D. Karakozov's backswing on Emperor Oleksandr II. Swings on Oleksandr II Topic of Candidate's Dissertation
A. Kuznetsov: At different stakes, the installation before Oleksandr II was carried out by the Reforms, carried out by the emperor, nasampered, obviously, saying a strong right-bearer and everything that was tied to her, a wealth of people (accepting, on the back) looked at the right shakes of the foundations. Zagadaymo Nekrasova: “The great lancer fell apart ...” or Firs’s remark about those who “the samovar was buzzing, and the owl screamed in front of the bida. — Before what kind of bida, didus? -Before the will.
We looked at the protest on the right - it’s not even the result of a well-thought-out plan, like a revolutionary sublime organization. Dmitro Volodimirovich Karakozov performed on his own accord. What are the boules for motives? Karakozov himself explains them with a whole series of classic virazes of the proclamations. Os, for example, scho wrote shortly before the swing: “It became vain, it became hard for me, scho ... the guinea of my love people, and I saw the danger of the tsar-likhodiya and I myself died for my loving people. Give me my thought - I will die with a thought that I brought reproach to my dear friend - the Russian peasant with my death. But if I don’t give in, then I still believe that there are people who will follow my path. I didn’t get away - I’ll get away. For them, my death will be a butt and nadikhne їkh ... ".
The reforms of Alexander II for riches looked to shake the foundations
And all the same: what became the ideological bastards for Karakozov, and for the entire Shutinsky group, more court, in fact, not only over him, but over the whole organization? At the trial of 1866, the accuser, the Minister of Justice Zamyatnin, dedicating a great piece of his promotion to these furnishings, this atmosphere, in which everything was born, prepared: “People of the year 1868 began to think about the expansion of social ideas. The university was taken as a backbone for their own stench, they encouraged the students to generate and develop the idea of the need to expand social ... to expand social ideas to reach the revolution and transform the state in social ambushes. In these species, the bula navit has a special proclamation, the ale won't be widened. In 1864, the activity of the names changed by me in a straight line. The stinks knew how to spread their ideas among the people. With this method of stench, they began to instigate under the most worthy drives of various groups and associations, which were recognized as such, to provide additional help and support to the needy, or to secure the right distribution of the productive income of the working class. In such a rite of stench, the power to help the cashier, sewing and palettes, in which all the participants, working at once, took the whole surplus to the wine city for labor, which is being blamed, and the school for the cost-free education of children from the lower camps. In these mortgages, the vessels create a great field of activity. The stench of the stench comes in at the camp with new persons, who get there to the bajans, bring the greed of the little brothers, and s-push them to expand their thoughts about the impossibility of the right sovereign everyday life, the need to change the basic order and the transformation of the new sovereign principles of the sovereign.
That is why the members of the Ishutinsk group, the organization created by Karakozov's cousin Mikola Andriyovich Ishutin, were revolutionaries. Here, let's say, there were progressive community leaders, activists.
Dmitro Karakozov. Portrait of a robot Illi Repina, 1866 rec. Dzherelo: wikipedia.org
Well, from whom did the person come from, how did they shoot? Calling for everything, Karakozov was a mentally unstable person. About tse softly write the defender of Ishutina, the miracle Russian lawyer Dmitro Vasilovich Stasov. In their own ways, the wines of the kilka turn once and for all until the moment when it became clear to the members of the Shutinsky organization that Karakozov, judging from the horns, was planning an individual swing, the stench was superbly worried. Ivan Oleksandrovich Khudyakov, one of the active participants in this organization, arrived from St. Petersburg to Moscow, rushing to Ishutina and asking questions: “Whom did you send us?” (Screams were saying that Karakozov was sent from Moscow to St. Petersburg). Ishutin: “So no. Mi yoga was not forced. Vіn poїhav z vlasnoї іnіtsіativi”. The stench began to shukati the ability to zupiniti yogo. Followed him and nachebto achieved a new, behind the words of Ishutina, the obityanki did not rob the sharp ruins of the year, did not rob anything. Prote 4 kvіtnya Karakozov pishov, zustriv іmperatora, vystriliv, and, for the official version, less heroic vchinok villager Osip Komіsarov vryatuvav Oleksandr II in death.
Karakozov was the first, who cast a “polyuvannya” on the king
Warto signify that at the same time the remaining stage of the ship reform was sharpened at full speed. An absolutely new establishment was created, a fundamentally different court - a court of great importance, for which there is a ringing that defends mali equal rights, and the court itself is a neutral arbiter; vinikli advocacy, jury trial. And in this situation itself, the decision was praised (required to say, even more merciful and honourable) to judge at will and especially close by the court, but even after the new rules.
Well, and, obviously, a few words about people who praised the decision, how they beat the emperor and how they played key roles in this process. On the right, in the fact that, according to the investigation, it was recognized as a person with a very reactionary look - Mikhail Mikolayovich Muravyov. The last thing was done hard. Physical torturs, in the literal meaning of the word, did not stagnate, they protested the tortoises with sleep, or rather sleeplessness.
O. Pashina: It seems that Karakozov was not allowed to sleep
A. Kuznetsov: So
O. Pashina: And wine and so mentally unstable
A. Kuznetsov: Ishutin was not allowed to sleep. The investigation took the great material as a first. There was a sprinkling of months. І 10 sickle rose the closing process. Muravyov succumbed to the fact that only those who are worthy of the investigation itself and the court itself were published. For this reason, there is a lot of information about the process, but documents ... It was understood, the verdicts, the indictment were published, the speech of the sovereign accuser Zamyatnіn, and the axis of the speech of the lawyers - nі.
Thirty-six people were caught before the trial. Need to say, scho hurried. On a grand thought, tse bulo z tim, what was planned was the arrival of the Danish princess Dagmar, who was named to the throne of Oleksandr Oleksandrovich, the future Oleksandr III. So with the kings (taken from the main one) they planned to finish up to the next step.
O. Pashina: Spopatku strati, potіm urochist
A. Kuznetsov: Absolutely true. So the original roles in this right were played by the fortune-telling Dmitro Mikolayovich Zamyatnin, in fact, the main author of the court statutes, that Petro Petrovich Gagarin, a person with more conservative glances, as if she was heading for this process.
Portrait of Emperor Oleksandr II. Dzherelo: wikipedia.org
It was marvelous, but the organizers set themselves the task of carrying out the process without a hitch. Os yak Stasov describes: “At the court, it was shown by the testimony of all those who had been put into storage and put into the book of the record of the Minister of Justice, as if they had been stored unpreparedly. The minister of justice took to the court as if he were accusing himself miraculously correctly, without overdoing the accusations, without trying to get hold of the rich prosecutors and in the courts, and in the chambers there was a special recognition, without shying stretches, without setting fast food, inflaming trims. you should be calm, don’t forget the very role of a summation prosecutor, as a bula in the minds of the well-approved court statutes. The very same thing needs to be said about the head of the Supreme Court of Prince Gagarin, who was heading at the Sovereign Radiation when discussing court statutes, having strongly supported the details of the statute of the head certifier from these robots Zarudny during the conduct of wild ambushes. That is why the head of the Supreme Court, founded and in the past, functioned on the basis of these court statutes, slandered, wisely, with a sense of reason, all the way to try these statutes, like a good spirit, so letters. Ale, with whom, curious facts were still trotting. For example, one of the members of the Supreme Court, I don’t remember Count Panin or Prince of Oldenburg, preached to one of the courts, who drunk like certificates, to Motkov herself the same food, when Motkov was on the yak, he could give a certificate for himself. Then the defender Motkov Turchaninov moved and said that such a food was not possible to work, and Prince Gagarin supported Turchaninov and, going to Panina that Prince of Oldenburz, saying: “So, what food is not possible to work.” I turned back to Turchaninov saying: You can speak for the new one. Turchaninov vіdpovіv: "I don't know how to speak for a certificate"".
Karakozov was sentenced to the last penance for pіdushki court
Later, the accused were divided into two different groups: the first - the most important, 11 osib, who were called in the uninterrupted participation in the preparation of the swing (then Karakozov was at the swing, and I decided 10 osіb for the one who stinks were yogo sleepers). Other 25 people were guilty of what they knew, but they did not report it and so on. 3 11 people, it would have been given, who were called to the stratum that line-free hard labor, one was true. Moreover, the opposite was really worth a lot of everything: I gave Karakozov a shack in Petersburg, knowing without a doubt about his plan, I was like a rank of bachiv sbroi, chi chuv in Karakozov’s, that he added a wine. Ishutin helped whom I helped you. Tobto for everything, let's say, the traditional Russian canons, that a person would be small to go to hard labor as one of those who are close to cієї do it. Yogo was right. True to the crown court, which is made up of the most important dignitaries. On his way, Gagarin said to you: “And for you, young man, the axis of those who came here, can be especially noticeable, the shards on your wet butt You bachite, that we were judged unperturbedly.”
Yak, I’m calling again, write Stasov, the Zakhist Karakozov buv on the right, practically impossibly. The only thing for which you can get a loan for a medical certificate. However, here the whiskers were crushed, but Karakozov wanted to be a human being with confused nerves, and, there to say, a songful world, a confused mentality, ale ...
O. Pashina: … having confirmed
A. Kuznetsov: So Tobto povnistyu vіdpovidav legal term "reasonableness". I could see it from the fact that I was preparing myself, and from the fact that I was led to misfortune.
Lubkov's story about the feat of Osip Komisarov, 1866 rec.
In 1978 he graduated from the Novosibirsk State University (National Novosibirsk State University)
Diploma with a certificate for the specialty "Mathematics, Applied Mathematics"
Topic of Ph.D. dissertation
NADANNYA NAPIVGROUP CHI IN LOCALLY VIPUKLOMU SPACE
Topic of doctoral dissertation
DEVELOPMENT OF SUBJECT TRAINING FOR READERS OF INFORMATICS IN THE CONTEXT OF INFORMATIZATION OF LEARNING
Publications
In total, 292 scientific and primary methodical works were published (of which 10 monographs, 57 works in reviewed journals and publications recommended by the Perelik of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation, 6 primary aids, certificates of state registration of data bases).
The Russian Science Citation Index has 138 scientific citations, and 1003 citations. The Hirsch index for these robots is 15.
Promotion of qualifications
1. The program "Strategic planning and direct change of the system of financial management of VNZ", 24 years old, Primary Center for the Training of Kerivniks of NDU HSE, 2014.
2. Professional retraining for the program "Personnel Management", 252 years old, ANO DPO "CRR", 2015.
3. Professional retraining for the program "State and municipal government", 252 years old, ANO DPO "CRR", 2016
4. Professional retraining for the program "Project Management", 252 years old, ANO DPO "CRR", 2016
5. Dodatkova professional program "Management of VNZ activities: social aspects", 16:00, МІСІС, 2016
6. Professional retraining under the program “Economic planting activities and management of the lighting organization”, 792 years old, Moscow Regional Humanitarian Institute, 2017.
7. Dodatkova program “Management. Project management”, 72 years old, AGDPU im. V.M. Shukshina, 2017
"
Sovereigns and dominant cities
Honorary diploma of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation.
- Support of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation.
– An honorable diploma to the Committee of the Administration of the Altai Territory for lighting.
- Honorary diploma of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation,
order No. 3878 dated October 13, 2003
– Breastplate “Honorary Practitioner for Higher Professional Education of the Russian Federation.
- Support of the Administration of the Altai Territory to educate the youth on the right.
– An honorable diploma from the Administration of the city of Barnaul.
Dosyagnennya that zahochennya
Member of the Academy (Academician) of the Academy of Informatization Education.
- Corresponding Member of the International Academy of Sciences of Pedagogical Education.
- Member of the Expert Council for the sake of promoting the development of information and communication technologies for the most important representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Siberian Federal District.
- Member of the American Mathematical Fellowship.
- Member of the All-World Computer Association.
- expert of the National Fund for Personnel Training.
- Secretary of the Commission for Prizes to the Ryad of the Russian Federation in the field of education.
- the intercessor of the head of the specialized military for the sake of pedagogical sciences.
- member of the editorial board for the sake of various journals for the profile of education.
Professional activity
Barnaul National Pedagogical Institute. (Misto Barnaul, Altai Territory)
1981-1982 - Assistant of the Department of Mathematical Analysis
1982 -1985 - senior lecturer of the Department of Mathematical Analysis
1985-1986 - senior vikladach, vo. Head of the Department of Algebra
1986-1995 - Associate Professor, V.O. Head of the Department of Numerical Mathematics and Programming, Head of the Department of Mathematical Analysis
1995-1998 – full-time doctoral student, senior scientific researcher of the laboratory "Computers and Education"
1998-2009 - Director of the Institute of Informatization of Education, Professor of the Department of Numerical Mathematics and Programming of Internal Madness
2009-2010 - vice-rector for scientific work
2010-2012 - First Vice-Rector
2012-2012 - Professor of the Department of Numerical Mathematics and Programming
2012-2013 - senior Director of the Department of Research and Development of the St. Petersburg Humanitarian University of Professional Education
2013-2013 - First Vice-Rector of the Moscow Institute for Educational Studies
2013-2015 - First Vice-Rector of the Moscow Pedagogical State University
2015-2017 - Vice-Rector for Administrative Policy of the Moscow State Pedagogical University
2017 - to date - Vice-Rector of the Moscow State Pedagogical University
Participation in conferences
(Addendum at the international scientific and practical conference "From informatics at school to the technosphere of education" at the Russian Academy of Education on December 9, 2015)
Book portrait of Alexander II
Apparently, Oleksandr II zіyshov ascended the throne in 1855. On the eve of the 1st period of government, a number of reforms were carried out, including the peasant reform, after which wealth was sacked. For the sake of the emperor, they began to call the Willer.
And in the meantime, on a new bulo, a sprat of swings was cut. For what? Tse pitanya setting and the sovereign himself: “ Why stink against me, are you unfortunate? Why stink following me, like a wild animal? Aje, I’ll start working hard and do everything in my power for the benefit of the people!”
First swing
It became 4 April 1866. This day and this swing vvazhayut the cob of terrorism in Russia. The first swing was made by Dmitry Karakozov, a great student, a native of the province of Saratov. I shot at the emperor Mayzhe at point-blank range at the moment when Oleksandr II was sitting at the carriage after the walk. Unexpectedly, having shot a man (it appeared later that the villager O. Komisarov was), and the sack flew past the head of the emperor. The people who were standing side by side rushed at Karakozov and, completely immovably, pulled yoga on the floor, and the police didn’t drink it all the time.
Zatrimany shouting: " Fool! Aje I am for you, but you will not understand! Karakozov was elevated to the position of emperor, and he explained the motive of his introduction: “Your majesty, you have portrayed the villagers.”
Postril Karakozov
Court vinіs decision karati Karakozov with a way to increase. Virok buv vikonany 3 spring 1866
Another swing
It happened on May 25, 1867, when the Russian emperor visited Paris on an official visit. Vin turned after a military glance at the subdrome at the entrance to the carriage with the children of the French Emperor Napoleon III. Near the Bois de Boulogne, a young man was viyshov, a Pole for his trips, if the carriage with the emperors left behind him, the two girls vpritul shot from the pistol at the Russian emperor. And here Oleksandra was vryatuvaya vipadkovіst: one of the officers of the guard of Napoleon III poked the hand of the one who shot. They drank coolies by the horse.
Another swing at Oleksandr II
Terrorist buv zatrimany, Pole Berezovsky appeared to him. The motive of yoga diy bulo bazhannya avenge the strangulation of Russia of the Polish rebellion 1863 p. Berezovsky, having said before the hour of arrest: “... two days ago, the thought of tsardom was born in me, vtim, virnish, I spit out this thought from that hour, as if I had begun to convince myself, soaring on the vazі zvіlnennya batkіvschiny.
Terrorist Berezovsky
15 linden as a result of the review of Berezovsky by the jurors of the trials before the dovіchnoi penal servitude in New Caledonia (a great island of the same name and a group of other islands in the western-western part of the Pacific Ocean, in Melanesia. The France overseas is especially administrative). Pіznіshe hard labor was replaced by a daughter's conscription. Ale after 40 years, 1906, Berezovsky buv of amnesties. Ale vin so lost life in New Caledonia right up to death.
Third swing
April 2, 1879 Oleksandr Solovyovym took the third swing at the emperor. A. Solovyov was a member of the "Land and Freedom" partnership. I shot at the sovereign, if he had gone on walks near the Winter Palace. Solovyov approaching the emperor like a quick crotch, guessing about the trouble and succumbing to his death. I wanted the terrorist to strike five times, but the sack didn’t go to waste. There is a thought that the terrorist is simply rottenly volodyous and has not once been courted by her until the last swing.
At the trial, A. Solovyov said: “ The idea of \u200b\u200breaching for the life of Yogo majesty vinified me after my acquaintance with the leaders of the socialist-revolutionaries. I lie before the Russian section of the party, as I respect that more suffering is caused by the fact that the minority cherishes the fruits of the people's practice and all the blessings of civilization, inaccessible to the greater.
Terrorist A. Solovyov
Solovyov is the same, like Karakozov, suings to the strata through the rise, like he fought at the majestic zbіg of the people.
Quarter swing
In 1979 It was created by the organization "Narodna Volya", as it sang in the "Land of that will". The head method of the organization was the driving in of the king. Youmu was blamed for the incompleteness of the nature of the reforms, the reprisals that were carried out at the end of the day before the change of mind, the impossibility of democratic reforms. Members of the organization made whiskers about those who cannot be brought to the point by two terrorists alike, who needs to work hard. The stench vindicated the tsar's poverty in a different way: by driving the train, in which he turned to Krim for help. The test of driving a train from the royal family was born on the 19th leaf fall, 1879.
The collapse of the luggage warehouse
One group of terrorists went near Odessa (V.Figner, M.Kibalchich, then M.Kolodkevich, M.Frolenko and T.Lebedeva came before them): a mine was laid there, but the royal train changed the route and went through Oleksandrivsk. Ale Narodnaya Volya and such an option was passed, there the Narodovets A. Zhelyabov (under the name of Cheremisiv), and also A. Yakimova and I were changed there. Okladsky. Not far from the bay of wines, having bought a land lot, and there, working at night, laying a mine. Ale, the train did not vibrate, because Zhelyabov did not zoom in to the mine, it was like a technical pardon. And yet, a small third group of terrorists on the choli with Sofia Perovska (Lev Hartman and Sofia Perovska, looking at the friends of the Sukhorukovs, priedbali budinok entrusted from the bay) not far from Moscow, on the Rogozko-Simonovskaya outpost. And if the yard of the bay was especially protected, then they could lay a mine in the distance. However, the share of i this time saved the emperor. The Tsar's train was composed of two trains: one for passengers, and the other for luggage. The terrorists knew that the luggage warehouse was the first to go - and they missed it, supposing that the royal homeland would be attacking. Ale near Kharkov, the steam locomotive of the luggage warehouse broke, and the first to destroy the royal pull. The People's Volunteers opened another warehouse. Individuals who escorted the king suffered.
Following the swing of the emperor and saying his own girki words: Why do the stench follow me like a wild animal?”
Fifth swing
Sophia Perovska, the daughter of the St. Petersburg governor-general, confessed that the Winter Palace was undergoing repairs to the basement, including the wine cellar. The People's Volunteers respected the place as convenient for the placement of vibukhivka. For the implementation of the plan, a villager Stepan Khalturin was appointed. Vin recently joined the organization of "Narodnaya Volya". Pratsyyuchi in pіdvalі (vіn lining the walls of wine liokha), vіn is guilty of handing over to you a bear with dynamite (2 puds were prepared in total) roztashovuvat the middle of the budіvelny material. Sophia Perovska took away information about those who on February 5, 1880. at the Winter Palace there will be a supper in honor of the Prince of Hesse, on which the whole royal homeland is rebuked. Vibuh buv appointments for 18 years. 20 min., but at the sound of the prince's late train, the supper was broken. Vibuh progrimiv - without suffering any harm, but 10 were driven in and 80 soldiers of the guard were wounded.
Far from the Winter Palace after the swing 1879
Following this swing, the dictatorship of M.T. The state has understood that I praise terrorism, that it has started, it’s important. Loris-Melikov gave the emperor a program, the method of which was to "complete the great right of sovereign reforms." Behind the project, the monarchy is small but surrounded. It was planned to create preparatory commissions, which included representatives of the zemstvos and city states. Tsі komіsії maly drafted bills from such sources: rural, zemstvo, z upravіnnya mіst. Loris-Melikov, having pursued the so-called policy of “zagrai”: having hindered censorship, allowing the appearance of new other organs. Vіn zustrichavsya with their editors and pulled on the possibility of new reforms. I have reconsidered what the terrorists and radically perfected individuals are worthy of their conduct.
The project of the transformation of Loris-Melikov was praised. 4 birch, there was little discussion of that hardened. Ale 1 birch story was written for a different scenario.
Shostiy i somiy swing
There is growing hostility towards the People’s Will (daughter of the Governor of St. Petersburg, and a member of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Sophia Perovska, її hromadyansky person, student of the Faculty of Law Andriy Zhelyabov, wine-maker Mykola Kibalchich, worker Timofij Mikhailov, Mykola Risakov, Vira Figner) gave excitement. The stinks were preparing a new swing. How many times was the Kam'yaniy mist on the Katerininsky canal built, through which the emperor rang out. In the midst of the cob plan, the terrorists moved to the bridge, and laid a new vine on the Maliy Sadovyi. Perovska "respected that at the turn from the Mikhailovsky Theater to the Katerininsky Canal, the coachman was pulling horses, and the carriage could be cut." Here and vyrisheno boulo zavdat blow. It was blown at the time of failure, if the mine did not vibe, throw a bomb into the tsar’s carriage, but if it didn’t happen, then Zhelyabov maw would knock into the carriage and stab the emperor with a dagger. Ale tsya preparatory to the swing of the bula was aggravated by the arrests of the People's Volunteers: the back of Mikhailov, the other of Zhelyabov.
Beating of Alexander II. Chromolitography of a Vikonan by F. Morozov
Areshti, who had the strength, were called to the point where they didn’t get any reports of terrorists. A group of young revolutionaries was organized: student E. Sidorenko, student I. Grinevitsky, student M. Risakov, workers T. Mikhailov and I. Emelyanov. Technically, he directed Kibalchich, who prepared 4 bombs. Ale 27 fierce Bulo arrested Zhelyabov. Todi kerіvnitstvo took the wine of Perovska. On the front of the Vikonavchogo committee, the throwers were nominated: Grinevitsky, Mikhailov, Risakov and Yemelyanov. The stench "from two opposite sides on both ends of Malaya Sadovaya Mali throw their bombs." 1 birch they were given a bomby. “The stench is guilty of going to the Katerininsky Canal for the next year and appearing at the proper order.” At night on 1 birch, Isaev laid a mine under Malaya Sadovaya. The terrorists tried to speed up the implementation of their plans. The emperor was warned about the danger that I was threatening you, ale vіn vіdpovіv, that God was protecting you. 1 birch 1881 Oleksandr II moved from the Winter Palace to the Manege, being present at the separated Varti and turning to the Winter Palace through the Katherine Canal. Tse lamalo plans of the People's Volunteers; Grinevitsky, Omelyanov, Risakov, Mikhailov became the vows of the embankment of the Katerinensky Canal and checked the mental signal of Perovskaya (a wave of a khustka), like a stench they threw a bomby into the royal carriage. Conceived wiyshlo, but the emperor did not suffer again. Ale vin did not leave his swing, but wanted to go to the wounded. The anarchist Prince Kropotkin wrote about it: “Vіn vіdchuvav, scho vіysk hіdnіst vіmagає to marvel at the wounded Circassians and tell them a sprinkling of words.” And then Grinevitsky threw a bomb at the foot of the tsar's friend. Vibukh, having thrown Oleksandr II to the ground, blood shed from crushed nig. Emperor of Whispers: " Take me to the palace… I want to die there…”
Grinevitsky, like Alexander II, died two years later at the prison hospital, and other terrorists (Perovska, Zhelyabov, Kibalchich, Mikhailov, Risakov) on April 3, 1881. were increased.
"Polyuvannya" on the Emperor Oleksandr II was completed.
Sumna commemorative medal about the death of Emperor Oleksandr II
This medal was honored with osib, as they accompanied the Emperor Oleksandr II on the new 1st of March 1881 and reports of eyewitnesses who were injured on the vibe. Zagal Bulo saw 200 medals.
On April 4, 1866, D. V. Karakozov swung at Emperor Alexander II. The king was left alive, and Karakozov was condemned to a higher level.
On April 4, 1866, on the fourth anniversary of the day, Emperor Alexander II strolled in the Summer Garden with the escort of his nephew and niece. When the walk ended, and the emperor straightened up to the carriage, as if checking yoga outside the gates, there was no one at home to stand at the NATO garden, having tried to strike at the king. Kulya flew past, for he could hit the cuff on the hand. The evil-doer was sacked, and the emperor, having quickly mastered himself, went to the Kazan Cathedral to serve a prayer service for a happy order. Then we turned back to the Winter Palace, where the nearby people were already checking on it, and calmed them down.
The news about the swing at the king Shvidko expanded the capital. For Petersburgers, for the inhabitants of all Russia, those who trapilos were right shocks, even the first time in Russian history, one dared to shoot at the king!
Dmitro Karakozov. Svitlina born in 1866
Investigation began, and the specialty of the villain was quickly established: Dmitro Karakozov, a large student, who was driven out of the University of Kazan, and then from Moscow, appeared to him. In Moscow, vin uvishov to the sub-group "Organizatsiya", I chose Mykola Ishutin (for some reason, Ishutin was Karakozov's cousin). This dark group solidified as its last metaphor for promoting socialism in Russia with the path of revolution, in its backyard for reaching the goal, on the thought of the shutintsiv, following the vikoristovuvaty all zasobi, zokrema and terror. Karakozov, having made the tsar the right blame for all the misfortune of Russia, and, having seen his comrades in the secret society, having come to St. Petersburg with an obtrusive idea, beat Alexander II.
Medal of Osip Komisarov, obverse.
They also established the specialty of the people, yak made them beaten up and actually vryatuvala life of the king - the villager Osip Komisarov appeared to him. On the way, Oleksandr II, having crowned his noble rank, ordered to see a significant sum of pennies.
Medal of Osip Komisarov, reverse.
Nearly two thousand people were interrogated at Karakozov's office under investigation, 35 of them were sentenced. Most of them were sentenced to penal servitude and settlement, Karakozov and Ishutina were sentenced to death through a raise. Virok Karakozov was victorious on the glacis of the Peter and Paul Fortress near the spring of 1866. Іshutin buv pardons, moreover, they voted you out about tetodi, if a noose was already pulled on the neck of the condemned. Be aware of what happened, Ishutin didn’t know: he was blessed by the clerk of the Shlisselburz Fortress.
Oleksandr II zіyshov to the Russian throne in 1855. On the eve of the 19th government, large-scale reforms were carried out, including the peasant reform, after which wealth was stricken. For tse the emperor was called the Willer. In the Ts'omu, the era of Oleksandr II was characterized by an increase in public dissatisfaction. Instructing a sharp increase in the number of rural rebels, a lot of protest groups appeared among the intelligentsia and workers. The result of Oleksandr had a lot of impersonal swings.
The first swing at the life of Alexander II was on April 4, 1866. It was created by Dmitri Karakozov, a native of the Saratov province, if the emperor took walks with his nephew the Duke of Leuchtenberg and his niece, the princess of Baden, straight from the door of the Summer Garden to his carriage. Karakozov was not far away and successfully wormed his way into the NATO, vystriliv mayzhe vpritul. Everything could have ended fatally for the emperor, as if not leaning on the entrustment of the caps, master Osip Komisarov, who instinctively hit Karakozov on the hand, after which the sack flew past the target. The people who stood at the dovkol rushed at Karakozov.
After that, they hung up like Karakozov, leaning on it, shouting to the people who were standing: “Fool! Aje I am for you, but you will not understand! If Karakozov was led to the emperor and asked that he was Russian, Karakozov was firmly and, vibrating a pause, saying: “Your Majesty, you have portrayed the villagers.” Karakazov buv obshukani and supplements, after which the administration to the Peter and Paul Fortress. Let's see the court, which is the fault of the decision to punish Karakozov with a way to increase. Viroc Vikonano on 3rd Spring 1866.
2 May 25, 1867
In early 1867, the Russian emperor arrived on an official visit to France. On May 25, after a glance at the subdrome of wines, the French emperor Napoleon III turned at the carriage with the children of the French Emperor Napoleon III, in the area of the Boulogne Fox, from a triumphant attack, a young man and girls were seen shooting from a pistol at Oleksandr. One of the officers of the guard of Napoleon III remembered a man from the natovpі zі zbroєyu i vydshovhnuv її hand, after which the coolies ate into a horse.
Terrorist buv zatrimany, Anton Berezovsky appeared to him, the fiend of the Polish national volitional movement. The motive of yoga diy bulo bazhannya avenge the strangled Russia of the rebellion of 1863. Berezovsky, having said before the hour of arrest: “...two days ago, I had a thought of tsardom, vtim, virnish, I spit this thought from that hour, as if I had begun to convince myself, soaring on the uvazi zvilnennya of the fatherland.”
On the 15th day of the trial of Berezovsky, the jury was looking to the right. The court praised the release of Berezovsky to his daughter's penal servitude until New Caledonia. Year hard labor was replaced by daughters, and in 1906, after 40 years after the swing, Berezovsky was amnestied. However, he lost his life in New Caledonia until death.
3 2 April 1879
On April 2, 1879, the fate of Oleksandr Solovyovym took the third swing at the emperor. Solovyov was a member of the "Land and Freedom" partnership. I shot at the sovereign, if he had gone on walks near the Winter Palace. Solovyov, approaching the emperor with a swishing crochet, he guessed about the trouble and succumbed to his death. I wanted the terrorist to strike five times, but the sack didn’t go to waste. There is a thought that the terrorist is simply rottenly volodyous and has not once been courted by her until the last swing.
In court, Solovyov said: “The idea of swinging the life of Yogo Majesty vindicated me after my knowledge of the socialist revolutionaries. I lie before the Russian section of the party, as I respect that more suffering is caused by the fact that the minority cherishes the fruits of the people's practice and all the blessings of civilization, inaccessible to the greater. As a result, Oleksandr Solovyov was sued up to the stratum through the increase.
4 19 leaf fall 1879 roku
In the spring of 1879, the organization “Narodna Volya” was created, which was formed in the form of “Land of that will”. The main method of organization was the driving in of the king. In order not to repeat the old pardons, the members of the organization decided to beat the tsar in a new way: I will drive the train with a path, for the tsar with his own mother to turn to Krim for help. The first group worked near Odessa. Here the people's Mikhailo Frolenko ruled as a guard for 14 km from the place. On the back, everything went well: the mine was laid, there was no suspicion from the side of the government. But then the plan to drive here failed, if the royal train changed the route, went through Oleksandrivsk. Among the People's Volunteers, there was such an option, and to that, on the cob of leaf fall in 1879, he arrived in Oleksandrivsk, introducing himself as a merchant Cheremisovym, a Narodets Andriy Zhelyabov. Vіn having bought a land plot near the yard with a meth, nіbito, there will be a plant here. Pratsyyuyuchi nights Zhelyabov pierced dirka under the bay and laid a mine there. 18 leaf fall, if the tsar’s train appeared in the distance, Zhelyabov, having taken a position by the air of the air, if the pulls were following him, having tried to bring the mine into the air, nothing happened after the wire: the electric lansyug maw was inaccuracy.
Now the hope of the People's Volunteers was less than a third group on Sophia Perovskaya, who was in charge of planting a bomb on the Rogozhsko-Simonovsky outpost, order from Moscow. Here the robot was cheaply folded with a guard, forcing it: it didn’t allow you to lay a mine on the entrance. For the exit from the camp, a pidkop was broken up, a kind of virtium, in case of bad weather, wash that post-ynu unsafe buti vikritimi. After everything was ready, the workers planted a bomb. They knew that the tsar's train was stored in two warehouses: in one of them was Alexander II, and in the other was his luggage; warehouse with luggage on pіvgodini viperedjaє warehouse with the king. Ale saved the emperor’s share: at Kharkov, one of the locomotives in the luggage warehouse was broken and the first to let the royal pull. The guards did not know about it and missed the first pull, breaking the mine at that moment, if they passed the fourth car of another pull over it. Oleksandr II, after arguing, went up and said: “What stinks are there for me, are you unfortunate? Why do the stench follow me like a wild animal?”
5 5 fierce 1880 rock
On the 5th of fierce 1880, the vibuhs were crushed at the Winter Palace. Through the well-known Sophia Perovska, she found out that the Zimovoy was carrying out repairs to the basements, which included wine lees, which rose up right under the tsar's distant and was a good place for bombing. The implementation of the plan was entrusted to the new People's Will, the peasant Stepan Khalturin. Having ruled at the palaces, the “carpenter” had lined the walls of wine flask during the day, and at night he went to his colleagues, as if they were passing bears with dynamite to him. Vibukhivka was nicely disguised in the midst of everyday materials.
Perovska took away information about those that on the 5th of the fierce at the palace a urochist supper was recognized, on which the tsar and all members of the imperial family would be present. Vibuh buv appointments at 18:20, if, imovirno, Oleksandr mav is already far away. But the plans of the zmovniki were not destined to come true: the train of the Prince of Hesse, a member of the imperial rank, having fallen asleep on the feast day and breaking the hour of the urochist evening. Vibukh outposted Oleksandr II not far from the stone and protected it, as it was roztashovuvalsya far away. The Prince of Hesse, speaking about what had happened: “The fire was rising, the gas was blown off by the earth coward, the gas at the gallery went out, the tepid wind came, and the unbearable smell of gunpowder or dynamite widened in the air.” None of the high-ranking residents were harmed, however, 10 soldiers were killed and 80 soldiers from the Finnish Guard Regiment were wounded.
6 1 March 1881
After a sudden swing at the Winter Palace of the Narodnaya Volya, the people began to get ready to go to hell. Oleksandr II after becoming seldom left the palace, regularly seeing only the change of the varty in the Mikhailovsky arena. The king's punctuality was praised by the quickies. There could be two routes directing the royal cortege: the embankment of the Katerininsky Canal or Nevsky Prospekt and Malaya Sadovaya. On the back, with the initiative of Oleksandr Mikhailov, I looked at the option of passing the Kam'yany bridge, thrown across the Katerininsky Canal. Pіdrivniki on cholі z Mykola Kibalchich raised the pillars of the bridge, lifted the necessary amount of vibrating. Ale after some vagrants in the vibuhu moved there, for there was no hundred hundred guarantee of success. They opted for another option - to lay a mine under the passing part on Maliy Sadovy. Even though the mine didn’t vibrate for any reason, the four Narodnaya Volya, who were hanging out on the streets, were guilty of throwing bombs into the tsar’s carriage. Well, if and after that Oleksandr II was left alive, then Zhelyabov would put him in the carriage and stab the king with a dagger.
Two members of the "Narodnaya Volya" - Ganna Yakimova and Yury Bogdanovich - took a new place of residence on Maliy Sadovyi, opening a sirn shop. In the wake of Zhelyabov and his comrades, for a long time, they dug a tunnel under the passage of a part of the street, so that they would lay a mine there, over which pratsyuvav Kibalchich.
Nezabar the terrorists began to have problems. "Syrna Lavka", as if not seeing the purchases, called out to suspect the porter of the Susidian booth, who turned to the police. Even though the tweezers didn’t know anything, the very fact that the shop was under suspicion, called out for concern for the sight of the operation. They gave a few important blows to the core of the People's Will. At the fall of the leaves of 1880, the police arrested Oleksandr Mikhailov, and a few days before the date of the planned swing - for example, fierce 1881 - Andriy Zhelyabova. The very arrest of the rest of the terrorists was arrested without a call.
March 1, 1881 Alexander II visits the Winter Palace in the Manege. Yogo was escorted by these Cossacks and three policemen on a choir with the chief of police Adrian Dvorzhitsky, who straightened in a sledge behind the royal carriage. Presence on a separated varti and sipping tea at his cousin, rushing back to the Zimovoye through the Katherine Canal. Such a turn is coming again, destroying the us plans of the zmovniks. The mine on Sadoviya became a marna. Perovska, as if she had deceived the organization after the arrest of Zhelyabov, quickly changed the plan for action. Four People's Volunteers - Ignaty Grinevitsky, Mykola Risakov, Oleksiy Yemelyanov, Timofy Mikhailov - took positions on the embankment of the Katerininsky Canal and blew a smart signal from Perovskaya (the swing of a hustka), like a small bomb to throw into the royal carriage.
The royal cortege veiled on the embankment. Mine Khustka Perovskoy, Risakov throwing his bomb at the bik tsar's carriage. I blew a vibe. Having passed yet another song, the tsar's carriage rattled. The emperor did not suffer. Prote zamіst leave the place of swing, Oleksandr II indulging the evil spirits. Vіn pіdіyshov to shopleny Risakov ... At this moment, Grinevitsky threw a bomb at the foot of the tsar's friend. Vibukhov's fluff threw Oleksandr II to the ground, and from the crushed nіg the roof began to bleed. Whispering: “Take me to the palace… I want to die there…” On 1 February 1881, on the 15th year of 35 hvilin, the imperial standard was lowered on the flagpole of the Winter Palace, telling the population of St. Petersburg about the death of Emperor Alexander II.
Grinevitsky died in the wake of his own bombing at the prison hospital, and at once, as his victim. Perovska, as if she was trying to fight in the big, was spied by the police and on April 3, 1881, the fate was increased at once from Zhelyabov, Kibalchich, Mikhailov, Risakov on Semenivsky parade ground.
