How do you make up with the periodic table? For an uninitiated person, reading the periodic table is all the same, for a dwarf to marvel at the ancient runes of elves. And the periodic table can tell you about the world even more richly.

In addition, to serve you in the service in your sleep, it is simply indispensable with the most majestic number of chemical and physical tasks. Ale yak її read? Fortunately, today you can learn the art of leather. In these articles, it is rozpovimo, as if to understand the periodic table.

p align="justify"> Periodic system of chemical elements (Mendeliev's table) - categorization of chemical elements in order to establish the importance of different powers of elements in relation to the charge of the atomic nucleus.

The history of the creation of the Table

Dmitro Ivanovich Mendeliev is not a simple chemist, if anyone thinks so. Tse buv chemist, physicist, geologist, metrologist, ecologist, economist, naftovik, povіtroplavets, priladobudіvnik and teacher. For his life of learning, he managed to carry out a fundamentally rich study of knowledge in different galleys. For example, the idea is broadened, that Mendeliev himself calculated the ideal temperature of the burner - 40 degrees.

We don’t know, like Mendeliev, putting himself up to the burner, but it’s clear that his dissertation on the topic “Mirkuvannya about mixing alcohol with water” is not small to the burner of the same drink and looked at the concentration of alcohol at 70 degrees. For all the merits of the scientist, who introduced the periodic law of chemical elements - one of the fundamental laws of nature, brought him the widest popularity.

There is a legend, because of such a periodic system, the scientist dreamed, because of which he was left with no need to further develop the idea. Ale, yakby everything was so simple. This version is about the creation of Mendeliev's tables, perhaps no more than a legend. For food about those, how the table was opened, Dmitro Ivanovich himself said: “ I've been thinking about her for maybe twenty years, but you think: sit down and raptom ... it's done "

In the middle of the 19th century, samples were taken in order of chemical elements (there were 63 elements in total) at the same time, a large number of chemical elements were being tested. For example, in 1862 Oleksandr Emil Shancourtua introduced the elements of the twinning line and marked the cyclical repetition of chemical powers.

The chemist and musician John Alexander Newlands propagated his version of the periodic table in 1866. We call it the fact that in the development of the elements of the teachings, we tried to bring out a mystical musical harmony. In the middle of the last trials, Mendeleev's test was successful, and it turned out to be a success.

In 1869, the first scheme of the table was published, and the day of the 1st of February 1869 is respected as the day of the periodic law. The essence of Mendeliev's opinion is that the powers of the elements from the growing atomic mass change not monotonously, but periodically.

The first version of the table contains a total of 63 elements, ale Mendeliev, having created a number of non-standard solutions. So, vin zdogadavsya left out in the table space for non-critical elements, as well as changing the atomic masses of the active elements. The fundamental correctness of the law, introduced by Mendeliev, was confirmed even more quickly, following the introduction of gallium, scandia, and germany, the basis of which was passed on to him.

Current view of the periodic table

Below we point the table itself

Today, for the ordering of the elements, the replacement of the atomic energy (atomic mass) is necessary to understand the atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus). The table has 120 elements, which are sorted to the right in order of increasing atomic number (number of protons)

The columns of the tables are the names of the groups, and the rows are the periods. Table 18 has 8 periods.

1. The metal powers of the elements under the hour of turmoil in the period of evil change to the right, and to the right direction - increase.
2. Expanding the atoms when moving the evil to the right, the periods change.
3. Under the hour of the beast's rush, down the group, the dominant metal powers are growing.
4. Oxidation and non-metal power in Russia during the period of evil increased to the right.

What do we know about the table element? For example, let's take the third element of the table - lithium, and let's look at it in a report.

Nasampered mi bachimo the very symbol of the element ta yogo I will call him. The upper left corner has the atomic number of the element, in the order of which the element is placed in the table. The atomic number, as assigned, is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. The number of positive protons, as a rule, is equal to the number of negative electrons in atoms (minus isotopes).

The atomic mass is indicated under the atomic number (for each version of the table). To round off the atomic mass to the nearest integer, we take the mass number as such. The difference in mass number and atomic number gives the number of neutrons in the nucleus. So, the number of neutrons in the nucleus of helium is more than two, and in lithium it is more than two.

Axis i ended our course "Mendeleev's table for teapots". At the end, we encourage you to look at the thematic video, and we suspect that the food about those, like the periodic table of Mendeliev, has become more clear to you. We guess that learning a new subject is effective not alone, but with the help of an experienced mentor. By the same token, don’t forget about those who are happy to share their knowledge and knowledge with you.

Periodic system of chemical elements (Mendeliev's table)- Classification of chemical elements, which establishes the staleness of different power elements in the charge of the atomic nucleus. The system is a graphical visualization of the periodic law, introduced by the Russian chemist D.I. Mendelevim in 1869 roci. Її the first variant of D.I. Mendelevim in 1869-1871, and establishing the validity of the powers of the elements in their atomic power (according to the current, in the form of an atomic mass). Usyi has proposed hundreds of variants of the image of the periodic system (analytical curves, tables, geometric figures, etc.). In the current version of the system, the links of the elements are transferred to the two-world table, in the skin of the stovpets (group) they indicate the main physical and chemical authorities, and the rows are divided into periods, the singing world is similar to one to one.

Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendelev

PERIOD ROW GROUPS OF ELEMENTS I II III IV V VI VII VIII I 1 H 1,00795 4,002602 helium II 2 Li 6,9412 Be 9,01218 B 10,812 W 12,0108 charcoal N 14,0067 nitrogen O 15,9994 kissen F 18,99840 fluorine 20,179 neon III 3 Na 22,98977 mg 24,305 Al 26,98154 Si 28,086 silicon P 30,97376 phosphorus S 32,06 Sirka Cl 35,453 chlorine Ar 18 39,948 argon IV 4 K 39,0983 Ca 40,08 sc 44,9559 Ti 47,90 titanium V 50,9415 vanadium Cr 51,996 chromium Mn 54,9380 manganese Fe 55,847 zalizo co 58,9332 cobalt Ni 58,70 nickel Cu 63,546 Zn 65,38 Ga 69,72 Ge 72,59 germany As 74,9216 mish'yak Se 78,96 selenium Br 79,904 bromine 83,80 krypton V 5 Rb 85,4678 Sr 87,62 Y 88,9059 Zr 91,22 zirconium Nb 92,9064 niobium Mo 95,94 molybdenum Tc 98,9062 technetium Ru 101,07 ruthenium Rh 102,9055 rhodium Pd 106,4 palladium Ag 107,868 CD 112,41 In 114,82 sn 118,69 tin Sb 121,75 antimony Te 127,60 telur I 126,9045 iodine 131,30 xenon VI 6 Cs 132,9054 Ba 137,33 La 138,9 hf 178,49 hafnium Ta 180,9479 tantalum W 183,85 tungsten Re 186,207 rhenium Os 190,2 osmium Ir 192,22 iridium Pt 195,09 platinum Au 196,9665 hg 200,59 Tl 204,37 waist Pb 207,2 lead Bi 208,9 bismuth Po 209 full At 210 astatine 222 radon VII 7 Fr 223 Ra 226,0 AC 227 actinіy ×× RF 261 rutherfordium Db 262 dubnium Sg 266 Siberian bh 269 Bory hs 269 hasiy Mt 268 meitner Ds 271 Darmstadt Rg 272 Сn 285 Uut 113 284 ununtry Uug 289 ununquad Up 115 288 ununpention Uuh 116 293 unungexium Uus 117 294 ununseptii Uuo 118 295 unoctia La 138,9 lanthanum Ce 140,1 cerium Pr 140,9 praseodymium Nd 144,2 neodymium Pm 145 promethium sm 150,4 Samaria Eu 151,9 European Gd 157,3 gadolinium Tb 158,9 terbіy Dy 162,5 dysprosium Ho 164,9 holmium Er 167,3 erbium Tm 168,9 thulium Yb 173,0 terbium Lu 174,9 Lutetian AC 227 actinii Th 232,0 thorium Pa 231,0 protactin U 238,0 Uranus Np 237 neptunian Pu 244 plutonium Am 243 americian cm 247 curium bk 247 Berkeley cf 251 Californian Es 252 einsteinium fm 257 farm md 258 Mendelevium no 259 nobel lr 262 Lawrence

Accordingly, the Russian chemist Mendeleviev, played (insanely) the most important role in the development of science, itself in the development of atomic and molecular science. Tse vіdkrittya made it possible to take away the greatest zrozumіlі and simplicity at the vvchennі statement about the simplicity and folding of the chemical part. Only zavdyaki tables and I can understand about the elements, which are koristuemosya in the current world. In the twentieth century, the predictive role of the periodic system in the evaluation of chemical powers, transuranium elements was shown, as shown by the creator of the table.

The development of the 19th century, the periodic table of Mendeliev in the field of science of chemistry, gave a ready-made systematization of the types of atoms, in the development of PHYSICS of the 20th century (physics of the atom and the nucleus of the atom). At the beginning of the XX century, the school of physics, a path was established that the ordinal number (vin atomic) is equal to the world of the electric charge of the atomic nucleus of that element. And the number of the period (tobto the horizontal row) indicates the number of electronic shells of the atom. It was also stated that the number of the vertical low table indicates the quantum structure of the outer shell of the element, (them themselves, the elements alone are low, the goiter is similar to chemical powers).

The recognition of the Russian scientist, marked a new era in the history of light science, which made it possible to create majestic streaks in chemistry, but it was also priceless for other sciences. The Periodic Table gave a string to the system of statements about the elements, with the improvement of її, it became possible to work on the science of whiskey, and to bring forward the deuce of vodkrittya.

Table of Mendeliev One of the peculiarities of the periodic table of Mendeliev, is that the group (column in the table) can have more suffixes of periodic tendencies, lower for periods or blocks. In our time, the theory of quantum mechanics and atomic structure explains the group nature of the elements, since they can have the same electronic configurations of the valence shells, and as a last resort, the elements can be found between the same column, may be very similar, (however, similar), especially similar chemical features. Thus, there is a clear trend of a stable change of power in the world of the growth of the atomic mass. Next, indicate that in some areas of the periodic table, (for example, in blocks D and F), similarities are horizontal, more commemorative, lower vertical.

The Mendelian table is to replace groups, which are assigned serial numbers from 1 to 18 (zliva, right-handed), similar to the international group naming system. In the past hour, for the identification of groups, Roman numerals were victorious. In America, the practice was to put after the Roman numeral, the letter “A” when roaming the group in blocks S and P, or the letter “B” - for groups that are in block D. th remaining figure of the current indicators at the hour (for example, the name IVB, for elements of the 4th group of our hour, and IVA - for the 14th group of elements). In the European countries of that time, a similar system was won, but here the letter “A” lay up to groups up to 10, and the letter “B” - after 10 inclusive. Ale group 8,9,10 Mali identifier VIII as one of the three groups. The names of the groups completed their reasoning after the fact that in 1988 the ranks of rank were established, the new IUPAC notation system, which is koristuyutsya and infection.

Bagato groups took away non-systematic names of a traditional character (for example, “luzhnozemelni metal”, or “halogens”, and other similar names). Such names were not taken away by groups from 3 to 14, because they are less similar to each other and may be less similar to vertical patterns, they should be named either after the number, or after the name of the first element of the group (titanium, cobalt, etc.).

Chemical elements, which can be seen in one group of Mendelian tables, show trends in electronegativity, atomic radius and ionization energy. In one group, at the direction of the beast down, the radius of the atom grows, at the world the accumulation of energy lines, the valence electrons of the element move away from the nucleus, with which the energy of ionization decreases and the bonds in the atom weaken, more simply. The electronegativity also decreases, as the result of the growth between the nucleus and valence electrons increases. Ale z tsikh regularities so very є blames, for example, the electronegativity grows, instead of the one that changes, in group 11, straight down the beast. The Mendelian table has a row, which is called "Period".

In the middle of the group, even for some more significant ¾ horizontal lines (on the other hand, for some more significant vertical lines), block F is added to such groups, in which lanthanides and actinides form two important horizontal sequences.

Elements show the same regularities in terms of atomic radius, electronegativity, ionization energy, and in the energy of sporidity to the electron. Through those that the number of charged particles in the skin step increases, and the electrons are attracted to the nucleus, the atomic radius changes into a straight line to the right, together with the ionization energy increases, with an increase in the bond in the atom, the folding increases. Metals, which are listed in the left part of the tables, have a characteristic smaller indicator of the energy of sporidness to the electron, i, in the right part of the indicator, the indicator of the energy of sporidness to the electron, for non-metals, the indicator is greater (Crimea of ​​gentry gases).

Different areas of the Periodic Table of Mendeliev, depending on the first shell of the atom, the rest of the electron, and in view of the importance of the electron shell, it is customary to describe like blocks.

The S-block includes two first groups of elements (puddles and meadow-earth metals, water and helium).
The P-block includes the poles of the rest of the groups, from 13 to 18 (from IUPAC, or for the system adopted in America - from IIIA to VIIIA), this block itself includes all metaloids.

Block - D, groups 3 to 12 (IUPAC, or IIIB to IIB in American), this block includes all transitional metal.
Block - F, call to blame for the inter-periodic tables, including lanthanides and actinides.

Like the periodic table seems to you to be collapsible for understanding, you are not yourself! Wanting to learn it is not easy to understand її principles, to learn to practice with it, to help other natural sciences. For the first time, the structure of the tables and those, as information can be recognized from it about the skin chemical element. Then you can increase the power of the skin element. І, nareshti, with the help of the Mendelian table, you can calculate the number of neutrons in the atoms of the tієї chi of another chemical element.

Kroki

part 1

Table structure

The Mendelian table, or a periodic system of chemical elements, starts at the upper left corner and ends like the rest of the row of the table (at the lower right corner). Elements in the table are arranged in left hand in order of increasing atomic number. The atomic number shows how many protons are in one atom. With a smaller side, with an increase in the atomic number, the growth and atomic mass. In this way, the distribution of that number of elements in the Mendelian table can be assigned to the first atomic mass.

1. As you can see, the skin element of the front takes one more proton, the lower front element. Tse is obvious, like to marvel at atomic numbers. Atomic numbers increase for one hour, moving to the right. Oskіlki elementi raztashovanі for groups, deyakі the middle of the tables are left empty.

   • For example, the first row of the table should be filled with water, which is the largest atomic number 1, and helium with atomic number 2. However, the stench is spread on the opposite edges, the shards lie down to different groups.

2. Find out about groups that include elements with similar physical and chemical powers. Elements of the skin group are located at the upper vertical column. As a rule, stinks are denoted by one color, which helps to designate elements with similar physical and chemical powers and convey their behavior. All elements of these other groups may have the same number of electrons on the outer shell.

   • Hydrogen can be included both to the group of tin metals, and to the group of halogens. In some tables, yoga is shown in both groups.
   • Most of the groups are numbered from 1 to 18, and the numbers are placed in the top at the bottom of the table. Numbers can be entered in Roman (for example, IA) or Arabic (for example, 1A or 1) numerals.
   • In Russia, the columns seem down to the beast, like you are looking at the group.

3. Find out why there are empty commissaries in the tables. Elements are ordered not only in order to their atomic number, but also by groups (elements of the same group may have similar physical and chemical power). Zavdyaks to whom it is easier to understand how to behave that chi іnshiy element. Prote zі zrostannyam atomic number yakі zavzhdі perebuvayut elementi, yakі potrapyatіy vіdpovіdnu group, vіdpovіdnu group, the table zustrіchayutsya empty centers.

   • For example, the first 3 rows are empty in the middle, the shards of the transition metal are sharpened only from the atomic number 21.
   • Elements with atomic numbers from 57 to 102 are classified as rare earth elements, and they belong to the same subgroup in the lower right section of the table.

4. Leather row of tables with a period. All elements of one period may have the same number of atomic orbitals, in which the distribution of electrons in atoms. The number of orbitals depends on the number of the period. The table has 7 rows, so 7 periods.

   • For example, the atoms of the elements in the first period have one orbital, and the atoms of the elements in the seventh period have 7 orbitals.
   • As a rule, periods are indicated by numbers from 1 to 7 in the table.
   • In Russia, it seems like a lazy-handed person, that you are “reviewing the period”.

5. Learn to distinguish between metals, metaloids and non-throws. As soon as you understand the power of that chi іnshoy element, you will be able to determine to what type of wines to lie. For the sake of clarity, tables of metal, metal and non-metal are indicated by different colors. Metals are found in the lions, and non-metals are in the right part of the table. Metalloids roztashovani between them.

   part 2

   Designation of elements

   1. The skin element is denoted by one or two Latin letters. As a rule, the symbol of the element is placed in capital letters near the center of the double middle. Symbol є abbreviated name of the element, as zbіgaєtsya in more words. During the experiments, those robots with chemical equals ring out the symbols of the elements, which is worth remembering.

      • Sound the symbols of the elements in the abbreviations of their Latin names, wanting for those, especially those who have recently introduced the elements, the stench of the abhorrently accepted name. For example, helium is denoted by the symbol He, which is close to the arrogantly accepted name of the earthly language. At that very hour, the yak Fe is signified, which is shorthand for the Latin name.

   2. Give respect to the name of the element, as it is pointed at the table. The name of the element is victorious in outstanding texts. For example, "helium" and "coal" are the names of elements. Sound, want and always, rename the elements to be indicated under their chemical symbol.

      • Sometimes the names of the elements are not indicated in the tables, and only their chemical symbols are indicated.

   3. Find the atomic number. Sound the atomic number of the element of rotting the animal in the middle, in the middle, or in the kutka. Vin can also be used under a symbol or as an element name. Elements can be atomic numbers from 1 to 118.

      • The atomic number is always a whole number.

   4. Remember that the atomic number corresponds to the number of protons in the atom. All the atoms of the same element and the same number of protons. At the sight of electrons, the number of protons in the atoms of the element is overstayed. Another viyshov bi another chemical element!

      • The number of electrons and neutrons in atoms can be assigned to the atomic number of an element.

   5. Sound the number of electrons to the number of protons. Vignatok є that vipadok, if the atom is ionized. Protons are positive, and electrons are negative. Shards of atoms sound neutral, stench to avenge the same number of electrons and protons. Tim is no less, an atom can suffocate electrons, or use them, and ionize in the same way.

      • They generate an electrical charge. If there are more protons in ion, then there is a positive charge, and a plus sign is put in the right place after the symbol of the element. As an ion, it can take more electrons, it has a negative charge, which is indicated by a “minus” sign.
      • Signs "plus" and "minus" are not put, as the atom is not an ion.

The periodic law was recognized by D.I. Mendelevim for an hour of work on the text of the assistant "Fundamentals of Chemistry", which is due to the difficulties of systematizing the actual material. In the middle of the fierce 1869, obmirkovuyuchi structure podruchnik, teaching step by step dyshov vysnovka, shcho power of simple speeches, and atomic masses of elements poov'yazuє sevna zakonіrnіst.

The appearance of the periodic table of the elements was rather unviolating, the result of the majestic work, trivalo and copious work, which was stained by Dmitri Ivanovich himself, and the impersonal chemists at the warehouse of his predecessors and contemporary workers. “If I became a residual form of my classification of elements, I wrote on the leather cards the element of that yogo day, and then, sorting them out in order of the group of rows, having first looked at the table of the periodic law. Ale tse buv was more than a final chord, a pіdbag usієї peredneї pratsі…” - saying the teachings. Mendeliev blatantly, which was the result of yoga, which completed the twenty-fifth thought about the links between the elements, the fading from the sides of the mutual elements.

On the 17th of February (1st birch) the manuscript of the statute, scho to replace the table with the title “The proof of the system of elements based on the current atomic vase and the chemical similarity”, of the completions and buildings to another with signs for compositors9 and the date “February 16, 1”. Information about Mendeliev’s speech was made known by the editor of the Russian Chemical Partnership, Professor N.A. Menshutkin at the meetings of the association on the 22nd of February (6th of March), 1869. Mendelєєєєв himself at the meetings was not present, but at the same time for the heads of the Vilny Economic Partnership, he served the cheese brewery of the Tverskoy and Novgorod provinces.

In the first version of the system, the elements were arranged in nineteen horizontal rows and six vertical columns. On the 17th of the fierce (1st birch) the enactment of the periodic law was not yet completed, but rather started. Dmitro Ivanovich continued the destruction of that burial for three years. At 1870 p. Mendeliev in "Fundamentals of Chemistry" published another version of the system ("Natural System of Elements"): horizontal columns of elements-analogues turned into vertically stacked groups; The six vertical columns of the first variant changed into a period that started with puddle metal and ended with halogen. The leather period was broken into two rows; the elements of the different rows, which increased to the group, made the subgroups.

The essence of Mendeliev's opinion is that, from the growing atomic mass of chemical elements, their powers change not monotonously, but periodically. If there is a singing number of people behind the power of the elements, which are stoked for the growth of the atomic power, the power begins to repeat itself. Vіdmіnіstyu works Mendelєєv vіd robіt yogo poperednіkіv bіl thе basis fіklіkatsії elementіv іn Mendelєєv's bula not one, but two - atomic weight and chemіchna podіbnіst. In order to do the perіodicity of the gate, I was visited by Masi Elementiv, Kilka Elementiv Rosemiystiv, the vascular systems in the same time, the similarities of the signs of thoroughly, have a skewed navigy.

In 1871 p. on the basis of these works of Mendeleyev, he formulated the Periodic Law, the form of which was then completely perfected.

The Periodic System of the Elements has already plunged into further development of chemistry. Vaughn was not only the first natural classification of chemical elements, she showed that they can tame the string of the system and be in a close connection one with one, and she became a powerful sign for further achievements. Then, if Mendeleyev z urakhuvannyam vydkritovnogo periodic law becoming his table, a lot of elements were found. For the coming 15 years, Mendeliev's forecasts were brilliantly confirmed; all three ochіkuvanі elements bіdkritо (Ga, Sc, Ge), which was the greatest triumph of the periodic law.

ARTICLE "MENDELEV"

Mendelev (Dmitro Ivanovich) – prof., nar. near Tobolsk, September 27, 1834). Father yoga, Ivan Pavlovich, director of the Tobolsk gymnasium, suddenly became blind and died. Mendeliev, a lad of ten, having lost his mother's guardianship, Mary Dmitrievna, nee Kornil'eva, a woman of good intelligence, and was crowned with a wild shawl in a mischievous intelligent household. Childhood and gymnasiums of M. take place in an environment that is friendly to the self-confidence and independence of nature: the mother was a lover of the free awakening of the natural call. Love before reading that marriage clearly showed up in Moscow just after completing the gymnasium course, if the mother, having failed to send her son to science, took Yogo 15-year-old boy from Siberia to Moscow, and then through the river to St. institute… At the institute, the help, all-out study of all the galleries of positive science… Ale already 1856. Vіn turning again to St. Petersburg, nadіyshov Privatdozent to St. Petersburg. univ. she got her dissertation “About Pets Obsyaga”, on the steps of a master of chemistry and physics ... In 1859. M. buv v_dryadzheny for the cordon ... U 1861 p. M. again became a Privatdozent at St. Petersburg. University. Recently, we published the course “Organic Chemistry” and the article “About the Intermediate CnH2n+ in Carbohydrates”. In 1863 p. M. buv appointments as a professor of St. Petersburg. Technological Institute and for a long time, having been richly engaged in the nutrition of technology: їzdiv to the Caucasus for the extraction of oil from Baku, Vіlnogo ekonomіchnogo kompaniya, vydavav tehnіchі kerіvnitstva і t. p. U 1865 p. having carried out further research on alcohol for their pet vaga, which served as the subject of a doctoral dissertation, as if protecting the offensive rock. Professor of St. Petersburg univ. in the Department of Chemistry M. letters of appeal and appointments in 1866. From that hour on, scientific activity is gaining such versatility and diversity, which in a short drawing can be shown only in the most important practices. In 1868 - 1870 pp. Written his "Fundamentals of Chemistry", de first carried out the principle of the first periodic system of elements, which made it possible to transfer the basis of new, yet uncritical elements and to accurately transfer the power of their own, and their various branches. In 1871 - 1875 pp. occupies itself with the expansion of gas pressure and expansion of gas and publishes its own publication “About gas pressure”. In 1876 p. for the entrusted order to Pennsylvania for a look at the American oil fields and then a little time to the Caucasus for the cultivation of the economical minds of the naphtha production and the minds of the production of naphtha, which caused a wide development of the naphtha industry in Russia; he himself takes care of the development of oil in carbohydrates, publishes about all the creations and in them analyzes the food about the movement of oil. Approximately at the same time, they take care of food, as they spend time swimming and supporting the countryside, accompanying their publication of other creative works. In the 80s rock. Vіn znovaєtsya until vvchennya rozchinіv, the result of which was op. "Succeedings of water researches for the pet vaga", visnovki who knew the style of the successors in the midst of chemists in the Ukrainian lands. In 1887, at the hour of complete sleepy darkness, he went up alone on an aerostat to Klin, himself to work on the risky adjustment of the valves, to work on the auditory sack and to bring everything that was far away to memory from the chronicle. At 1888 p. living at home of the economic mind of the Donetsk Kamyanovougilnoi region. At 1890 p. M. pripiniv reading his course of inorganic chemistry in St. Petersburg. University. Other great economics and sovereign tasks at this hour start especially to borrow yoga. Appointments as a member for the sake of trade and manufactories, I take the most active part in the planned and systematic intercession of the tariff for the Russian industrial industry and publish the Tlumachniy Tariff 1890, which interprets for all the articles, which is why such an intercession is necessary for Russia. One hour later, military and maritime ministries were sent to the military to rebuild the Russian army and fleet for the conversion of smokeless gunpowder and then to England and France, as if they were small gunpowder, it was appointed in 1891. consultant at the Ministry of the Navy for gunpowder nutrition, working at once with servicemen (with their own scientists) in the scientific and technical laboratory of the maritime department, issued specifically for the preparation of the designated nutrition, even on the very cob 1892 r. shows the required type of smokeless gunpowder, called pyrocolodic, universal and easily attached to anyone. From the Ministry of Finances of the Chamber of Finances, they came and there, in 1893, they were signed by them to the great guards, they came and there and rozpochinay vydanni "Vremennik", who published all the vimiryuvalni, like at the chamber. Chuynyy and chuynyy to the point of being scientific food of first-rate importance, M. is also chewing with other manifestations of a stream of suspenseful life, and creaking, perhaps, having said his word ... Z 1880 p. Vіn soil tsіkavitisa artistic world, especially Russian, chooses art collections, etc., and 1894 p. to be an active member of the Imperial Academy of Mystics... The first-rate importance of various scientific nutrition, which was the subject of M.'s training, cannot be repaid here due to its numbers. Win having written up to 140 robots, articles and books. But the hour for assessing the historical significance of these works has not yet come, and M., we will be spodіvatisya, don’t stop to continue to continue and hang on to your harder word for food, which they blame, like science, so it is life ...

RUSSIAN CHEMICAL SUSPILITY

The Russian Chemical Society is a scientific organization founded at St. Petersburg University in 1868. and was a voluntary association of Russian chemists.

About the need for the creation of the Association was announced at the 1st Z'їzdі rosіyskih sіchnіv prirodі і likarіv, scho vіdbuvsі in St. Petersburg naprikіntsi chest 1867 - the cob sіchnya 1868 р. On Z'izdі, the decision of the participants in the Chemical Section was announced:

“Chemistry section announced one-flight bazhannya z'ednatisya in Khimіchne suspіlstvo to combine the forces of Russian chemists, which already formed. Section vvazha, scho suspіlstvo matemіv іn all places of Russia, and yоu yоu see thе practice of all russian chemists, аkі аrе friends with russian language”.

Until this hour, chemical partnerships were founded in several European countries: the London Chemical Partnership (1841), the Chemical Partnership of France (1857), the German Chemical Partnership (1867); The American Chemical Sector was founded in 1876.

The statute of the Russian chemical industry, warehouses is more important D.I. Mendelevim was approved by the Ministry of National Education on the 26th of July 1868, and the first meeting of the Association was held on the 6th leaf fall, 1868. 35 chemists from St. Petersburg, Kazan, Moscow, Warsaw, Kiev, Kharkiv and Odesa went to the warehouse. In the first river of its origin, RCS grew from 35 to 60 members and continued to grow smoothly in the next years (129 - 1879 rubles, 237 - 1889 rubles, 293 - 1899 rubles, 364 - 1909 rubles, 565 - 1917 rubles) .

At 1869 p. RHV has its own other organ - "Journal of the Russian Chemical Partnership" (ZhRGO); the magazine was published 9 times on the river (shomіsyatsya, krіm summer months).

In 1878 p. The Russian Chemical Society united with the Russian Physical Society (founded in 1872) at the Russian Physical and Chemical Society. The first Presidents of the RFHO were A.M. Butlerov (born 1878-1882) and D.I. Mendelev (1883-1887). U zvyazku z ob'ednannyam z 1879 p. (from the 11th volume) "Journal of Russian chemical partnership" was renamed to "Journal of Russian physical and chemical partnership". The periodicity of seeing put together 10 issues per day; the magazine was composed of two parts - chemical (ZhRHO) and physical (ZhRFO).

On the sides of the ZhRGO, for the first time, a rich work of classic Russian chemistry was ordered. You can especially note the work of D.I. Mendely's creation and development of the periodic system of elements and A.M. Butlerov, connected with the development of the yoga theory of life and organic works… For the period from 1869 to 1930. 5067 original chemical reports were published in the ZhRGO, as well as abstracts and reviews of statutes from the latest nutritional chemistry, translation of the most important research papers from foreign journals.

RFHO became the founder of the Mendelian z'їzdіv іz global and applied chemistry; three first stars passed in St. Petersburg in 1907, 1911 and 1922. In 1919 the knowledge of the ZhRFGO was cited and renewed only in 1924.

The periodic system of chemical elements is the classification of chemical elements, created by D.I. Mendelevim on the basis of what he wrote in 1869. periodic law.

D.I. Mendelev

According to the current formulas of this law, in an uninterrupted series of elements, spread in order of increasing magnitude of the positive charge of the nuclei of their atoms, the elements with similar powers are periodically repeated.

Periodic system of chemical elements, filed at the table, is composed of periods, rows and groups.

On the cob of the skin period (behind the crown of the first), there is an element of clearly pronounced metal power (pull metal).

Clever designation of the color table: 1 - chemical sign of the element; 2 - name; 3 – atomic weight (atomic weight); 4 - serial number; 5 - split the electrons into balls.

In the world, the increase in the ordinal number of the element, which is equal to the value of the positive charge of the nucleus of the first atom, progressively weakens metal and increases non-metal power. The last element in the skin period is an element from a clearly expressed non-metal power (), and the rest is an inert gas. Period I has 2 elements, II and III have 8 elements each, IV and V have 18 elements, VI has 32 and VII (incomplete period) has 17 elements.

The first three periods are called small periods, the skin of them is formed from one horizontal row; other - great periods, skins from them (including the VII period) and two horizontal rows - paired (upper) and unpaired (lower). Boy lavas of great periods have less metal. The dominance of the elements in these rows from the growth of the serial number change slightly. The dominance of elements in unpaired lavas of great periods changes. In the VI period, lanthanum is followed by 14 elements, even similar to chemical powers. Numbers of elements, which are called lanthanides, are placed under the main table. Similarly, they are presented in the tables and actinoids - elements that follow the actinium.

Tables have nine vertical groups. The number of the group, behind a rare vinnyatka, is the most important positive valency of the elements in the group. The skin group, including zero and eight, is subdivided into subgroups. - head (roztashovana right) and pobіchnu. In the main subgroups with the largest serial number, metal and weak non-metal powers of the elements are strengthened.

In this way, the chemistry and a number of physical powers of the elements are designated as a place, like borrowing this element from the periodic system.

Biogenic elements, those elements that enter the warehouse of organisms and win a new biological role, occupy the upper part of the Mendelian table. In the black color, the cleats are brewed, which take the elements, which form the main mass (more than 99%) of the living speech, in the erysipelas colors - the cleats, which take the microelements (div.).

The system of chemical elements is periodic to the greatest achievements of modern natural science, and to the greatest extent of the dialectical laws of nature.

also, Atomna vaga.

The periodic system of chemical elements is a natural classification of chemical elements, created by D.I. Mendelevim on the basis of what he wrote in 1869. periodic law.

The cob formulation has a periodic law of D. I. Mendelev’s assertion: the power of chemical elements, as well as the form and power of their powers, change from periodic fallow due to the magnitude of atomic elements. Further, with the development of the concept of the life of the atom, it was shown that the exact characteristic of the skin element is not the atomic energy (div.), but the value of the positive charge of the nucleus of the atom of the element, which is equal to the ordinal (atomic) number of the element in the periodic system D. I. Mendelev. The number of positive charges of the nucleus of an atom is equal to the number of electrons that leave the nucleus of the atom, the fragments of the atom and are electrically neutral. In light of these data, the periodic law is formulated as follows: the dominance of chemical elements, and also the form of that dominance of their fields, is found in the periodic fallow in the magnitude of the positive charge of the nuclei of their atoms. Tse means that in an uninterrupted series of elements, arranged in order of increasing positive charges of the nuclei of their atoms, elements with similar powers are periodically repeated.

The tabular form of the periodic system of chemical elements is presented in a modern way. Won is folded over periods, rows and groups. The period is the last horizontal row of elements, arranging in the order of increasing the positive charge of the nuclei of their atoms.

On the cob of the skin period (behind the crown of the first), there is an element of clearly pronounced metal power (pull metal). Then, in the world, the increase in the serial number gradually weakens the metal elements and increases the non-metal power of the elements. The last element in the skin period is an element of clearly expressed non-metal power (halogen), and the rest is an inert gas. The І period consists of two elements, the role of puddle metal and halogen here is suddenly overwhelmed by water. II and III periods include 8 elements each, the names of Mendeliev are typical. IV and V periods develop 18 elements, VI-32. VII period is not yet completed and popovnyuєtsya piecewise created elements; In this period, there are 17 elements. Periods I, II and III are called small, leather from newcomers is folded in one horizontal row, IV-VII-great: stench (crim VII) includes two horizontal rows - paired (upper) and unpaired (lower). In the boys' ranks of the great periods, there is less metal, and the change in the power of the elements in the row of evil is weakly expressed to the right.

In unpaired rows of great periods, the power of the elements in the row changes in the same way, like the power of the typical elements. In the paired series of the VI period after lanthanum, there are 14 elements [titles of lanthanides (div.), lanthanides, rare earth elements], similar to lanthanum and among themselves for chemical powers. The list of them is hovered around under the table.

Okremo written down and pointed out under the table of elements, what to follow for actinium-actinidium (actinoid).

In the periodic system of chemical elements, nine groups are stashed behind the verticals. The number of the group is more important than the second positive valency of the elements in the group. Vignatok to become fluorine (becomes only negatively monovalent) and bromine (not be seven-valent); In addition, copper, silver, gold can show a valency greater than +1 (Cu-1 і 2, Ag і Au-1 і 3), and from the elements of group VIII valency +8, only a few osmium and ruthenium can show. The skin group, after the eighth and zero grapes, is divided into two subgroups: the smut (stashed to the right) and the side. The main subgroups include types of elements and elements of great periods, while secondary ones have only elements of great periods and before that they were thrown.

Behind the chemical dominance of the elements of the skin subgroups of the group, one type of one or more positive valence is the same for all the elements of the group. In the main subgroups of the beast, the metal powers of the elements and the weaker non-metals are lowered down (for example, France is the element with the most pronounced metal powers, and fluorine is non-metal). In this order, the place of the element in the periodic system of Mendeliev (serial number) signifies the yogo power, as the average of the power of the susceptible elements vertically and horizontally.

Some groups of elements can be given special names. So, the elements of the head subgroups of group I are called tin metals, group II - luzhno-earth metals, group VII - halogens, elements, mixed with uranium - transuranium. Elements that enter the warehouse of organisms, take part in the processes of exchange of speech and may have a clearly pronounced biological role, are called biogenic elements. All of them occupy the upper part of the table D. I. Mendelev. Tse nasampered PRO, C, H, N, Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg and Fe, to form the main mass of living speech (more than 99%). Places, yakі take qі elements in the periodic system, pofarbovanі in light-black color. Biogenic elements, which are few in the body (from 10-3 to 10-14%), are called microelements (div.). In the cells of the periodic system, zabarvlenih in the yellow color, microelements are placed, life is important for the people.

From the theory of future atoms (div. Atom) the chemical power of the elements lies mainly in the number of electrons on the outer electronic shell. p align="justify"> The periodic change in the powers of the elements due to the increase in the positive charge of the atomic nuclei is explained by the periodic repetitions of the life-like electronic shell (energetic equal) of the atoms.

In small periods due to an increase in the positive charge of the nucleus, the number of electrons on the outer shell increases from 1 to 2 in periods I and 1 to 8 in periods II and III. Changes in the dominance of elements in periods from puddle metal to inert gas. Zovnishnya electronic shell, which avenges 8 electrons, is completed and energetically stable (the elements of the zero group are chemically inert).

In great periods of pair rows with increasing positive charge of the nuclei, the number of electrons on the outer shell is filled with constant (1 or 2) and sometimes filling with electrons of another shell shell. Zvіdsi povіlne zmіna zmіna polnostі elementі v ladnyh ranks. In unpaired rows of great periods, with an increase in the charge of the nuclei, there is a filling of the outer shell with electrons (type 1 to 8) and the power of the elements change in the same way as the typical elements.

The number of electron shells in atoms is equal to the number of the period. The atoms of the elements of the main subgroups on the outer shells have the number of electrons that is equal to the number of the group. Atoms of elements of secondary subgroups can be found on outer shells one or two electrons. This explains the difference in power between the elements of the head and side subgroups. The number of the group indicates the number of electrons that can take part in the established chemical bonds (div. Molecule), so the electrons are called valence. The elements of side subgroups have valence electron shells, and others. The number and number of electronic shells is assigned in the periodic system of chemical elements, which is added.

Periodic law D.I. Mendeliev and based on the new system may be of great importance in science and practice. The periodic law and the system have become the basis for the identification of new chemical elements, the exact designation of their atomic vag, the development of the analysis of the life of atoms, the establishment of geochemical laws of the distribution of elements in the earth's crust, the development of the current manifestations of living speech, at vіdpovіdnostі іz periodic system. The biological activity of the elements and yogo in the body is also rich in what they are called a place, like the stench is borrowed from the periodic system of Mendeliev. So, with the increase in the serial number in a number of groups, the toxicity of the elements increases and changes in their place in the body. The periodic law is clear with the viraz of the most important dialectical laws of the development of nature.