the most guilty, the richest, and the most specific.
Note. Through the visibility of the basis of numerous different philosophies, it is necessary to revitalize the outward appearance of the special in their own authorities. Taken formally and instructed to be special, it’s the same way to transform itself into a special one; the inconsistency and stupidity of such a mindfulness at the stagnation to the objects of everyday life would rush by themselves at the vichi, yakby, for example, if you would have your own fruits and act at the same time, cherries, pears, grapes, more stench cherries, pears, grapes, and not fruits. But if there is one thing about philosophy, then it is unimportant to put it before it, but it is true that there are different philosophical beliefs and skin from them, only one of them, and not philosophy, because cherries are not like fruits. Buvaє and so, that a philosophical belief, the principle of which is more important, is put on a par with such philosophical beliefs, the principle of which is especially, and navit with such beliefs, as if they zapevnyayut, that they do not have philosophy. I need to fight on this basis, that all stinks are more than different philosophical views. Tse same, yakbi mi said, scho light and dark are the essence of only two different light.
§ fourteen
The very development of thought, which zmalovuetsya іstorіya filosofії, zobrazhuєєєy і і ії ї ії ії іїїїї, аlе here it's zvіlneno vіd zvnіshnіh іstorichnyh obstukovі and given і іn the element і pure іslennya. Vilna and istinna thought is concrete in itself, i, in such a rank, as an idea, and in its finality, it is an idea as such, or absolute. The science about it is the original system, to which it is more specific, it is developed by oneself and that it takes the unity for itself, i.e. totality, and if you look at the power of authority, you can use the necessary freedom.
Note. Philosophy without a system cannot bear anything scientific in itself; except for the fact that such a philosophizing by itself is a more subjective mentality, more vipadkovo behind the light. Be it a lighter, we take away the truth as if it were a moment of the whole; A lot of philosophical creations are surrounded by them, which they speak, in such a rank, there is no mindset and thoughts. Under the system of pomilkovo, philosophic vchennya, which is rooted in obmezhenomu, vіdmіnnuyu vіd іnshih principle; in fact, the principle of true philosophy lies in itself in the fact that one should take revenge on oneself for all particular principles.
§ fifteen
The skin part of philosophy is a philosophical whole, closed in one's own color, but the skin part of these parts is to avenge the philosophical idea in a special significance, or as a special moment of the whole. Okrem near the very one who is guilty of totality in himself, breaks through the boundaries of his own destiny and serve as a supporter of the greater for the great sphere; In order to add up to the number of skins, it is a necessary moment, so that their system becomes a whole idea, as it immediately manifests itself in the skin of them as well27
§ 16
In the "Encyclopedia" science is not included in the report development of її special elements; The "Encyclopedia" is guilty of being only a collection of first-hand books and the basic understanding of all the sciences.
Note . A few pieces of special parts are needed for the development of a special science; Philosophy as a goal to become a true single science, or else it can be looked at as a whole, which is formed from a number of special sciences. The Philosophical Encyclopedia ranks among other outstanding encyclopedias, which remain as an aggregate of sciences, conspicuously and empirically ranked, an aggregate of sciences, in the midst of which they are such and such, although they are only called science, but in truth, they are the home of choice. The shards of science enter into this unit with no more than a noble rank, their unity is a sound unity, roztashuvannya in a singing order. To that, even to that, that the material of the sciences is of a vipadical nature, whose order is guilty of being over-tested and constantly showing its dissatisfaction. Also, in the philosophical encyclopedia, they cannot know their own field: 1) simple aggregates of information, such as, for example, philology. In addition, 2) sciences, which are based on svaville, like, for example, heraldry, cannot enter before it; the sciences of the rest of the family are thoroughly positive; 3) other types of sciences, which are also called positive, but, however, may have a rational basis and the cob. Only this rational bik of sciences should be philosophic, but otherwise, the positive side will be left exclusively to their wet bathhouses. More positively in the sciences is a different nature: 1) rationally by itself, the beginning of science transforms itself on the basis of those that are more violently created in the area of ​​empirical loneliness and reality. In this kingdom of insincerity and depravity, there is no strength to understand, but you can only give strength to the mother. Jurisprudence, for example, otherwise the system of direct and indirect taxes will lead to residual, precise decisions, which lie behind the borders in one’s own-and-for-one’s own understanding, and that stench fills up a wide area for exile, as they can be used by them and others , i, in such a rank, do not think of residual reliability. So the very idea of ​​nature, taken in її loneliness, wanders in the realm of vipadkovnosti; natural history, geography, medicine, etc. come to the destination, to the sight of that vіdmіnnosti, yakі lie down in the sovnіshny vipadku that svavіllya, and not in the mind. History also belongs to the category of sciences, oskіlki її sutnіst є ideєyu, and її vyscha vipadkovі i belong to the kingdom of svaville. 2) The positive sciences are also the rest, the stinks of the stench do not know that they are appointed to end and do not show the transition of their appointment to the greater sphere, but to take them is simply like cooking. In these sciences, we have before us the concept of form, just like in the sciences of the first kind - the concept of material. Z tsієyu kintsіvkoyu form pov'yazana 3) kintsіvka pіdstavi pіznannya, like є partly resonated, almost, faith, the authority of others, the authority of the internal and external lookout. This is where such a philosophy lies, as it lays at its basis anthropology, facts of evidence, internal observation of the outer world. Perhaps, however, it is possible that the form of the scientific world is more empirical, and thoughtfully looking at, organize those that are less of a manifestation in such a way as to show the internal movement of understanding. Such empiric sciences are characterized by the fact that the zavdyaks of protylezhnosti one to one raznomanittya porivnyuvannyh phenomena zvnishni, vypadkovі minds fall, at the result before the rozumovym glance protrude wildly. Experimental physics is understood, history is too thin. to christen, in such a rank, the rational science of nature, human beings are right in looking at the image, which is understood by the best images.
Section 17
If there is an ear of philosophy, then, perhaps, it is the fault of itself, like other sciences, at the beginning of a subjective rethinking, the very thing of a particular subject; although in other sciences the subject of thought is space, the number is thin, then philosophy can be made the subject of thought itself thought. Ale, a celestial act of thought; it will freely stand on that point of dawn, on which it will be for itself and, henceforth, itself will generate and give itself its subject. Dali, the point of dawn, for example, in such a rank, without a middle, is guilty in the boundaries of philosophical science to transform itself into a result, and to itself for the rest of the result, for which it will again reach its cob and turn to itself. In this manner, philosophy appears as a stake, which turns to itself, does not have an ear in that sense, in which the ear of another science is found, in which the ear is brought only to the subject, which is to be philosophized, and not to science like that. But, in the same words, understanding of science, then, before understanding (being the first understanders, it’s not possible to take revenge on one’s own division, which is based on the fact that thought is the subject of a yak bi for an exalted philosophical subject) can be attacked by science itself . More than that, by the only method of that right science is to reach the understanding of one's understanding and, in such a rank, to come to one's own point of departure and to one's satisfaction.
§ eighteen
Just as it is impossible to give a forward-sounding statement about philosophy, more than the integrity of science is the image of the idea, so itself її razpodil on the edge of the part can be more sensible only from the image of the idea; tsey rozpodil, like those blatant statements about philosophy, from which one can be gleaned, є deakim peredbachennyam. But the idea manifests to itself as the simplicity of self-identical thought and at once as diyalness, as if it believes in what the thought stands for itself in order to be for yourself and in some other way still be less in yourself. In this order, science is divided into the following three parts:
I. Logic is the science of an idea in oneself and for oneself.
II. Philosophy of nature as a science about the idea in її іnobutti.
III. Philosophy to the spirit is like an idea that turns in itself from its own innovation.
More, in § 15, we mentioned that the difference between the other philosophical sciences is only a manifestation of the idea itself and only one thing is manifested in these other moments. In nature, nothing else is known, but the idea is there, but the idea is here in the form of soundness (Entauperung)28, the outward manifestation is exactly the same, as in the soul the idea itself exists for itself and becomes in itself and for itself. Appointment, in which an idea comes up, it’s a clear moment at once; To this end, science is all at once and recognizes its own change as an existing subject, and recognition without interruption of its transition at its own place. The statement about the subdivision of sciences is wrong for those who take the okremі part or the science as ordinary, neither stinks until they were less calm and substantial in their own authority.

Vcheniy, as a theoretician, and an experimenter, formulates the development of a system of development and revision, step by step. In the gallery of empirical sciences, theory, opinions, hypotheses, or systems of theories, and reverify them on the basis of additional caution and experiment.

I respect that the task of the logic of scientific research, that, otherwise, apparently, the logic of knowledge, is the logical analysis of the procedure, that it is the analysis of the method of empirical sciences.

What is it - “methods of empirical sciences”? What do we call "empirical science"?

1. The problem of induction

With a broader view, against which I speak in the reference book, it is typical for the empirical sciences to use such titles "inductive methods". As soon as one looks at it, the logic of scientific research should be distinguished from inductive logic, then from a logical analysis of inductive methods.

Visnovok is called "inductive" singular vislovluvan(some of the titles are also "private conversations") to the type of feedback about the results of warnings or experiments before universal vislovlyuvannya type of hypotheses or theories.

From a logical point of view, it is far from being an eyewitness to the veracity of our children’s creation of universal appearances from the singular, independently of the number of the remaining ones, shards, be it a kind of visnovok, of seeing in such a rank, may we have mercy. Even if there were some examples of the appearance of white swans, they warned me, but they didn’t really believe the vysnovka: “All the swans were white”.

Nutrition about the truthfulness of inductive whiskers, or else, apparently, think about you, for such whiskers are true, in the house I call "The problem of induction".

The problem of induction can also be formulated as a source of veracity and truth of universal concepts, which are grounded on evidence - hypotheses and theoretical systems in the empirical sciences. A lot of people have been slaughtered, what is the truth of such universal expressions "Vіdoma z dosvіdu". However, it is clear that the description of whether or not there is any evidence - caution or the result of the experiment - can be expressed only in a singular Vistula and at the same time not in a universal Vistula. Відповідно, коли про деяке універсальне висловлювання кажуть, що істинність його відома нам з досвіду, то при цьому зазвичай мають на увазі, що питання про істинність цього універсального висловлювання можна якось звести до питання про істинність сингулярних висловлювань, які визнаються істинними на підставі наявного досвіду. Otherwise, they hang, stand firm, that universal hangings are grounded on inductive windings. To the extent that we ask, what are the true laws of nature to us, it is simply another formula for nutrition about the logical truthfulness of inductive windings.

Since it is pragmatic for us to know the ways of correcting inductive windings, then we must first install principle of induction Such a principle is the fault of the mother, who looked at the way, for the help of which we could give inductive steps in a logically acceptable form. In the eyes of inductive logic, there is nothing important for the scientific method for the principle of induction. “... This principle,” says Reichenbach, “determines the truth of scientific theories. The adoption of yoga from science meant no more and no less than the advent of science and the creation of a distinction between the truth and the fragility of її theories. Without it, science, obviously, has no more right to speak about the validity of its theories in the form of chimerical and sufficient creations of the poetic mind.

At once about those principles of induction, the nature of the sutological truth is incomparable to the type of tautology of analytical speech. True, it seemed like it was similar to the susto-logical principle of induction, then there would not be a similar problem of induction, shards in the same way all inductive vysnovka traces were seen as suto-logical, tautologically transforming, analogous to deductive vysnovki. Henceforth, the principle of induction can be synthetical, so that it is possible to describe what is self-supervisible, but on the other hand, it is logically possible. At the link with the cim and blame the food, why did we take the blame for accepting the principle and with the same rank, based on rational assumptions, we can really accept it.

Applicants of inductive logic should declare at once from Reichenbach that “the principle of induction is safely accepted by all science: and that in everyday life no one seriously contemplates doubts in this Principle”. And yet, let me tell you, that the induction of firmness is true-wishing, obviously, and “the whole of science” can have mercy, I declare that the principle of induction is known to be true and, moreover, it will inevitably lead to logical failures.

Those that are so superficially blamed on the connection with the principle of induction are clearly shown by Hume. Hume has also shown that the usunennia tsikh protirich, as if it were possible, sticks out of serious difficulties. Indeed, the principle of induction can be universally applied. Therefore, if there are any tests, to bring the truth to the truth, I will renew in full obligation to blame those problems themselves, for the sake of solving them, the principle of introductions. In this way, in order to make the principle of induction true, we need to establish an inductive thread, for the rest to be true, we have to introduce the inductive principle of a higher order, and so on in the same spirit. Later, an attempt to obstruct the principle of induction, vihodyachi z dosvіdu, z nebhіdnіstyu razbієєєє, shards won't inevitably lead to neskіchennogo regression.

Kant, having tried to propagate his own way of solving the problems, stverdzhuyuchi, that the principle of induction (what a win formulating as “the principle of universal causality”) is “verify a priori”. Prote yogo, the guilt of trying to induce a priori the truth of the synthetic interpretations, in my opinion, was successful.

In my opinion, it is characterized by difficulties that are blamed on inductive logic, non-exhaustion. The same can be said about how difficult it is to be within the framework of a wide-spread theory, which is based on some inductive method, although wine is not "suvoro reliable", you can sing the singing step of “superiority” of imovirnosti”. In this theory, inductive frills are "imovirnymi frills" (div.). (We have described, - Reichenbach declares, - the principle of induction as a zasib, for the help of which science recognizes the truth. More precisely, we could say that we should serve for the purpose of purporting to be imaginary, because it is not given to science to know neither the truth, nor the science ... vyslovlyuvannya can no longer gain a step of imovirnosti, inaccessible to the upper and lower boundaries, such as truth and nonsense ” .

At this stage of my reflection, I will allow myself to be angry with this fact, that the addicts of inductive logic are rooting for the understanding of imovirnosti, as I would later see through the absolute innocence of their power purposes. I can ignore today's understanding of imovirnosti through those who solve the problems of inductive logic in no way lead to animals to imovirnosti. True, as we will base on the inductive winding the following steps to ascribe a sing step of flexibility, it is possible to be true, or less inductive (well, with inductive changes) the new principle of induction. That is the new principle to be brought to one’s hand to correct the procedures and to the truth, etc. More than that, we cannot break it for a month and in that case, as well as the principle of induction is not “true, but rather “imovirnim”. otherwise "imovirnіsna logic", similarly to whether it be some other form of inductive logic, to bring either to filthy inconsistency, or to doctrine apriorism(Div. also below, ch. X).

It is a logical theory, as if it would be torn apart, without intermediary speaking out against all the attempts of the child, based on the ideas of inductive logic. Vaughn could be recognized as a theory deductive method of reverification otherwise, like a thought, for some kind of hypothesis you can interpret only empirically and only after moreover, like she was hanging out.

First, proceed to the development of the concept of the concept (as opposed to "inductivism" could be called "deductivism"), I am guilty of roses to explain the difference between psychology of knowledge, as far as I can tell from the empirical facts, that logic of knowledge, as if looking less logically blue. Respectfully, that faith in the inductive logic of goiters is due to its own actions, it is important to change psychological and epistemological problems. Corisno also signifies, among others, that such confusion calls out difficulties in the logic of knowledge, and in psychology itself.

2. Usunennya psychologism

I have already shown that the activity of the learned field is based on the observation and reversal of theories.

Pochatkov stage of this process - the act of conceiving that creation of a theory, - on my soil, it is reconsidered, it does not require a logical analysis, that one is not suitable for you. Food about paths, like a new idea - it’s a musical theme, a dramatic conflict or a scientific theory - people come, they can be of real interest for empirical psychology, but it’s not possible to come to a logical analysis of scientific knowledge. Logical analysis does not stick food about facts(Kantian quid facti?) the truth about chi priming(Kantian quid juris?). The power of another type may look like this: how can you be true to deyak vyslovlyuvannya? What is possible, then what rank? What is it that is being twisted? Is it logical to lay it out in the face of some other developments? Chi, can you super-speak to him? In order to help deyake the development of a logical analysis, it can be presented to us. It is up to you to formulate the same way and then logically follow it up.

As far as what has been said, I clearly distinguish between the process of creating a new idea, on the one hand, and the method and results of a logical follow-up. Why should the task of the logic of knowledge of knowledge be on the basis of the psychology of knowledge, then I will come out of a change of mind, that it is out of the question in the following methods, which are victorious with these systematic re-examinations; , meritorious on the seriousness of setting up to yourself.

It is possible, I can deny, that it would be much easier to reach the set goal, as if it were the head of epistemology to look at the so-called "rational reconstruction" quietly krokiv, yakі led vchenoy to vіdkrittya-until the manifestation of another new truth. However, at this point, one blames food: what, strictly seemingly, can we reconstruct? As the subject of our reconstruction will be teccbi, reckoning before the appearance and showing inspiration, I am encouraged to respect the tasks of logic. Such processes are the subject of empirical psychology, but not logic. Insha rich, as if you want to rationally reconstruct coming revisions, for the help of those you can install, what a breath of inspiration є vіdkritty or knowledge. Shards of opinion are critically assessed, vimiryu chi see the fruits of their wet inspiration, we can, for good reason, look at a similar methodological analysis of such a kind of “rational reconstruction” of the various processes of thought. However, such a reconstruction does not describe the actual course of the processes, but it can be seen that it can only give a logical skeleton of the re-verification procedure. I think, maybe, everything that can be on the verge of under the procedure of those successors, like talking about the “rational reconstruction” of the ways of learning.

My reflection, presented in this book, is absolutely independent from the perspective of the problem. Oskіlki all the same, it went wrong, then my glance at the chain will briefly lead to the offensive: there is no logical method of withdrawing new ideas, no logical reconstruction of the process. I will definitely express my thoughts, saying that it’s hard to take revenge on the “irrational element” or “I create intuition” with the Bergsonian sensi. Einstein is analogous to talking about “the joke of such supra-extremely universal laws... among them, with the help of pure deduction, one can take a picture of the world. There is no logical path, - continue wine, - what leads to such ... laws. The stench can be taken away only for additional intuition, based on a phenomenon similar to intellectual love (Einfuhlung) to the object of knowledge.

3. Deductive review of theories

As far as the concept that is being developed in this book is concerned, the method of critical re-examination of theories and selection of them for the results of such a re-examination will always go forward. From some new idea, formulated in the forward order and not yet corrected in the same way - some kind of transference, hypotheses or theoretical systems - for additional logical deduction, consequences are drawn. Then, we will take away the traces and compare them one by one with those other logical connotations with the method of revealing obvious between them logical inferences (such as equivalence, viability, summation or non-insanity).

You can, let's say, see some different ways, how the theory is re-verified. In the first place, it is logically similar to take away the heritage from each other, because of which the internal non-supercity of the system is reversed. In another way, following the logical form of the theory with the method of determining, what is the nature of empirical, what is the nature of science, theory, for example, tautological. Thirdly, it is important that the given theory be compared with other theories, it is more important to determine how the new theory has contributed to scientific progress at a time, as follows: it is alive and well after її different revisions. I, nareshti, in a fourth way, tse re-verification of the theory for the additional empirical stosuvanya of the traces that are derived from it.

The meta of reworking of the remaining type is in that, schob z'yasuvati, naskolki new nasledki tsієї teorії, so that everything that is new in її zmіsti, satisfies with the help of practice, regardless of the fact that chi come from purely scientific and substantive experiments . The reverification procedure is deductive. From this theory, for the help of others, earlier accepted ones, there are deeds of singular wisdom, which can be called "prophecies", especially prophecies, which are easily misunderstood, or without a middle stasis. From them vibirayutsya vyslovlyuvannya, shcho not vyvodyatsya from dosi accepted theory, and especially superechat їy. Then we try to blame the deaker for the decision on how these (the others) were developed, equal to the results of practical experiments and experiments. Even so, the decision is more positive, so that the singular consequences seem to be acceptable, otherwise verification, then the theory can be taken into account by the ninth vitrimala reverb and we can’t put it into practice in it. Ale, if the fault of the decision is negative, otherwise, apparently, as the consequences appeared falsification, then the falsification of their falsity and the theory itself, for which the stench was logically shown.

Next, a more positive decision can support the theory less often, shards of an offensive, possibly negative decision, can prostutovat її. In this world, in such a theory, detailed and suvori re-verifications have not been added to our theory under the hour of scientific progress, we can say that our theory has “brought its stability” or, in other words, that it has “corrected” (corroborated)

Significantly, the procedures for reviewing theories that we have shortly called do not have a trace of inductive logic. In our world, nowhere is the possibility of passing from the truth of the singular to the truth of theories, so it is not allowed anywhere, that on the basis of the "verification" of the evidence, "the truth" of the theory or "the truth" may be inserted.

In this book, I will give a detailed analysis of the methods of deductive re-verification. I will try to show that within the framework of such an analysis it is possible to see all the problems, as they are called "epistemo-logical". Those problems, which are generated by the special needs of inductive logic, can be adopted without replacing new problems.

4. The problem of demarcation

From the numerical list, yakі, ymovіrno, can but hang out against the concepts that are developing by me, most seriously, perhaps, so. Considering the method of induction, I can say that I allow empirical science to be quiet and rice, which is the most characteristic of it. And tse means that I use the bar'eri, that they uphold science in the form of metaphysical speculations. My opinion on the tse pereperchennya lies in the offensive: the main reason, as it spurred me to the point of inductive logic, I am just those who won't install legal signs empirical, not metaphysical nature of theoretical systems, otherwise, apparently, vydpovidnogo “criteria of demarcation.

The problem of familiarity with the criterion, which gave us at our fingertips for the manifestation of recognition between the empirical sciences, on the one hand, and mathematics, logic and "metaphysical" systems - from the other, I call the problem of demarcation.

Tsya problem bula vіdoma vzhe Yumu, who tried virishiti її. In the hour of Kant, it became the central problem of the theory of knowledge. Just as, following Kant, we call the problem of induction "Hume's problem", then the problem of demarcation as a whole can be called "Kant's problem".

Three of these two problems, which have a lot of other problems of the theory of knowledge, fundamental, in my opinion, is the problem of demarcation. Indeed, the main reason why epistemologists who are shy to empirism blindly rely on the “method of induction” is the main reason why this method can give us an appropriate criterion of demarcation. It is especially hard to lie down to quiet empirics, as if to direct under the ensign of "positivism".

The positivity of many hours was shattered to the point of recognition by scientific and legal ones understand(manifestation of either ideas), like, like the stench was hung, “seen from the knowledge”, then you understand, like the stink was respected, it is logical to be reduced to the element of a sensitive sense of sight (or of the sense of data), hostility, acceptance, elements of hearing, visual perception yati and so far. Today's positivists have gone far away to achieve a clearer view of science. For them, science is not a system to understand, but a system vislovluvan. Vidpovidno to the stink of skhilnі vyznavaty scientific or legal less vyslovlyuvannya, scho to elementary (or "atomic") vyslovlyuvannya about dosvіd - "sudzhennya priynyattya", "atomic vyslovlyuvannya", "protocol propositions" or anything else like that. It is obvious that the smart one has its own criterion of demarcation the same way to encourage inductive logic.

Oskіlki I see inductive logic, I can also see all similar things and try to solve the problem of demarcation. In connection with this, the problem of demarcation is of even greater importance for our investigation. The recognition of an acceptable criterion of demarcation can be a touchstone for any kind of epistemology, which does not go to the aid of inductive logic.

Positivity sounds to interpret the problem of demarcation. naturalistically, yakby won't be a problem, scho lie up to the competence of the natural sciences. Instead of respecting your own heads of the adoption of an acceptable convention, they respect that it is necessary to recognize the difference between science, on the one hand, and metaphysics - from the other side, which is, so be it, in the very nature of speeches. The stench is constantly trying to prove that metaphysics, by its nature, is nothing else, like a stupid Balakan - "sophistry and oman", in the words of Hume, - it would be more correct to throw it at the fire.

Yakby mi did not put into the words "silly" and "what is not the least significant" іnshoy sense, lower, zgіdno z їkh vznachenym, "shо not lie empirical science", then the characterization of metaphysics as stupid nonsense was b trivial, the shards of metaphysics sound through її "non-empirical". However, positivity is respected that more can be said about metaphysics, but simply ascertaining the non-empirical nature of the deeds її vyslovlyuvan. It is obvious that the demarcation of science and metaphysics is not a successful demarcation of science and metaphysics as a practical method of positivism. lead to one and the same result - to such a designation “maє meaning (understood) proposition” (on the vіdmіnu vіd “silent pseudo proposition” ”), as simple as about repeating the criterion of demarcation, the authorities are subject to them inductive logic

Such a style of speeches clearly “appears to itself” in the eyes of Wittgenstein, at the thought of some kind of dermal meaning, it can be used. logically to elementary (or atomic) vislovlyuvannya, yakі vіn razumіє like a description, or "image the action" (before speech, such a razuminnya, on one thought, crying out all the vyslovlyuvannya, what the meaning is). It is quite obvious that the Wittgensteinian criterion of svіdomost zbіgaetsya with the inductive criterion of demarcation, mind you, we replace the words "scientific" or "legitimate", which are victorious in "maє meaning". In this way, the very innocence of the problem of induction calls for the failure of attempts at positivism to demarcate the problem of demarcation. At its own pragnennі iznishchit metaphysics of positivism at once with it prirodnіchi і sciences, because the laws of science so the same, like metaphysical firmness, nevodnі to elementary vyslovluvani about sensibility dosvіd. With the last zastosuvanni vitgenshtejnіvskogo criterion svіdomostі vydkidat yak tі, scho do not think of the meaning, tі themselves the laws of nature, the joke of those, behind the words of Einstein, є “greater tasks of physics”. Such laws, according to the criterion of Wittgenstein, cannot be respected by the right, or admissible, laws in the same world. Wittgenstein's attempt to show that the problem of induction is an empty pseudo-problem was described by Shpik as follows: universal language about reality. We know at once with Hume that there is no such logical truth. Yogo i can't be just the one that universal language with the help of language”(emphasis mine).

Our analysis, in this manner, shows that for some sensible inductive criterion of demarcation, an immeasurable help us to draw a cordon between scientific and metaphysical systems and to which we can assign an equal status to them. On the right, in what, zgіdno s verdict, scho to blame on the basis of positivist dogma meaning, science and metaphysics are a system of stupid pseudo-wisdom. Therefore, the deputy to ignite metaphysics from the empirical sciences, positivism, navpaki, leading to the promotion of metaphysics in the field of science. (Div. Roz. 78, as well as,.)

In opposition to such anti-metaphysical cunning - anti-metaphysical, obviously, only behind their names - I do not put metaphysics down for metaphysics. I would like to formulate an acceptable specificity of empirical science, or to designate the concept of “empirical science” and “metaphysics” in such a way that for the skin system we could signify that it was achieved by the right empirical science.

Obviously before what has been said, my criterion of demarcation is to look at how vysuvannya please, chi conventions. If there is some kind of acceptability, be it a specific convention, then because of this reason, thoughts can be different and an acceptable discussion of these food is possible only between the parties, yakі mаyut nevnu spіlnu meta. Vybіr tsієї meti zreshtoj is guilty, obviously, be the right solution, yakі go between optimal priming.

Those philosophers, as a result and method of science, vvazhayut a system of absolutely reliable and residually true interpretations, no doubt, in my favor. Those same zroblyat and tі, hto bacheling "the essence of science ... in її gіdnostі", like, on їhnyu dumku, poking єє її "tsіlіsnostі", її "the real truth of that reality". It is unlikely that philosophers will be able to find out about the feasibility of modern theoretical physics, in which I, like a lot of others, I’m working on today’s best implementation of what I call “empirical science”.

The goals of science, as I may on uvazi, zovsim vіdminnі vіd schoyno names. However, I do not pretend to be true to them, revealing the true values ​​of the day-to-day goals of science. The whole problem would get confused and would be a relapse of positivist dogmatism. As far as I know, there is only one way of rational education of my approach. The essence of this path is in the analysis of its logical traces of the manifestation of its plausibility, so that the building explains the problems of the theory of knowledge.

In this rank, I profess to admit that in the course of formulating my approach, I was overlooked by the clearest reflections, the mindful judgments, and the real likenesses. I’m touching the one, the miy pіdhіd tsilkom, you can do the same for the quiet, is not that it is not that logi is strict, and the freedom is a dogmatism, hto pragne of practical gesto science, ale of the migrations of the parishion of science, and putting before us new inconsistencies in supply, they make us formulate new inquiries, which we never dreamed of before.

Those that my concept hangs under the influx of valuable mirkuvans, doesn’t mean in any way that I’m giving that very pardon, having sued positivists for yak, that I’m trying to reduce metaphysics, hanging labels on it. I don't go so far as to assert that metaphysics has no value for empirical science. It is impossible to overestimate that a series of metaphysical ideas that put the transition on the path to the progress of science, bul and іnshi, so speculative (speculative) atomism, like they shriveled yoma. Looking at scientific knowledge from a psychological point of view, I am smart to think that scientific knowledge is impossible without belief in the idea of ​​a day of speculative, speculative type, which often turns out to be even more imperceptible, believe, absolutely untrue from the point of view of science and in this way "metaphysically" ).

Zvajayuschie on what was said about metaphysics, I still respect that the greatest masters of logic are aware of understand empirical science in order to develop a linguistic familiarity with terms, less often, perhaps more singably, and in order to conduct a reading of the demarcation between science and metaphysics, while remaining, perhaps, and stimulating the development of science by extending our history.

5. Dosvid yak method

We have set a task - to formulate an acceptable understanding of the "empirical science" - not relieved of difficulties. Chastkovo folding blame s tієї furnish, scho, maybe, іsnuє impersonal theoretical systems, I can think of a logical structure, even similar to the structure of that theoretical system, as soon as I hope that they are accepted by them as a system of empirical science. Sometimes the situation is described as follows: truly grandiose, incredibly inexhaustible, the number of "logically possible worlds", and the system, called "empirical science", for its recognition, describe only one svіt - "real svіt", or "the svіt of our dosvіdu".

From the method of clarification of the hardened statements, it is possible to formulate three ways that our empirical-theoretical system can be satisfied with. Come on, get out there buti synthetic, to describe something that is not superb, capable world. In another way, it is guilty to be satisfied with the criterion of demarcation (for sec. 6 and 21), so as not to be a metaphysical system and describe the world of the possible dosvіdu. Thirdly, it is to blame for being a rank in other such systems, as such, which depicts itself our svіt dosvіdu.

By what rank can you revive such a system that reflects our world to the truth? The proof of the power is as follows: you see the system of other similar systems, those that it was overturned and vitrimala їх. Tse means that such a system can be seen on the basis of drawing up to it the same deductive method, the analysis of which I have put my method to describe.

"Dosvid" at a glance speaks for a specific method from which we can challenge one theoretical system of others. It can be said that science is characterized not only by its logical form, but, moreover, by its specific method.(I’ll see, obviously, they are trying to understand and inductivity, as if trying to characterize empirical science, relying on the inductive method in it.)

Obviously, before the above, the theory of knowledge, the task of which is to enter into the analysis of the method or the procedures characteristic of empirical science, can be presented as a theory of the empirical method theory, those that sound are called “dosvid”.

INSTUP

Logic is one of the most ancient foibles of scientific knowledge, it is a real cultural phenomenon on the cob and is blamed as science. The role of logic in the world of science is important and bagatoplanova. It is understood that the orientation of logical results changes over time, logical methods are improved, new trends are blamed, which meet the needs of scientific and technical progress.

It is clear that after the fall of ancient civilization it was earlier, that was inspired by ancient science - the whole logic of Aristotle. Vіdoma negative position of the Middle Ages to all ancient science, but the principle of її izznannya originated from the first seven chapters of the Aristotelian "Analysts".

In the epoch of Renaissance, however, the first boules were revived and actively challenged for the hours of antiquity of logical methods. From which the philosophy of R. Descartes and other philosophies is initiated, from which hour the whole science of the New Hour is initiated.

Aristotle should reach the creation of logic as a defense of truth and vikrittya sophistry. In itself, in these capacities, the axis is already more than two thousand. In the period of the Middle Ages, the Scholastics continued to explore the problems of logic. They introduced Latin terminology into logic. F. Bacon completed the foundations of inductive windings. The studies of the eminent German philosopher and mathematician W. Leibnitz conceived another stage of logic - symbolic logic (the middle of the 19th century).

When writing a teacher from the logic of the blame, it is a complicated problem, connected with the superior successes of symbolic logic. As a result of these successes, especially in the theory of logical and logical semantics, the thought about the inconvenience of traditional logic was brought to light. However, people, like two thousand years ago, continue to rozmirkovuvat, bring, ask, coristuyuchis natural mine. And here, in an effective way, is the apparatus of traditional logic.

At the link with this, there is a nutritional note: how can we apply traditional logic to the results of symbolic logic? In the symbolic logic, a lot of problems of traditional logic are seen in a new way, for example, problems of judgement from hundred-soons, folding judgments, logical laws, too. The symbolic logic has created new forms of mirroring and new types of logical connections. That is why it is simply impossible to speak at once about traditional logic without improving the reach of symbolic logic.

And all the same, how to get the material of traditional and symbolic logic in one course? I realized that there are two different logical systems, two different stages of one science, but to talk about logic as a primary discipline and here it is necessary.

Also, the main folding of the situation is similar to the principles of discretion between traditional and symbolic logic when approaching the analysis of microscopy. The traditional logic analyzes the message, the concept of such a form, like understanding, judgment, visnovok, but the symbolic logic continues the language, more precisely, the meanings of the word, and that is not about the form of the message, but about the terms and the expression of the movie.

Take two, go smoothly. To that there is a sense in vikladannі traditional logic, vikoristovuvat results of symbolic logic, de vain more visvіljuє pevnu problem chi add new. To the singing of the world with a clear vision, one can see the Aristotelian syllogistic by Jan Lukasevich.

Everything was accepted to the point of respect for the hour of writing of this assistant.

Subject of logic

Appointment of logic as science

Logic as an independent science can have a rich history. The very word "logіka" resembles the Greek word "logos", which in translation means: word, sense, thought, language.

Іsnuє kіlka meaning of the word "logіka". We call the best coexistence that we can say on that, as it will be victorious with this assistant.

First, the word "logic" means the laws of vindication, the laws of reasoning, the laws of the development of speeches and phenomena of the world in a special way (for these types of speeches, the following words are used: "the logic of speeches", "the logic of the historical process", "the logic of the future" then). ). That is, if you want to speak out, that behind the singing manifestations of those speeches there are obvious regularities, objective causes, then they turn up to the first meaning of the word "logic".

In another way, the word "logic" is used to name the consistency, non-superability, and obstruction of our worlds. In this way, the most coexisting is to wrap: "the new one has a beautiful logic," the wine has logic, "or "the new one has logic", "the new rotten logic" is too thin. audience, we say: "the new one has good logic."

Thirdly, with the word "logic" to tell about the building of the people, to bring the necessary light to the help of the mind. In their minds, it’s good to spell such words: “people with powerful logic”, “people with powerful logic”, etc. Tsі zvoti reinforce the special character of the setting of a person to the world. On the vіdmіnu vіd vіd shogo living, lyudina osredkovuє svoє stavlennja to the world of thoughts, but to put that world of thought among yourself. Tse and explain the situation, that a person, as a representative of the creaturely world, evaluates the objects of that phenomenon in the world of the world not as an object, which is based on it, but rather as an object, and then - the results of it are transmuted with power. For example, for a creature, for example, a tree is an object, which is necessary to get around, or if it’s evil, if it makes you want to collapse in a straight line, then for a person a tree is an object of activity, from which you can induce budinok, chauvin, take papers away. .; wind is the element, like inflating the ship's windows, wrapping the turbine of the wind power plant too.

Fourthly, the word "logic" is used to name the initial discipline, as a means of maintaining richness of the century as a binding element of the European system of education. Maєtsya on uvazі, scho zdavnіh-long ago at the initial pledges of Europe obov'yazkovo vykladala logic.

Nareshti, in a sense, the word "logіka" means a special science about myslennia.

Pointing out to those that "Logic is a special science about thought," they themselves support that thought as an object of study is not the prerogative of only logic.

Let's look at the logics, the thoughts of the same sciences, like the physiology of the main nervous activity, psychology, philosophy. The skin of these sciences has its own specific aspect of thought.

For example, the physiology of the main nervous activity analyzes the idea of ​​improving the material processes, which is to establish the physiological basis of the idea. Psychology considers thoughts (order with emotions, will) as one of the components of the inner (spiritual) light of a person. Cybernetics develops the process of thinking through the modeling of yoga in the presence of special schemes, for the help of which it is possible to adopt, memorize that processing of information with the method of transmission to other objects.

Logic will continue to understand from the side of these laws, which are the way people are in the process of discovering the truth. To be more precise: to speak the logic, as if it were functioning, “alive” is the true knowledge, as it is possible from the earlier established and re-verified truths, without turning to the skin specific attitude to practice, but rather stagnating especially the rules of that law of thought, accepting new truths.

One of the main tasks of logic, like the science of thought, and those that logic takes to the point of respect is less than a form, a way of gaining new knowledge. There is a way of acquiring new knowledge, without linking with the form of knowledge with a particular zmist.

Yak gramatics Vivce formed the word of the word, that is being formed by Recheneni, vidvollyaky, vid, specific to the serpent of the Movny Virave, yak mathematics, a rivalcrity, the spaces of the spare mother, so I understand the same asal. umovivodiv.

To bring the appointment of the animal to the butt. Let's take two mirror baths:

In the skin z tsikh mirkuvan two of the thoughts are surrounded by a third. Behind the zmіst, obviously, tsіrkuvannya raznі. One goes to astronomy, and the other to law. Ale, a way to link the warehouse parts is clear in both mirkuvannyah of the same: "If the subject is powerful and if everything, to which power is attached, can power to a friend, then the subject, about which to go, is the same to a friend of power."

Looking at the assigned particularity of the aspect of thought, which is the object of the development of logic, it follows that logic becomes a part of spiritual culture and the very thing that forms the culture of thought. This formation is one of the factors of the practical significance of logic, and it actually lulled the universality of logic as a basic discipline.

What does "Mislennia culture" mean? Nasampered - we are aware of the setting before the process of mirkuvannya, so that you will correctly prove, ask, draw analogies, draw up hypotheses, know that you get pardons from your own and other people's mirkuvannyah. Likewise, just as knowledge of the rules of grammar gives us the ability to thoroughly develop words, speeches, phrases, so knowledge of the rules and laws of logic, ensuring the culture of thought, revealing the need for systematicity, consistency, obstruction, and the reconciliation of our worlds.

Under the influx of wet chi full of knowledge, in the skin of a person, the same elements of the culture of thought are formed (without a special engraftment of the laws and the rules of logic). Ale people, as if they didn’t learn logic, you can “watch out” logical pardons at the mirkuvannyah, it’s clear and qualified to get out of it.

Illustrated on butts. Vіzmemo navmisno hibne mirkuvannya, vіdome s davnіh daven:

The inconsistency of the cut-off visnovka is evident from the unsupported ototozhnennya, it is necessary to understand the incomprehensible ones. There is a word about the word "good" that gets used to the vihіdnih іdeyakh, like changing the visnovka. For the first duma, the word "good" has the least sense of evaluating a specific speech, di (take faces, acknowledging the doctor, for a specific person in a specific speech - korisno). Here the word "good" means practical dotsilnist sing speech chi vchinku. In another Duma, the word "good" gets used in the ethical plan, as a common understanding of "evil".

Let’s look at one more mirkuvannya about the yak recalls the old Greek philosopher Protagoras (481 - 411 BC).

"Let's learn, whose name was Evathl, and Protagoras, the teacher of wisdom and krasnomovstvo, was laid to please, for some fee for training, Protagoras takes away after that, like Evathl to complete the training. She will be Evathl's fee for the first trial of the court process.

And after finishing the training, Euathlus did not undertake the conduct of the court processes and respected that he could pay Protagoras to the wine city for the training. Todі vchitel, threatening to turn back to the court, saying to Evatl:

Suddi or to award you before paying the fee, or not to award. In both vipadas you can pay. For the first one - for a great court, for the other - it’s pleasing to our liking, then it will be the first time you go through the process.

On tse Evatl vіdpovіv like this:

Neither in the first, nor in the next, I will not cry. If you sue me to pay, then I will not pay, because I have run my first judicial process. If you don’t sue me until the fee is paid, then I won’t pay the sum of money with a great court. ”

The pardon of this chrismation lies in the fact that in the boundaries of a particular chrismation, one and the same person is taken at once in different vents. Tobto learned as a lawyer, which was the prog of the judicial process, and to the court, which the court was right.