Vіzki chi forgotten the history of transport. The most recent history of roads and transport

A) chavunnі slats could not vitrimat an important car (when it was too expensive) b) the car swelled due to overheating of the motor c) car crank did not show the size of the wheel, after which it fell. The first steam locomotive was awakened in 1804 roci. Prote project knowing failure. Yaka bula reason: a steam locomotive in 1804 d) the engine did not have a tightness of destruction for a month km / year 250 km / h

A story about a kripak Artamonov, who designed a bicycle around 1800 years ago. According to this legend, the winemaker made a successful trip on his bike from the Ural village of Verkhotur to Moscow (about two thousand miles). This is the first bike ride in the world. Krіpak Artamonov was more expensive, having sent yogo lord the lord to the factory, who wanted to call Tsar Oleksandr with a “wonderful scooter”. For the fault of the bicycle, Artamonov and his descendants were granted freedom from the kingdom. The bike is collected from the local museum of Nizhny Tagil.

Choose the correct items. Skamper їazditi for bicycle, we are not difficult to allow the cerm on the sidewalks to allow їazdity, do not shake for Kermo to be transported over 7 rosques to be fanned out without a bastard, without a bunny, without a sound signal, without a sound signal.

Karl Benz () in 1885 prompted Mannheim to have his first car

Since 1917, all BMW products have been wearing a sign that symbolizes the propeller, which is spinning. The BMW aircraft engine sets a light record. In Chernivtsi 1919, test pilot Franz Zeno Diemer set a light altitude record on airplanes with an open cockpit without a tarsal mask on a flywheel powered by a BMW IV engine. The height of the field was 9670 meters. It all started in 1913 with the idea of joining the two companies Rapp Motorenwerke and Otto Flugzeugwerke (Otto's father made a good mover for a long time), insults were taken

- a company whose history was born from a cork. The company, founded by Jujiro Matsuda in the 1920s, was engaged in the most life-giving materials from the cork tree. In 1931, the company began to release purely Japanese cars. In 1960, Mazda began to release cars On this day, "Mazda" blatantly on cars of small and medium class, as well as on sports models.

1907 rіk, Moscow The first car-bus of the public transport The prototype of a new generation of public transport, an electric bus, which travels both along the most beautiful roads and special “supertracks”, on which it is possible to develop a speed of up to 250 km / year. May be approximately the same length and width, like a regular bus, but with a total height of 1.7 m - to achieve greater aerodynamics. When tsimu razrakhovaniya such a bus for 30 months. According to the plan of the retailers, in order to “evil” such a bus, the passenger will need to send an SMS to the dispatcher, and then pick it up from any city. The retailers plan to present a fully functional prototype already in 2 years.

Individuals who have been born ______ years are allowed to drive a motorcycle, that way they may have the right to drive a motorcycle collapsing in pairs due to ____________ Insert the missing symbols in the stroller or on the back seat of the motorcycle 12 one by one

In Miami, cyclists have been fenced off because they do not have an audible signal, the protection of sound signals by cyclists has been blocked. SO In India there is a speed limit for cars without water miles/year green colors car. TAK

Michael Arndt painted 6 rocks, sirniki and 1686 tubes of glue on a full size replica of the McLaren 4/14 F1 car. The car cost Michael 6000 euros. For transportation, the cars can be divided into 45 warehouse parts.

Italian confectioners needed 2 tons of Belgian chocolate at a cost of $100 and more rock and a little bit of work to create a life-size copy of a Ferrari car. A great motorcycle with an engine like a tank Behind great motorcycles God's will is not only in the USA, but also in Germany. The Harzer Bike company released a great replica of a motorcycle with a sidecar during the Other World War. The length of the motorcycle is 5.8 m, the height is 2.7 m, the carriage is 4300 kg. The heart of the unit is the engine from the T55 tank.

The world's largest motorcycle The world's largest motorcycle has won American Greg Dunham in 3 years. Zalіzny k_n vagoy majzhe 3 tons, zavviški 4.5 meters і dovzhinoy 7.6 mtіv obіyshovsya california in dollars. Having spent a motorcycle to the Guinness Book of Records, and what better way to ride on a new one!

Zasobi peresuvannya

A human being carried everything she needed on her back on the back of a furry bear or a cat. However, it’s not hard to understand that it’s like a load of an important thing, then it can be transported over the earth for the help of smooth trunks, they put a load on yak, and yak could pull either the person herself, or the draft creature. In such a way, the sleigh appeared. In their own pra-batkivshchyna, the words were worth more than sleighs. This is the first form of transport, the olden time of which it is confirmed that the sleigh is at the words of the obov'yazkovym element of old ancient rites (for example, the funeral is that fun), wind up at the summer hour, if the sleigh does not get used to. There is no information about the construction of the ancient words of the Jansk sleigh, and a single knowledge of the sleigh at the barrow of Kostroma does not give us anything. The most recent type of sleigh is a primitive spore of two beams, connected to the ends of the cross (por. Russian. scraper or Cheska. vl?ky), but in the case of the pagan period, the type of buv is already fully grown, having approached the deep rices to the quiet sleigh, like they get used to the deaf slovak villages, the inhabitants of which themselves shy away.

The term "sani" (pl.) is an old-fashioned word'yanskoy naming, and tsіkavo those, scho similar to the word used in ancient Greek language in Hesiod's form?????? (??????); I know that this word was more advanced by merchants, that they came to the Slavic regions, by the merchants themselves, that they brought words to the Greek and Latin language of the English words wever- Lat. viverra ta kuna- Greek. ???????. The old-fashioned word'yansky term for small snakes, which were attached to nig, was the word lie.

Rice. 103. Peasant sleigh from Lopenik near the Mali Carpathians

Visas. For the obviousness of the cart, the old Indo-Europeans think differently. The Slovyans, who adopted them in their forefathers, hardly got used to them, but accepted the stench, they got to know them in the pre-Christian era, like on the way, among the Germans and the Gauls, so on the way, among the Scythians and the Sarmatians, like in their own countries between the words'yanskoy territory. At the first century of ours, the vіzok of the Roman merchant was a frequent guest at the Slavic land. It is even more remarkable that the first vіzki appeared in the words even before our time, but letters about them can be brought only from the 5th century AD. e. The old-fashioned words of the Janskian pohovannyah did not clap. The first riddle about the vіzok is told in the description of the rhetor Prіsk svoєї expensive to Ugorshchina 448 fate. Then such riddles appear more and more often, and already in the X century, and also in the chronicles and documents of the coming century, the riddle about the visas is often heard. The most famous word'yansky term for her was at that hour if or chariot, and the order with them i vіz. Chi bulo yakes suttєve suttєve raznitsyu mіzh tsimi terms, nevidomo, ale designs vozіv buli raznomanіtnі. First, even at that hour, two and four-wheeled carriages were used, but in both valleys there were more than important gospodarskie carts. The yani did not know the words of light fighting two-wheelers. Vikoristanі them in the military chotirikolіsnі vantage vіzki bіzki bіlki vіzkimi important, scho їkh it was possible to rule the fortifications of the tabir. Only those vises, on which in the X century they went to the gathering of the words of the Jansk princes, were light and small in body, freely lifted on some supports, to protect the prince (chi wounded), to sit at the new one, in the midst of shaking. About those, how they harnessed horses at the vіzok, or because of their draft thinness, we talked more, if it was about the plow. Wills and here were taxed with a yoke, and horses for help with a belt with a collar; filthy creatures we will make a pole ( step') or scourge ( batog, scourge). All these terms are old-fashioned and zagalnoslovyanskie.

Rice. 104. Terakotova imitation of Scythian and Sarmatian transports from Kerch (according to Benkovsky)

Chovni. The Slavs do not have such signs of chovnіv, like in the houses of the Germans, girls from Nidam in Shlesvіz (approximately 300 rіk n. e.), as well as from Tun, Gokstad and Oseberg in Norway (approximately 800–900 r. e. .) oppose their safety and construction. There are no ancient images of judges in words, like Germans on the skeletons near Boguslen, on the votive stones of the island of Gotland or on the kilims from Baye; there is no writing style in them to commemorate that linguistic material. After all, it is impossible to take into account the ancient words of the Yanian shipbuilding, as well as clearly manifested, as, for example, giving about the Scandinavian Hjalmar Falk in 1912.

Rice. 104. Russian tour of the manuscript "The Tale of Boris and Glib" (after Sreznevsky)

And all the same, there are words, a verbal writing linguistic material, which will change us from the fact that pivnichny and pivdenny words, in their significant part, until the end of the pagan period, learned to be such cherubs as chants on the floors, far away they could master the sea and join the great sea battles with your German and Greek ships. In their own prabatkіvshchina, words were small for clumsy swimming pools, so like flesh, about which I already guessed more (div. side. 357), and then chines, types of bathhouses from a solid stovbur, like the Greeks called ???????? ? and for such words, from ancient times, there was a name that matches the Russian historical term odnoderevka. Already on tsikhovna, whole row some are known, before the speech, near the Slavic lands, the Slavs swam not only in the middle of their territory, in calm rivers, harried portages, but they went out at the open sea, zokrema in Chorna. With the help of Emperor Kostyantin, it was seen that the Russians, and behind them, sig- nificantly , the words lied in swimming from the Pivnichnoye Sea to the Black Sea on monoxyl-one-trees, they bathed at the words, who live on the middle Dnipro. The Dnipro thresholds were partly mingled with stench, as if the rhubarb was high, partly bypassed, carrying robes on their backs, ringing six people per chauvin. By sea, the stench was added to the cih tuns to Tsargorod and the shores of Asia Minor. They themselves dzherelo to tell, however, that the words of the boules in that period also had ships of a larger size, prompted for the sight of trading Byzantine or Italian ships. So, for example, the Croatian fleet had up to 80 sagen (??????) and 100 kontur (?????????) on the cob of the X century, of which the first species included a crew of 40 osib, and the last one - at 10-20 osib. On such ships, Croatian and Dalmatian words were violating during trips across the entire Adriatic Sea, sailing to Sicily and Africa. Zokrema, the tribe of the Narentans, was aware of their daring piracy. Russia was also small with great sea vessels, as can be seen from the description of the campaign of Roman Lacapen, in which 415 people on seven rows took the fate. The most ancient types of Russian ships were boules plow, vessel, attachmentі skedіy (famously type Greek. ??????) and in. The most important information about the shipbuilding of the Baltic words. The history of the Slavic tribes that lived on the shores of the Baltic Sea, starting from the 10th-12th centuries, began to renew about the sea navigation of those fighting tribes from the Danish, Scandinavian and Swedish lands. On the Baltic coast - there are no settlements, then a pier, no baggers, then a seller, and sometimes a sea pirate. There is no place for a report description of the history of these sea battles and the piracy of words - about everything, Helmold and Saxon Gramatik left us with the most information. Prote without a doubt, that the words of the "Janian" ships, for example, of the pagan period, were not compromised by the rozvinenny merchant and Viysk courts of the Scandinavian Germans. After all doubts, the words have learned in them to be great ships and to sail them on the sea. To that, those that we know about the Scandinavian fleet, we can calmly carry it to the words of the words of the courts; maybe, here there is no mention of the design, no description of these ships, and the posture of the ships, known in the words of the Yan-Baltic lands, Mali of the words of the Yansk voyage, wanting to predict ships in their design, archaeologists vvazhayut їh nіmetskimi. So, for example, chovni found in Baumgart (Ogorodniki) near Western Prussia, near Harbrow in Pomeranian and Brzezna (Br?sen) not far from Gdansk. All were great merchant ships, secured with a balaclava and a vitrila.

Rice. 106. Looking at the chovna on the mural in the church of St. Clement at Old Boleslav. Kіnets XII cent.

The reason for the piracy of the words, like the susidnіh Germans, bula, obviously, we are prejudiced by the thirst for vidobutka, but the bula and another reason, as a consequence, Pribislav himself, the prince of encouragement, to Bishop Herold was appointed in 1156. The Slavs, having shown Pribislav, the stiles recognized them and the pavements suffered because they had spared the native land and all the benefits of life, because nothing was left for them, like just turning to the sea rake, being able to mother. The Germans, wisely, zhorstoko took revenge on the words for the marine robberies, and do not hesitate to read from Saxon Gramatik, like the Danish Yarmerik, having dealt with the crew of the words of the Yan fleet,

Rice. 107. Vitrylny chauvin of the zavdovka

As for the details of the ships, then the great words of the Yansk ships were small to lift the front part ( nіs) and back ( stern), for which kermovium ( kermanich) for the help of the great oar ( oar, godvalo, rowing) by ship. In the middle of the vessel, there was a shroud ( stozhar, stezher, pruzh?) with a great square vitrilo nucleus or vitrilo. The great ships grimaced with their decks, so that under the cross planks, under which the oarsmen sat, and on which the warriors stood. Slov'yanam buv vіdomy u tі hour ta yakіr ( kotva, Russian. bite). The whole ship was seen at that hour with a lot of names; the rest, obviously, meant different types of judges; s tsikh designation tour(otherwise oldya) that hown(?ьlnъ) є words'yang names, ship a - the name of a foreign, Greek adventure that has passed, prote, to finish early in the Black Sea Greeks to the words, before the transition itself? in novogretsk vimova? Name tour i????????, ??????? they also crossed, from J. Falk, to the Scandinavian Germans ( elli?i, le?ja, karfi). Іnshі name may zdebіlshhogo mіstseviy character.

From the book of Stratagems. About the Chinese art of life and survival. TT. 12 author von Senger Harro

25.20. Zvichayny prikordonniy control chi obezhennya freedom peresuvannya? Chinese old-fashioned political observers look at stratagem 25 most often for describing how to deal with texts or understand, for an hour to navitly intervene with others

author Armstrong John

1. Technichni zasobi On the cob of this division it was planned that the next hour of the Other Light War was the construction of new technical outbuildings, such as the radio, for the first time in history, it allowed to transform the traditionally nasty under the control of the national partisans

From the book of Radyansk partisans. The legend is daisnist. 1941-1944 author Armstrong John

Zasobi "Shlyakh usnoy and letter propaganda and agitation, the sight of public newspapers and numerical leaflets, conducted thousands of meetings and lectures among the population of the party and Komsomol organizations received all the building wear in the sacred struggle for

From the book History of Serednovichchya. Volume 1 [In two volumes. For the editorial board of S. D. Skazkin] author Kazkin Sergiy Danilovich

Transfer of nіmtsіv at II-III Art. At II-III Art. n. e. regrouping and relocation of the German tribes from the Northern and Central Europe, which caused the onslaught of the Germans on the borders of the Roman Empire to be stronger. Їх main cause there was an increase in the productive forces of

From the book Everyday Life of Vikings IX–XI Art. author Budur Natalia Valentinivna

Fifteenth WAYS OF MOVEMENT The Vikings lived in such a dynamic hour, if a trip from one country to another was on the right, and moving and settling new lands didn’t call out to anyone and the shadows of the air. They moved around both by sea and by land. per

the author Fort Paul

Passing in Africa Food is sacred in Memphis, idleness despise the "friends" of the king. In 331 fate, Oleksandr poviv from himself five out of ten thousand people, to fall asleep Oleksandria between Pharos and Rakotida, three times more behind the canopic arm of the Nile. What's next in

From the books of the daily life of the army of Oleksandr the Great the author Fort Paul

Shvidkіst peresuvannya Here such visnovki will be asked for. The first thing for the one who had the vysnazhennya and before the hour of the people’s way out of the fret was the last of the uneven, low transitions. Recruits, yakі schorіchno walked up to

From books Everyday life of the Etruscans author Ergon Jacques

Cars traveled from place to place often, in small stages. The history of the succession of the transfer of the Etruscans is based on the battle chariots, revealed by Populonia, Vetulonia, Marsilian and Ceri at the tombs of the 7th century BC. e.(352) Price of carriage on two wheels

From the books of Egypt Ramesses the author Monte P'єr

I. Shopping in the middle of the country Regardless of the broader thought, the ancient Egyptians really went up in price. The stench constantly moved between the villages and the capital of the nome, between the capitals of the nomes and the royal residence. Great religious saints

From books the author Niderle Lubor

Make sure to put on the shoulder A human wore everything necessary on the back of a furry bear or a cat. However, it’s not hard to understand that it’s like a load of an important thing, then it can be transported over the earth for the help of smooth stovburs, they put a load on yak, and yak could pull, or the person herself.

From the book History of the Visigoths by Claude Dietrich

The transfer of the Visigoths at the borders of the Roman Empire (376-418 pp.). I. Penetration of the empire. Battle of Adrianople. Visigoth settlements in the Balkans. Alarikh. First attack on Italy. Another attack. Buried in Rome. Ataulf. Peace treaty from Rome. Wally. Light that came after

author

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From the book Kіn i vershnik (the paths of that valley) author Kovalevska Vira Borisivna

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Transportation and transportation

From the books of the KDB near France the author Walton Thierry

3. Costs Close to 15% of the zavdan, which figured in the river development plan of the military-industrial complex, was victorious for the official trading grounds, which fit in between the powers and the native establishments and foreign firms. For the period up to 1980, rock, for example, Radian Union by purchasing from Goodwill

Land vessels did not care about the speed and cost more expensively.

The most important land transfers were boules and camels. For more important tributes, oxen-drawn wagons were won. The average speed of a donkey and a camel is 3 miles per year (4.45 km / year), and an ox - close to 2 miles per year (2.96 km / year). We have received the exact data of the Diocletian tariff for transferring money: the cost of transferring money for traveling was estimated at 4 denarii. 8 dinars for a camel, building a display of 600 pounds of weight (192 kg), and 20 dinars - a visa for a weight of 1200 pounds (394 kg). From these prices it is possible to raise visnovok, because the price of wheat increased twice, so that it was transported 300 miles (445 km) by air or 375 miles (570 km) by camel. The number of comrades who crossed by sea were significantly smaller, especially the comrades from distant lands. Delivery of one modius 9 lіtrіv goods from Oleksandrії to Rome, vіdstan mіzh they become close to 1250 miles (1850 km), cost 16 denarіїv, іz Sirії to Luzitanії - 26 denarіїv. In this manner, to transport wheat from one empire to another was richly cheap by sea, but to carry її 75 miles (111 km) by rail. (Stor. 450-451)

For such environments of important importance, international water transport facilities were built. The very same role was played by such porters, like Arles, Marseilles, Ephesus and Oleksandriya, roztashovani at the girl's river chi entrusted with river systems. The main argument for the greed of Egypt, as the main supplier of grain, was the fact that in fact there were no settlements in the new one, it would have been more than 10 miles (14.8 km) from the Nile or whether there was any other navigational channel. In Africa, there are also more maitkivs in the province of Africa; Placement of the cordons of the Rhine and the Danube is not enough for the purpose of making a hard thila. At the 4th century of the Rhine army, food was taken by sea from Britain; in the 6th century, the army of the Lower Danube was secured through the seaside provinces of Faria, Cyprus and the Yegei Islands. The Upper Danubian armies were a great problem, because they created additional incentives for the transportation system.

For an approximate pіdrahunkom, one can say that the delivery of grain by a cart was cost-free for a distance of up to 50 miles (74 km). If famine swelled in Lntiokhії, for the transportation of bread from 100 miles (148) km of the Hieropolis and from three more than 50 miles of Chalkidi Julian zmusheny buv vdatisya to the services of currsus publicus. At the Cappadocian Caesarin, like Gregory of Nazianzin, as a prophet, the famine took on catastrophic deaths. Trade in grain did not buy vitrate, although the great places had a significant price of grain, which was significantly higher. In Antiokhin for one modius (9 liters) Julian set a fee of 15 solids on the average price, which cost 30 solids. Otzhe, the order subsidized the supply of grain from the great city. (Stor. 451-452)

Transportation of vantage sea ships vymagala significantly smaller vitrates, wanting this mode of transport maw its own share. The sailing season was separated by six months on the river - navicular did not break in swimming in the period from 10 August to 31 birch. Dates assigned by the Code more expensive sea From Italy to Africa, it was a great inspiration for imperial couriers. The ancient Romans did not know how to win the power of the wind correctly; Their ships, for a thriving hour, could not be deprived of the calm of that storm, but the wind, which was cloudy. For the friendly environment, the roads could be more expensive: from Narbonne to Carthage - in 5 days, from Ascalon to Thessaloniki in 12-13 days, and straight from the gate. The voyage from Constantinople to Gazi took 10 days, but 20 days are required to travel to Constantinople from Gazi. From Alexandria to Marseille you can fraternize in 30 days. But sometimes the ships were disturbed by standing idle through the nasty weather. side 452

Most of the ships were compact and more adaptable for sea navigation. The largest ship with a capacity of 50,000 modius (about 330 tons of weight) (may be 450 cubic meters, so the author takes the weight of the weight of about 735 kg / cubic meter), vinyatkov. The average capacity of ships that specialize in transporting grain was 10,000 - 20,000 modius (60-130 tons) (90-180 cubic meters). Widened boules and small vessels, insured for 2000 modius vantage (15 tons) (18 cubic meters). The stench could be chartered by a detachment for transporting grain. The accidents of the ship had to be done often, to wind the wind. A lot of decrees and laws were punished, that the leaders in this case were guilty of guilt, however, with all naviculars. Vantages also often suffered in the sea water. For such a position, nothing was left behind, like throwing them overboard and turning the churn for a year, for yak it was anew, the mustache of the shipowners carried it all over again. stor 452-453

(Oskіlki modіus є miroy obyagu, and vіmіryuvannya vantazhopіdіomnіnostі ships in modіusah oumovlennymi transport grain, I'm here and nadalі for finalization I give the translation into liters or cubic meters - KV)

For the help of navіkulyarії, the detachment not only transported wheat by sea from Africa to Rome and from Egypt to Constantinople, but also delivered for the army. As it was said earlier, okremі zamozhnі zemlevsniki in exchange for changing the land tax, changing the amount of obov'yazkіv chickens and other various privileges were engaged in the life of the ship and supporting them at the working camp. They paid the freight, which made half of the commercial vantage, and it was clear that the deficit of taxes from their lands could be covered by the stench. We know much less about inland water transport. Apparently, on the Tiber for the transportation of grain from Ost to Rome and the collection of fire for the Roman lazen, the state oversaw the workshops of baroques. I also founded the sovereign service on the river Po, which was engaged in flights from Pavia to Ravenna. On the Nile, the service of ranks of municipal and private courts functioned, organized by the state. (Story 453)

For the transportation of vantages by dry land under the power of the state, the general service of the imperial post (cursus publicus) was seriously divided. The won was made up of cursus velox, secured with riding boots and cloaks, light visas, harnessed by three mules and chotiricole visas with 8-10 mules, and cursus claburalis - a cart, which was at its disposal, with two pairs of voltages for important ones. Cursus velox gave the head rank for imperial courtiers and other gardening habits, as they made trips to community rights, and also was engaged in the transportation of light and valuable items, such as gold, silver, vishukan fabrics and, for example, Bibles, which are delivered to Eve, Bishop of Caesarea, and recognized for Constantinople churches. Cursus clabularis is small for the transported food products, clothes, sacks, food, materials and lanes that are deployed in the other district of Viysk. (Stor. 453-454)

The postal service included large and small mansiones and mutationes, which were placed at intervals of 10-12 miles (14.8-17.8 km) on the main roads. By road from Bordeaux through Pivnichna Italy to Constantinople, there were 208 such points, the same way from Chalcedon to Jerusalem - 1-2. The postal service also established notifications from distant regions, such as, for example, Sardinia. At the skin point, there was a need for a small number of creatures - for the ordering of Prokopnya in the packs there are few up to 40 horses, - but, perhaps, there were only one head roads, - transports and transports, veterinary doctors, masters on wheels and grooms (the rest were available one per skin three horses). All these servicemen were slaves of the sovereign state, who were supplied with food and clothing. The budinki were supported with additional taxes, contracted by the rulers of the provinces. Horses for the flock were taken away by tributes in kind (the middle term for the attachment of creatures was 4 rocky, in such a rank, a quarter of the total number was replaced with new ones). The horses of the landowners were requisitioned from the vineyards of Timchas, to live according to the land. Food for thinness was given as a tribute, which weeped in kind, as a tribute to the inhabitants of the city. On a skin station, and sometimes a few stations standing keruuchy (manceps), like a decurnon or a landowner, who wiyshov at the insertion. Vіn embraced tsyu posada stretching five rokіv. Curiosi, one or two in the skin province, were recruited from among the imperial couriers (agents in rebus). The stench was stifling, so that the transport facilities were not won over for third-party purposes by private persons. The right to post services was confirmed by a valid certificate (evectiones) - for shvidkoy post, tractoriae - for post, yak was delivered on vіzkakh. The certificates were signed by the praetorian prefects and senior servants of the departments, as well as obezzheniya kіlkosty, s nebazhannyam, mooned to other townspeople, right up to the rulers of the provinces, who only had two certificates: one for the connection with the central government, the other - for the missionary recognition. Similar certificates, but empty ones, were seen by private persons, especially bishops, present at meetings at the councils, and senators, shards of their agents bathed horses and wild creatures for public games. The postal service received in some areas was greatly overwhelmed. Numerical instructions have reached us maximum quantity horses, carrying that carriage, yakі could be given by postal items for any day, as well as the maximum burden (30 pounds for a naznik (9.6 kg), 200 pounds (64.2 kg) for a hitch, 1000 pounds (321 kg) for chotyricole) vіzka, 1500 pounds (471 kg) for vіzka with oxen). The servants of the service were overpriced, and the economical emperors spent a handful of postage points. Julian, having sent the Swiss mail in Sardinia, Leo - the fresh mail in the whole territory of the similar provinces, and going to the aid of private carriers. John of Cappadocia annulled the offense of service in great regions, such as Asia. Zgіdno z Prokopієm and Іoanny Lidom, the landlords of this diocese, like the main mass of tributes, paid fodder, after such a call, they began to grow, the stink shards spent the opportunity to realize their harvest. Tse allow me to understand that the barley sounds like vicorist, like food for the horses of the postal service. (Stor. 454-455)

(More about maritime transport)

Foreign people, who drove the ships, chartered them to their undertakings (exercitores), and, with their own hands, hired skippers (magistri navis). Vlasnik of the vessel otrimuvav established for the freight fee, and pіdpriєmtsі took on the risk and with good luck otrimuvali surplus. The Vlasnik instantly knew the skippers on his own, putting a surplus on himself. Ale, even more often, the skippers had good ships. At this point, the stench was possible to finish off, the splintering vessel of the vantageopidyomnistyu of 10,000 mods (90 cubic meters) was estimated at approximately 500 solids. The greater number of skippers should be judged by lesser vantazhopidiomnost (no more than 2000 mods (18 cubic meters)). Call the captains of the ships, they were busy with the break of the passengers, they paid for their journey and took care of eating. Merchants and their agents also paid for the freight of their ships. Skippers, as a rule, were transporting water weights, earning pennies for their purchase, hiring privately, in a way of positions, which were seen on large vіdsotki. But the person, as if she put on a pose, spent her pennies, as if the vantage did not reach the stage of recognition. Justinian defended a similar practice, praising that pennies in all cases were less than 12%. As a result, after the collapse of their ships, the captains dragged them to the pit for the borg.

A.H.M. Jones "Death of the ancient world"

September 11, 1913 at the Parisian street you know the rest omnibus on kіnіy tyazi. We were preparing an overview of the horse-drawn transport, which if it were an invisible part of the infrastructure of the great cities.

stagecoach

Dіl_zhansi - closed bagomіsnі carriages - were victorious for the transportation of passengers, goods and mail between cities. The first stagecoaches appeared at Great Britain in the 16th century. The stench built routes between special stations, de crews changed horses and picked them up. In fact, the stench was the front of the current transshipment transport. The peak of the popularity of stagecoaches fell on the end of the 18th century - the beginning of the 19th century.

In America stagecoaches were an invisible part of the "culture" of the Wild Sunset.

In Russia, the first stagecoaches appeared in 1820. The crews went on the route Moscow - St. Petersburg. For one transfer, you need over chotiri dobi. Until the end of the 19th century, there were close to five routes that would lead to great places.

Threesome

The Russian "triyka" showed up in for example XVIII- At the beginning of the XIX century. Most of the time, this type of transport served for the delivery of mail, the last one - for the transportation of passengers. A special system of running horses (originally rissyu, and harness galloped) allowed to develop speed up to 50 km / year. From the middle of the 19th century, trioks began to be held. The image of the harness often figured in the paintings of rich masters, and behind the cordon the trio was always respected by the naming exoticism.

charaban

Sharabani (literally: vіzok with wooden lavas) first appeared in France on the cob of the XIX century. The stench vikoristovuvalis for walks, polyuvannya that trip "to nature." The popularity of sharabans was especially popular among Britain in the other half of the XIX and at the beginning of the XX century.

Omnibus

The first omnibuses appeared on the streets of Paris in 1662, the prototypes were taken away only in the 19th century. Officially the first "classic" omnibus began to transport city dwellers from 1826 in the city of Nantes, France. Étienne Bureau and Stanislas Baudry became pioneers, they created routes for special needs: Etienne transporting workers, and Stanislas organizing trips to his own place. In 1829, the first omnibuses appeared in London and New York, and after 20 years, the stench was already widely victorious in rich places of the three Ukrainian pershopers. On the vіdmіnu vіd dizhansiv, omnibuses transported passengers on small lines in the boundaries of the city.

In Russia, this type of transport first appeared in St. Petersburg in 1832 and woke right up to the cob Hromadyan war. Warto designate what was popular in the mid-30s.

Konka

Poruch with omnibuses, horse-drawn horses began to appear at the great places - cinema-airways, fronts of modern trams. However, the їhnіy rozkvіt did not arrive immediately. The stench was better known in 1852, if Alphonse Loubat vinayshov slats, which are drowned in the roadbed. Reik horse-drawn transport becoming step by step omnibus.

The first horse-drawn tram in Russia was laid in 1854 near St. Petersburg. In the other half of the 19th century, stench appeared in other great places: Moscow, Kazan, Minsk, Samara, Yekaterinburg, Novgorod and others.

Varto designate that the first wine in the world was in Russia. In 1820, Ivan Elmanov, having prompted a “road on stovpah”, which was a beam raised above the ground, like a trolley was shifted to a heavy load. Prote, the idea of a Moscow winegrower did not take root, and the patent for the monorail was taken away by Henry Robinson Palmer in 1821.

Horse-drawn transport today

Daily tourist omnibus

Near Santa Clara in Cuba, omnibuses and dossi vikoristovuyutsya like a city transport. At the rich places of Europe, there are omnibuses to walk along tourist routes.

In the midst of the fact that we have been deprived of the great civilizations of the past, there are keys to the fact that we have been blamed for more than today. It appears that the basis of modern transport was laid thousands of years ago.

Vіdkrivshi taєmnitsi ancient light, we have changed our notifications about those, the signs appeared on the planes, after that car. How far can we cross between machine building? Chi mi just doopratsiovuemo those that the ancients foresaw? As if we were less than the tip of the iceberg, which, having created the ancient world, should we still find fault in order to rewrite history?

Persha Zaliznytsia

Vinahіd automated transport - not today's reality - people zamislyuvalis about it in ancient times. Two and a half thousand years ago, the ancient Greeks experienced a rise in their power, their ideas, speeches, language, that culture dominated at a glance - from the old-timey at sunset to modern Turkey at the exit.

But in the Greek civilization it was important to unravel: how to overcome the need to travel thousands of kilometers by sea, how can you cover 4 miles by land?

Perhaps you are going from Athens to Sicily. Get on the ship and sail through the Peloponnese. You are in charge of the flow, wind, 200-meter fire - the ideal mind for pirates, they lingered on the farm, threw sailors overboard and sank the ship. It was not safe to swim along the road.

A navigational nightmare evoked the Greeks in the 19th century epochal life. Today we have a fruitful fruit of our practice. This is one of the wonders of modern Greece -. Vіn deep vdaєtsya near the strіmka skeleі and may be 25 meters wide. The triumph of engineering thought. Ale vіn buv endings in 1893 roci, for 2 thousand roki later, lower wanted by the ancient Greeks. How did the ancient Greek engineers go about pursuing an unknown mission?

The first person, who slept on the thought of transporting ships through, was a tyrant, who ruled in the 6th century BC. Vіn zrozumіv, scho zbuduvavshi road, vіn you can improve the transport traffic, pulling the ship from one side to the other.

At the same time, we are aware that the road to the vapnyak is simple and the key to the ingenious winemaking of the Greeks. The ancient Greeks won one of the first tractors in history - an ancient crane, which lifted superships from the water.

For the help of a collapsible system of blocks, the court was dragged on to the vazka ordi slaves and bugas. The vіzki collapsed with installed slats - this is the first old-fashioned railing.

It’s not about the car, it has two axles and two wheels - there were a lot of axles and an impersonal wheel. Crossing along the diolk, it was necessary to strictly swallow at the wreck, otherwise the ship would turn over in a moment.

For over 1300 years, the trade empire flourished near the central Mediterranean. But all the same, the Greeks missed the greatest opportunity in history.

At the 1st century, a sparkling winemaker saw the first steam ball in the world. Yakby vin pishov was a little farther away, perhaps, we already had an automated air vent.

Modern car prototype

And yet, these wines would not be possible, yakbi would not have the simplest understanding - wheels. For 5 thousand years of history, the wheel has completely changed our notification about the road. How did we go from a simple stake to today's cars?

Revealing the most important budding roads and picking chariots - the Romans. The stench made a lot of roads with the accuracy of a neurosurgeon. Ale mi is less likely to be recognized, on the basis of advanced boules їхні zasobi resuvannya.

The car is called a coma house - this word actually means a modern car. Tse show how important were the technologies of the ancient Romans.

The most remarkable thing is that the design of ancient cars, zbudovanih 2 thousand years ago, predicted the design of the first automobiles. The basis of the wheel can be reconstructed by traces on the Roman roads, we know how wide were the cars for the hours of the Romans.

Two thousand years ago, Roman cars traveled on such roads that the trees didn't change their shoes. How did the machines endure such shaking?

Oppositely, but the ancients foresaw the main part of the modern machine - suspension system. The carriage was pulled out on shkіryany straps and from one side it was suspended on metal rings, and from the other side - on decorative and functional elements, which depict the goddess Victoria.

Tsya tekhnologiya zrobila machine that made it possible to transfer the invisible part of the life of the Romans. The ancients were caring for a car, like we are today. Ale mi tіlki pochinaєmo osyagati, naskіlki the machine has gone to the life of the ancients.

Euros region at the pivnochi of Greece. Archaeologists knew here the right belongings from old artifacts. Looking at the wheels of the chariots, found in this place, they broke the whiskers, which stinks were the leading wine-growers. In the countryside of the countryside, design was favored until the 60s of the 20th century.

On the right, another turn was taken, if the team knew ancient artifacts, like the Romans were alive at once from the dead. Sound the artifacts made of gold, midi, and other things. In the middle of the chariots, the medni embellished and functional parts from the hall and midi were saved.

A marvelous knowledge was cultivated from Euros: transport was no less an important part of the ancient world, but it was also amusingly taken from potoybіchne life. Treasures, buried at the same time from carts, show that ancient people valued their own transfers, just like a lot of people value their cars. Transport buv duje important aspect life in the ancient hours, and the old-timey post-yogically jumped yogo thoroughly.

Machine for the disabled

The cars of the 21st century are equipped with high technologies, which allow to develop speed up to 250 km/year. Few people know at once that the Formula 1 racing cars of a million dollars never showed up, yakby not the mileage of the first race cars.

I Italy in the 15th century an Italian doctor named after Giovanni Fontana built a car for the disabled and changed history. Vin wrote a manuscript, which I will call "De Rebus Percis", shards of wine as a doctor. Having described a wondrous zasib to a new wine, to whom a disabled person could change, like a modern invalid visa. Vіn vikoristovuvav skeins and blocks, yakі pіznіshe turned into a new one on the axis.

Vikoristovuyuchi original design Fountain, we can pick up the car, as to allow us to change our heads for the rahunok vlasnoi energy. The man pulls on the skein, passes through the block, and turns the wheels. A person helps to change her own mind, but instead of victorious blocks, she gives impersonal other advantages.

At his design, Giovanni, having transferred a number of gears, yak turned around, if the man smirked by the skein. Chastkovo is a manual transmission, chastkovo is a car, chastkovo is a seat of a sedan. This marvelous guilt marked the beginning of a new era, if a person could move around in cars.

Tank and car on the springs of Leonardo da Vinci

Vcheny, winemaker, artist, engineer Leonardo Da Vinci with one of the most prominent minds in history. In yoga records, there were designs of named machines, which could cause inaccurate ruins on the battlefields.

One of the wines of Leonardo, as if he had attached great respect - that's the tank. Vіn maє konіchny dakh іz oglyadovoy chink gorі. Vіn preparations from tovstih planks, and along the edges there is a row of bullets, yakі can shoot in the right direction.

The middle ones are two important ones, for the help of those, they use wheels. Leonardo said, so that they shot him on all sides in order to protect quietly, who is in the middle, to drive in enemies and call out panic.

The exact specifications of the towels are not known to historians, but, judging from the best, they victorious harmatis there, like they shot with 300-pound cannonballs at the gates, which ran in the heat.

Although there is no evidence that tanks were destroyed from these little ones, Leonardo, having created many named structures for 400 years of doti, like the first tanks appeared on the battlefields of the First World War.

One of Leonardo's faults is especially opposed - an automatic car on springs. Vіvchav, like a ship can ride on a jar of rukhovo energy. Tse yoga celebrity project machines on springs.

Leonardo, who foresaw the first machine, combined early robotics with mechanics. After 500 years after this, the modern engineers found out how they could work.

Leonardo wanted to win strong springs, so that they could be regulated, so that they didn’t need to swipe the energy, tobto. were autonomous. The car could go overboard, and if you hit the accelerator, it could go.

Leonardo's unique machine collapsed behind the help of springs, which accumulated energy and transferred it to the wheels behind the help of a folding gear system, which were driven by the regulator. A special system of gears allowed the machine to tumble forward from a constant swirl: a quick turn, sweat, if the spring unwound - more.

Just like modern cars run on gasoline, Leonardo's car runs on the energy of an exhaust spring. Vikoristovuyuchi technology yearly mechanism, Vіn foresaw the first in history self propelled car.

Її probіg buv obmezheniya through the spring, but її could be bulo vіdreguluvaty, and won't run like a gasoline engine - like no gasoline, wine all the same pratsyuє.

Wanting Leonardo to be a man of his era, he foresaw folding automatic machines, which appeared just before the hour of the industrial revolution.

Leonardo's car expanded the range of transport technologies and laid the foundation for the creation of modern cars and trains.

Rocket machine on a powder fire

At the 15th century, the Venetian engineer Giovanni Fontana presented a light rocket machine with one gleaming vineyard - a gunpowder fire.

Gunpowder fire - vibukhovy gunpowder, the fire of which you can control, like vibukh bombs you can use for a singing period of an hour.

At the same time, the blameless guilt, but 600 years later, I was guilty of a terrible storm. It is necessary to remember that in such outbuildings vikoristovuєє zasіb, sho fuse - yoga can be fired and directed at the enemy. Vіd kіlkoh podіbnih podіbnih pristroїv efekt buv bi zhahlivim.

Ancient flying machines

Humanity is constantly expanding the boundaries of its capabilities: from air to tanks and missiles. Ale, one region was left unconquered - the watering of the people.

Thousands of years people dreamed about that day, if the stench breaks at the top of the head, it will fly to heaven.

The first vintners from China and Europe of the Age of Renaissance foresaw the name flying machines. But, as the story goes, the policy itself was left with a distant fantasy right up to the wine of the Wright brothers in 1903.

Now new records can again rewrite the history of those who have become writers.

All over Pivdenny America– from the desert plains of Peru to the jungles of the Amazon – indigenous people have been imagining nature for centuries. We know the secrets of їхної culture and zavydyaki frescoes, utensils and artifacts.

In 1965, in the depths of Colombian timber forests, a group of survivors cultivated a cicava znahidka: a thousand years ago, the people of Kvimboyan made wonderful embellishments from gold and copper alloys.

At first glance - tse small krylat komaha. If you look at another, you will understand what is wonderful in these objects: the stench is not like the native stota that is flying from the wild. For example, animals have no fins, stench is less common in fish.

After a respectful look at the vcheni, it was used for one riddle: in all the clods, the wings were ruffled at the upper part of the coat, and on the ancient plaques - at the bottom, which is more convenient for modern jet aircraft. But still not all: like in jet aircraft, on brooches delta-shaped wings. They clearly show the kermo, marvelous elerons! All these characteristics are recorded by modern space shuttles!

It is similar to gold to pose a wondrous riddle: can it be a model of a well-known flyer?

How did the old kvіmboyans fly a thousand years before the first half?

Bulo found 20 similar artifacts, all stench of a similar shape. Tse tsikavo, but we don’t know if there is a right confession.

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