Slov'yani in the old days of their adventures. The first reports about words

The first to look at the numerical versions of the translation of the words, next to indicate that all the middle-aged authors up to the 9th century did not know such a people, like the words tell only about clavi or clavini, if I want to translate my works with Russian translations, the form of “words” is everywhere victorious.

The people under the name of "skloviny" became known from the 6th century. The people who lived in such bulos with the territories of the future words of the Jansk lands, which settled down like the 1st thousand years of the stars, were brought to these words by the people. e.

1 Scythian-Sarmatian theory

For this theory, words - Scythians, Sarmatians and Roxolani

The Scytho-Sarmatian theory of the movement of words assumed that the ancestors of the words came from Western Asia and settled near the southern part of the Northern Europe under the names of the Scythians, Sarmatians and Roxolans. Having first appeared at the Bavarian chronicle of the 13th century, Scythian-Sarmatian theory was developed by Western European historians until the 18th century. One of the adventurous words of the Sarmatians (Sauromatians) was the English historian E. Gibbon, who created a general practice in the history of Europe.

In Russia, the idea of ​​the movement of words without intermediary between the Scythians and Sarmatians was suggested by M.V. Lomonosov (1711-1765) in his "Short Russian Chronicler" and "Ancient Russian History". Russian teachings writing that " the homogeneity of words from the Sarmatians, miracles with Scythians do not compare with a wealth of clear evidence" (34, 25). In our hour, this theory is not seriously considered, although we still have our own prihilniks.

2 Danubian theory

This is the widest theory of the movement of words

The Danubian theory of the movement of words admitted that the ancestors of the words settled their ethnic group on the territory that lies up to the Middle Danube, and then settled in Central, Pivdenniy and Skhidnіy Europe. The most wide-ranging theory, especially among Russian historians, shards at the head Russian historical dzherel - the Laurentian Chronicle says, after the destruction of the Babylonian stovp and under the peoples “in a rich hour the forces of the words of the Danube, now the land of Ugorsk and Bolgar. In the midst of these words, the words rose through the earth and were called by their names in the place, de power” (72, 25). Before prihilnikіv tsієї teorії it is possible to add such number of foreign Slavic authors, like

• Kadlubok,
• Bogufal,
• Dalimile,
• Safarik,

as well as Russian historians

• S.L. Solovyova,
• V.I. Klyuchevsky,
• MM. weather,
• O.M. Trubachov.

3 Danube-Balkan theory

Before this theory, the Danube-Balkan theory of the movement of the words of the Jansk prabatkivshchyna, one of the oldest for the hour of the movement, but then for a long time did not know the enemies through nibito the impossibility of old resettlement praslov'yan near the Vistula-Odersk area of ​​the possible expansion of words through the Sudeten-Carpathian bar'єr. For example, in the 20th century, the Polish archaeologist W. Hensel, having proclaimed that through the whole country of the Republic of Lithuania from pivnіch passed not yet known ancient Slavs, the language of those did not take shape and was seen as an ancient Slavic people, and here they formed their own people original language.

Oskilki in "The Story of Past Years" Sound for an hour її the creation of a rosepovіd starts from the biblical characters - Noah and її blue, it is customary to look at the “historical past” like the proto-Slavs, and їхніх the proto-Slavs. Acting authors (V.M. Gobarev and others) continue the history of words with their successors until the 2nd thousand years BC. e., vvazhayuchi the ancestors of the words'yan skіfіv-skolotіv. Others (A.I. Asov) call the people of the Khetiv from Asia Minor as the ancestors of the words, the names of which came together with Enei and Antenor from Troy to Italy and Illirik.

Vzagali, bazhannya to honor the journey of your people in the name of the heroes of Troy, like Russian historians, it was deliberately promoted in the historiography of those other European peoples. So, in the middle of the 19th century, the English historian G.T. Buckle, criticizing Bagatov's legend, saying that “no one thought to doubt this fact. Superechka ishla only about those like whom the neighbors of the nation looked like. However, for some reason, one-stay was established in the house: so - without seeming about other people - they respected that the French looked like Frank, and knowing that they were the son of Hector; so it was self-evident that the Britti looked like Brutus, the father of such a bv was no one else, like Aeneas himself ”(75, 48).

And V.M. Domin to display words'yan in arіїv who came in distant hours from Hyperborea. Yu.A. Shilov, with the improvement of his excavations of mounds of the 4th-2nd thousand years BC. i.e., having grown visnovok in a similar way to the myths of the ancient Aryans, that the territory of Pivdenny Ukraine was the birthplace of the Indo-European praetnos and the Aryan peoples of the zokrema. Same here, vvazha Yu.A. Shilov, knowledge was accumulated, written down in the “Veles Book”, and the words of the verses turned out to be the uninterrupted arrival. B.A. Ribakov vvazhaє, scho "in the presence of the Proto-Slavic tribes in the disputed with them, the Indo-European tribes were about 4-3.5 thousand. rokіv that, on the cob II yew. BC e." (53, 14).

4 Vistula-Oder theory

Tsya theory of the movement of words was born in Poland

The Vistula-Oder theory of the movement of words, which vinicla in the 18th century among Polish historians, admitted that the word yansk people vinic on the territory of the Mіzhrіchchya Vіsli ta Oder, and bred praslov'yan from the tribes of Lusatian culture a bronze orb on the cob of a salve. Among the Russian pribіchnikіv tsієї teorії archaeologist U.U. e. at the basin of the middle and upper streams of the Wesley and widened far away to the Oder. V.V. Sedov urged to promote the culture of the pidkloshovykh burials from the culture of the ancient Slavs.

5 Oder-Dnieper theory

The Oder-Dniprovsk theory of vindication of words admits that the ancient Slavic tribes of Mayzhe suddenly appeared on the majestic teren from the Oder at the entrance to the Dnipro at the exit, from Pryp'yat at the pivnoch to the Carpathian and Sudeten mountains at the pivdni. Among the Persians, the following types of cultures are respected:

• Trzynetska culture of the XVII-XIII centuries. to the sound e.,
• Tshinetsko-Komarivska culture XV-XI Art. to the sound e.,
• puddles and scythian forest-steppe cultures XII VII c. to the sound e.

The Poles T. Ler-Splavinsky, A. Gardavsky, and Russia P.N. Tretyakov, B.A. Ribakov, M.I. Artamonov. However, in the versions of these authors, there are significant differences.

6 Carpathian theory

Based on a high concentration of words in Jansk toponyms, especially hydrononyms

The Carpathian theory of the vindication of words was drawn up in 1837. by the Slovak scholar P. Shafarik and revived by the zusils of the German cleric Yu. Udolf in the XX century concentration of words in Yan toponyms, especially hydronimiv near Galicia, Podillya, Volyn. Among Russian authors, one can name A.A. Pogodin, who made a great contribution to the development of this theory, systematizing the hydronim of the designated areas.

7 Pryp'yatsko-Polish theory

This theory is based on the current characteristics of peoples from these regions

Pripyatsko-Polish theory of the words of the "Janian Proto-Batkivshchyna" is subdivided into two streams:

1. pryp'yatsko-verkhnyodniprovsku that
2. pryp'yatsko-srednyodnіprovsku theory

and based on the current features of the peoples, as they live in these regions. Adherents of this theory, one of them is the Polish archaeologist K. Godlevsky, vvazhayut what the Vistula-Oderskomu mizhrichchi words'yani slipped out of Polissya.

The Pryatsko-Middle Dnieper variant of the Pryatsko-Polish theory gained significantly greater breadth in Poland and the Nimechchina, and lower in Russia. One of the founders of this version is the Polish ethnologist K. Moshinsky, who also continued the founding of ancient Slavs on the Middle Dnieper until the 7th-6th centuries. to the sound e., regardless of what Protoslov'yani, tobto ancestors of Praslov'yan, who had not yet been seen from the Indo-European community, lived here in Asia in the state of the Vugris, the Turks and the Scythians.

Protoslov'yani - all the ancestors of the Praslov'yan

Among the Russian scholars, yakі pіdtrimuyut znakhodzhennya prabatyvschiny slov'yan in the Middle Dnipro and Pivdenny Bug, following F.P. Filina and B.V. Gortung. Moreover, B.V. Gortung, against K. Moshinsky, vvazhav, scho Proto-Slovakians of Tripil culture lingered in this area 4th-3rd thousand years before the stars. i.e., like a potim, having crossed over from the Upper Wisley and Dnipro, they changed into the old Slavic culture of the 2nd millennium BC. e.

Another pribіchnik tsієї teorії buv on the cob of the XX century. Czech Slavist L. Niederle, a kind of spreading of the proslovian in the middle and upper currents of the Dnieper.

8 Baltic theory

Baltic theory, the creator of which is the greatest successor of Russian chronicles A.A. Chess prabatkivshchina words'yan bula on uzberezhzhі of the Baltic Sea in the lower part of the Western Dvina and the Neman, and with more than a year the words went to the Vistula and other lands. On confirmation of this, a layer of the old word "Janian hydronism" between the Nєman and the Dnipro was revealed.

Vіdpovidno up to one theory words'yani were a numerical people which is not a sleeping place for all places of resettlement. Nіbito tsey people on the brink of the appearance in Europe of buds of rozsіyany among the wealthy places of the middle іnshih narodіv, nіbіshіh іn this region and more іnіdomіh istorikiv. Therefore, the old hour of words, the yansky people of history, buv nevіdomy, inkoli well guessing under other people's names.

With whom it is important that on the Middle Danube words appeared under the names of Illyrians and Celts, at the pools of the Vistula and the Oder - Venetiv, Celts and Germans, and in the Carpathians and on the Lower Danube - Dakiv and Thracians. Well, in Сhіdnіy фvropі words, naturally, acted under the names of scythians and sarmatians. That is why the ancient and middle-aged authors did not say anything about the words about the united people. Before this theory, the version is close to the fact that the European peoples resemble the Protoslovyans, as they were the core of the Indo-European sleepiness.

Mustache European peoples resemble protoslovyans

V.P. Kobichov at the book “At the Search for the Probability of Words”, having analyzed the significant number of versions, diyshov vysnovka, who “introduced the neuros, and also early to the Veneds and superechkas, in the arch, we put ourselves in the vase a camp in the food of the repetition of words” jan. On the ethnic map of Northern Europe, he did not lose a month. Lower Hanging and Poneminnya fall, to those who did not know the words of the sea, the greater pivdenni regions fell the same, to those who lived there neuri, yakі buli, perhaps, Balts, Celts or kim forever, but only not words. In the Carpathians and the Danube lived ... Geti and Dacians; Pivnichne Prychornomorya occupied the Iranian scythians. The upper, and partly and middle part of the Podnіprov'ya and lay down to the new part of the Oka basin were inhabited by the Letto-Lithuanian tribes, the other pіvnіchnі and skhіdnі regions - the Finno-Ugric peoples ... "(53, 17).

Indeed, for such a super-sharpness of the version and theory of the movement of words, it’s easy to develop a single thought, and then it’s better to wrap it up and bring it. And maybe, I can’t feel the sense to carry out these bagatov’s jokes of the black intestine at the dark room, it’s more, what її, more for everything, there wasn’t it? Aje numerical Germanic tribes By the will of the Romans, it was called one name of the Germans, less than a century later they became one and the same.

The Slovyans, on the other hand, took back the blatant names of the Slavs, that buv was divided into the impersonal Slovyan tribes with their own names. Herodotus did not know anything about the peoples on the pіvnіch vіd Danube, although they wanted to know much more about the localization of different peoples in Northern Europe. And yet, through the borders of the Danube, the rivers widened in Europe, one of the largest. ethnic tutelage - Germans and words. As the march of the Germans, on the last call, on the cob of our eri, is important enough to understand and verse, then the march of the words to the skin of the new generations of historians, archaeologists, linguists becomes more and more confused.

The skin is new generation of vchenih daedals more confused by the way of words

The Іsnuє and version of the use of words in the form of numerical slaves, as in the era of the slave-lawyer's mode, were the basis for the development of strong and subdarial products and on material values. M. Gimbutas to suggest such an explanation of the version: “A lot of linguists and historians tried to explain the origin of the glory root. primed on "sklavins" and "sklavins", zgaduvanih Jordan and Prokop, deyakі poov'azuvali yoga with the Latin word "sclavus", which means "slave". Tse, perhaps, and explain why the SK was replaced by the following words, but, obviously, does not explain the meaning of the word “Slovene” (22, 69). The prototype version is left with one of the unexplored stretches of a century, and this is left, more for everything, through the possible unpopularity among historians, and, more for everything, through the days of support of the middle of the political elites of the country.

That is why, regardless of the great number of versions about the mystical knowledge of the proto-battleship of the words and their hobbies, backed up by theories and volumes of the dosledzheny at this gallery, the nutrition of the dosі is overwhelmed. But it means that either the theory is not true, or until the 6th century no words were heard by the people. And before the history of the words, Imovirno, varto shukati not among the multiple versions of their adventures, but on the other hand, looking out of them, take a closer look at the adventures of the numerical slaves of the state of gunivs, moreover, that such a version has been completed. As much as possible, what was seen through the “hot patriotism” of the historians of the Slavic lands. However, in order to change the version, it is necessary to complete it more thoroughly.

In our days, there are close to 200 million people on the earth’s backwoods, who speak thirteen words in Yang language, the prote for historians is left with a mystery, where the word Yang language was born and where the ancestral home of words was found, the stars of the stench rose in the Central, Europe.

It is reliable that the early archeological memoirs in the language of words are dated no earlier than the 5th century AD. Same 5th century AD є ієyu vіdpravnoy point, z yakoї can razpochinat іstorіyu slov'yan. Until the 5th century AD can you talk about Protoslovyanakh, tobto about the ancestors of words.

Well, let's try to find out about histories of the movement of words. As a real strong gravity on the world political arena, words appear in the 6th century, if the stink caused a massive resettlement on the banks of the Danube, it hit a strong military opponent in the individual Avars.

The root of the history of the movement of words

Vіdpovіdno to the linguistic heritage of the Old Slavonic language, as well as the genetic heritage of the ancient language of the visnovka, which is the most controversial language group for the words of the Baltic language group. It seems that the Baltic movies (Lithuanian and Latin) are more ancient, archaic.

The Old Slovak language, without a doubt, was formed later in the Baltic, as a way of development in one of the Baltic dialects. The time has come for the Baltics protoslovyan dated to the period from the middle of the 1st millennium BC. to the first century AD

The first names in the language protoslovyan, which is also part of a single Baltic massif, appeared to close contacts with foreign tribes of the Scythians and Sarmatians, who lived near the steppes and forest-steppes of modern Ukraine.

Old-Slovakian language, on the basis of the Baltic language, there is a lot of words for the positions of the foreign language. The date of the penetration of these words in the Old Slavic language is dated approximately to the first thousand years BC.

At the same time, the area of ​​settlement of the Proto-Slovak tribes occupies the forest zone in the pivnochi of Ukraine (to the Dnipro), Belarus, the pivden part of Poland and the pivnich of the Slovak region.

In the same time, in the names of rivers and lakes, the words "yansk root" are clearly spelled out.

In addition, the Old Slovak language has impersonal words connected with forests, swamps and lakes, and practically every day words are connected with the sea and the steppe. Understand, pov'yazanі with the sea and the steppe appeared in the words of the yansky movah later and not є vlasne slov'yansky, but pridbanimi z іnshih mov.

Residual indulgence protoslovyan in the first centuries of our eri, it was connected with the cob of the great migration of peoples.

As you can see, the great migration of peoples began from the fact that in the 2nd century A.D. from the territory of pivdenny Sweden and the island of Gotland near the Baltic Sea, the old German people were resettled to the territory of modern Poland.

We crossed the Baltic Sea gothi settled in the region on the slope of the upper and middle streams of the Vistla river. The history of the people is ready, reportedly described by Roman chronicles and confirmed by archaeological excavations.

Protoslov'yani appeared in the Kremlin by the Germans in the wild massif of the Baltic tribes and further developed like a native people. Now they are ready to expand their volunteers and move to the territory of present-day Ukraine.

At Krimu, the Goths fell into the kingdom of Scyth. Part of the land is ready to live near Krimu.

In the middle of the 3rd century, the Goths began to bury the Roman province of Dacia, having established themselves, in this rank, practically on the entire territory of modern Romania.

Yak bachimo, until the end of the 3rd century protoslov'yani appeared sharpened by the Germans and made contacts with other peoples.

On the thought of doslidnikov, at the same time protoslov'yani begin to call nіmtsіv nіmtsy. Adzhe literally nіmets means nіmi, it is not enough on the court that a person speaks with my unreasonable mind. The tendency to call nіmtsіv nіmtsy is present not only in similar words, but also in zahіdnyh and nіmtsy.

During the period of trivalent contacts between Germans and Proto-Slovaks The Old Slovak language was filled with such Gothic words:

• bread,
• boiler,
• strava,
• buy,
• mysticism,
• camel and in.

The rest of the molding of the old Slavonic movement is completed before the 5th century, under the influx of contacts with the Goths.

The first riddle about the reliable word'yansky tribal union Antov appear in chronicles get ready. The Gothic historian Jordan writes about the Viysk zitknennya prepared with words, dated with the cob of the 5th century.

Residual point histories of the movement of wordsє 5 century. At that hour, a single Old Slavonic language was formed. The tribes of the words have united a single culture, which is found in archeological excavations. Formed two great tribal alliances antivі sklavinіv, riddles about yaks appear in Byzantine chronicles

It’s a great pity, not a lot of words of the yansky dzherel, they would describe the most heroic side of the history of the words of the 5th-8th century, if from a small local tribal group the words grew up in a great nation, like they populated the majestic expanses of Khidnoy Europe.

The Byzantine dzherelas were far from always able to describe those who wandered behind their slaughterhouse cordons, they knew little about it. .

The expansion of words. Slov'yani, venedi - nayranishі zvіstki pro slov'yan pіd іm'yam venedіv, abo venetіv, up to the end of 1-2 yew. sound e. and belong to Roman and Greek writers - Pliny the Elder, Publius Cornelius Tacitus and Ptolemy Claudius. On the thought of these authors, the Venedi lived on the Baltic coast between the Stetinsky inlet, where the Odra flows, and the Danzing inflow, where the Vistula flows; along the Vіslі vіd її upperіv'їv near the Carpathian mountains to the coast of the Baltic Sea. The name venedi resembles the Celtic vindos, which means "white".

In the middle of the VI century. venedi were divided into two main groups: clavini (clavi) and anti. As far as the piznіshogo self-name "slov'yani", then the exact sense of yogo vіdomy. Є pripuschenna, scho in the term "slov'yani" is put in place for another ethnic term - nіmtsі, which vibrates like the word "nіmi", to speak in an unintelligent language. The Slavs were divided into three groups:
- Skhidni;
- pivdenni;
- Zahidni.

Slovian peoples

1. Ilmensky slovenia, the center of such boons is Novgorod the Great, which stood on the birch of the Volkhov river, which blew from Lake Ilmen and on whose lands there were few other places, through which the Scandinavians called Volodinnia Slovenia “gardarikoy”, that is “land of the city” . Cebules: Ladoga and Biloozero, Stara Russa and Pskov. The Ilmenian Slovenes took their own name from the name of Lake Ilmen, which is found in their Volodynia and was also called the Slovenian Sea. For the inhabitants, in the distance overlooking the right seas, the lake of Zavdovka, 45 versts and a width of about 35, seemed majestic, so I will not call my friend the sea.

2. Krivichi, who lived in the regions of the Dnipro, the Volga and the Western Dvina, near Smolensk and Izborsk, Yaroslavl and Rostov the Great, Suzdal and Murom. The name was similar to the name of the founder of the tribe, Prince Kriva, which, perhaps, having taken away the name of the Crooked, from the natural nedolіku. In the people, they called the people a foolish, deceitful, fake soul, since you don’t get the truth, but you’re stuck with falsehood. On the lands of the Krivichi city, Moscow was victorious, read about it further.

3. Polochans settled on the river Poloty, for її flowing into the Western Dvina. On the mіstsі zlittya tsih dvoh rivіchі i stood brіnіmі іstо tribe - Polotsk, or Polotsk, I'll name someone viroblyаіyі for hydronіmu: "Rіchka beyond the cordon with latisky tribes" - lats, litas. Dregovichi, radimichi, vyatichi and the inhabitants of the pivnoch lingered on the afternoon and afternoon departure from Polochan.

4. The Dregovichi lived on the banks of the river Priynyati, otrimavshi their own in the form of the words "dregva" and "dryagovina", which means "swamp". There were places Turіv and Pіnsk.

5. The Radimichs, who lingered in the interstates of the Dnipro and Sozh, were called by the name of the first prince Radim, or Radimir.

6. Vyatichi was the most ancient Russian tribe, otrimavshi their name, similarly to radimichiv, in the name of his great-grandfather - Prince Vyatka, who was shorthand named V'yacheslav. At the land of the Vyatichiv, the old Ryazan was bouldering.

7. The Meshkantsi pivnochi occupied the Desna, the Sejm and the Judgment, and in old times they were the very pivnіchny skhidnoslovyansky tribe. If the words settled as far as Veliky Novgorod and Biloozero, the stench saved their name, wanting some cob sens to be consumed by us. There were places near their lands: Novgorod Siversky, Listven and Chernigiv.

8. Glades, yaks inhabited the lands near Kiev, Vyshgorod, Rodnі, Pereyaslavl, they were called so in the form of the word "field". Irrigation became their main occupation, which led to the development of a rural state, animal husbandry and creatures. Glades went down in history like a tribe, a greater world, lower, which took on the development of an old Russian sovereignty. Russia was like a land of glades on pivdni, tiverts and streets, on pivnoch - drevlyans and at the entrance - Croatians, volyns and bouzhans.

9. Russia is the name of one, far from the largest skhidnoslovyansky tribe, as through its own name it became the most famous in the history of mankind, and in the historical science, more in super-girls it was like a trip by such publicists that the publicists blew out impersonal copies and shed ink rivers . A lot of eminent scholars - lexicographers, etymologists and historians - cite the name of the Normans, commonly accepted in the 9th-10th centuries - Rus. The Normans, following similar words to the names of the Varangians, conquered around 882 the rock of Kiev and the rich lands. Under the hour of their conquests, scho 300 rokiv - from the VIII to the XI centuries - and they sacked the whole of Europe - from England to Sicily and from Lisabon to Kiev, the stench flooded in some places behind the root lands of their own. So, for example, the territory, conquered by the Normans on the pivnochi of the Frankish kingdom, gave the name Normandy. Opponents of this point of dawn vvazhayut that the name of the tribe resembles the hydronima - the river Ros, the stars of the year and the whole country began to be called Russia. In the XI-XII centuries, Russia began to be called the lands of Rus, glades, northerners and radimichis, deyak territories, inhabited by streets and Vyatichi. The pribіchniki tsієї look at Russia not as a tribal and ethnic union, but as a political sovereign enlightenment.

10. Tivertsi occupied expanses along the banks of the Dniester, from the middle flow to the mouth of the Danube and the coast of the Black Sea. The most important is the trip, they are named after the river Tivra, as the ancient Greeks called the Dnister. The local center was Cherven on the western birch of the Dniester. Tivertsy intervened with the nomadic tribes of the Pechenigiv and Polovtsians, and under their blows they came to the pivnich, having strayed from the Croats and the Volinians.

11. Streets were filled with tiverts' lands, borrow land from the Lower Podnіprov'ї, on the banks of the Bug and shore the Black Sea. Їkhnіm main place buv Peresіchen. Together, from Tivertsy, the stench went to the pivnich, where they fought with the Croats and the Volinians.

12. The trees lived beyond the flow of the river Teteriv, Uzh, Harvest and Sviga, on Polissya and the right birch of the Dnipro. Їkhnіm main place buv Іskorosten on the river Uzh, and moreover, there were other places - Ovruch, Gorodsk, a sprat of others, we don’t know the names of them, but we lost traces of them at the sight of the settlements. The Derevlyans were the most powerful skhidnoslovyansky tribe by bringing to the Galyavins those allies who established the ancient Russian state with the center near Kiev. The stinks were the strongest enemies of the first Kievan princes, they killed one of them - Igor Svyatoslavovich, for which the Prince of the Drevlyans Small, at his side, was driven in by Igor's widow, Princess Olga. The trees lived in dense forests, otrimavshi their іm'ya like the word tree - tree.

13. Croatians, who lived for a long time in the town of Peremishl on the River. San, they called themselves great Croats, in the name of the tribe of the same name from her, which is alive in the Balkans. The name of the tribe is derived from the ancient Iranian word "shepherd, guardian of thinness", which can be evidence of the smut of this occupation - animal husbandry.

14. The Volynians were tribal associations that settled on the territory, where the Dulibiv tribe lived earlier. The Volynians settled on both banks of the Western Bug and near the upper Pripyat. Cherven Buv was the main place, and after that, Volin was conquered by the Kiev princes, on the river Luz in 988, a new place was set up - Volodymyr-Volinsky, giving the name Volodymyr-Volinsky princedom, as it did for a new one.

15. The tribal community, which viniklo on the place of residence of Dulibiv, included the Crimea of ​​Volynians and Buzhans, who settled on the banks of the Pivdenny Bug. I have a thought that the Volynians and Buzhans were one tribe, and their independent names were no more than a legacy of different places of residence. Behind the letters of letters from abroad, the bouzhans occupied 230 "mist" - more for everything, they were fortified settlements, and the Volynians - 70. Prote tsі figures to tell about those that Volin and Pobuzhzhya were populated to do it well.

Pivdenny words'yani

Slovenes, Croatians, Serbs, zahlumlyani, Bulgarians lay before the first words. The number of slov'yansk peoples recognized the strong influx of the Byzantine Empire, they settled the lands after the stench of robbers. In the future, part of them, having mingled with the Turkic nomads Bulgarians, gave the beginning of the Bulgarian kingdom, the champion of modern Bulgaria.

Meadows, drevlyans, siveryans, dregovichi, radimichi, krivichi, polochani, vyatichi, slovenia, buzhani, volinyan, dulibi, streets, tivertsi lay before the similar words. Seeing the camp on the trade route from the Varangians among the Greeks hastened the development of these tribes. The very chilka of words gave the beginning to the largest number of words to the peoples - Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians.

Zahіdnі slov'yani - tse Pomeranians, pіdbadiori, vagry, laby, smolіntsі, clay, lyutichі, command, ratarі, drevani, ruyani, puddles, Czechs, Slovaks, Koshubs, Slovintsі, Moravans, Poles. Viysk zіtknennya z nіmetsky tribes zmushuvali їh vіdstupati Shіd. The tribe of the underdogs, who made crooked sacrifices to Perun, was especially warlike.

Susidnі people

As far as the near-cordon words of the lands of those peoples, then the whole picture looked like this: Fino-Ugric tribes lived on the pivnoch: cheremisi, chud zavolochska, all, korela, chud. The Qi tribes were mainly engaged in fishing and fishing and were rebuked at the lower level of development. Step by step, when the words were settled on the pivnіchniy skhіd, most of these peoples appeared asimilated. To the honor of our ancestors, we should note that this process was bloodless and not accompanied by mass beatings of the root tribes. Typical representatives of the Finno-Ugric peoples are the ancestors of modern Estonians.

The Balto-Slovakian tribes lingered at the pivnіchny entrance: measles, zemigola, zhmud, yatvingians and Prussians. Qi tribes were engaged in fielding, fishing and farming. The stinkers were famous as good warriors, the raids of such people incited zhakh on the sudіdіv. Worshiped the stench of the gods themselves, like the words, bringing them numerically crooked sacrifices.

At the dawn of the word'yansky world between the German tribes. Vzaєmini between them were more strained and accompanied by part wars. Zahіdnі slov'yani vіdtіnyalis skhіd, hocha mayzhe all Skhіdna Nіmechchina if the bula was populated by the slov'yansk tribes of puddles and sorbivs.

At the first entrance, the words of the Jansk lands were intermingled with Byzantium. Її Thracian provinces were populated by romanized populations, which spoke of my Greek. Numerous nomads settled right there, as they came from the steppes of Eurasia. Such were the eels, the ancestors of the modern Ugrian people, the Goths, the Heruli, the Gunis and other nomads.

Numerous tribes of nomadic cattle lingered on the borderless Eurasian steppes of the Black Sea coast. Here passed the paths of the great migration of peoples. Most of all, in the form of their raids, the Slavic lands suffered. Deyakі tribes, for example Torki chi black pіdbori were allies of the words, іnshі - pechenigi, guzi, Polovtsі Kipchaks warned with our ancestors.

At the gathering, the Burtasi judged the words, the Mordovians and Bulgars of the Volzka-Kamsky argued with him. The main occupations of the Bulgars were trading along the river Volz with the Arab caliphate on the pivdni and Permian tribes on the pivnoch. Near the bottom of the Volga, the lands of the Khazar Kaganate were roztashovulysya with the capital near the city of Itil. The Khazars cursed with words with words until the hour when Prince Svyatoslav did not rule over his state.

Busy and fucked up

The most ancient words of the Yansk settlements, excavated by archaeologists, date back to the 5th-4th centuries BC. Well-being at the hour of excavation, knowledge allows us to create a picture of the life of people: they are busy, but, religiously cultivated and zvicha.

Words didn’t mark their settlements in any way and lived in buddies, trochs buried near the ground, or in ground bunkins, the walls of those daks were trimmed on stovpah, dug into the ground. On the settlements and graves, hairpins, brooches-strings, and rings were found. The pottery was also revealed differently - potters, bowls, gleks, goblets, amphorae...

The most characteristic feature of the culture of the words "yan tiєї" was a peculiar funeral ritual: the dead relatives of the slov'yani were spat, and the cups of brushes, which had burned out, were covered with great ringing ships.

In the past words, as if they were, did not build their settlements, but jumped off to be in important places - on swamps and high banks of rivers, lakes. The stench settled most importantly near the places from the native soils. We know a lot more about their culture, but less about the predecessors. The stench lived at the ground-based stovpovih budinkas and napіvdumlyankas, the stones and adobe hearths and stoves were de-powered. In napіvdumlyankas they lived in the cold season of rock, and in terrestrial budіli - in the wind. Krіm zhitla is known to be so lordly spores, yami-lohi.

Qi tribes were actively engaged in farming. Archaeologists during the hour of excavations repeatedly knew the coulters. The grains of wheat, rye, barley, millet, wheat, buckwheat, peas, hemp were often shriveled - such strong cultures used to grow words for that hour. They bred stench and thinness - cows, horses, sheep, kiz. There were a lot of craftsmen in the middle of the venedi, they worked in the cold and pottery workshops. A wealth of knowledge in the settlements of a set of speeches: various ceramics, brooches-zastibka, knives, pips, arrows, swords, knives, hairpins, namistos...

Let's forgive the funeral ritual: the dead bones of the dead sang into a pit, then they dug it up, and a simple stone was placed over the grave.

In this manner, the history of words is spread far into the depths of hours. The formation of the words of the Yang tribes was long overdue, and this process will be more collapsible and confused.

Archaeological dzherel beginning from the middle of the first thousand years of our era are successfully complemented by letters. Tse allows you to more clearly reveal the life of our distant ancestors. Dzherel's letters remind us of the words of the first century to build our land. The stench of the vіdomі pochatku pіd іm'yam venedіv; Later, the authors of the 6th century, Procopius of Caesarea, Mauritius Strategist and Jordan, give a report characterization of the way of life, take it from words, calling them Wends, Antes and Slavs. “Those tribes, slavins and antis, are not ruled by one person, but from long ago they live with the rule of the people, and that in them happiness and unhappiness in life is respected by the right bed,” wrote the Byzantine writer and historian Procopius of Caesarea. Procopius is alive in the first half of the VI century. Vіn was the closest guardian of the commander Belisariy, who stunned the army of Emperor Justinian I. Together with Prokopiy, he visited the rich lands, enduring the hardships of campaigns, enduring victories and defeats. Prote yogo head on the right was the fate of the battles, not recruiting recruits and supplying the army. Vіvchav zvichaї, zvichaї, hromadskі orders and vіyskі accepted narodіv, scho alienated Byzantium. Relatively choosing Procopy and rozpovіdі about words, and especially respectfully analyzing the wines, describing the Viysk tactics of words, consecrating his rich side of his famous practice "History of Justinian's military". The Slavic Byzantine Empire trampled on the earthly peoples. The Byzantine rulers wanted involuntarily and the Slavic tribes. The people succumbed to them, who paid taxes properly, who supplied slaves, bread, crafts, foxes, and expensive stones to Constantinople. With whom, the Byzantine people did not try to fight against the enemies themselves, but they jumped to weld them together with themselves and, for the help of some, strangle others. At the same time, in response to the willfulness of their will, the words repeatedly invaded the borders of the empire and devastated entire regions. The Byzantine military leaders realized that it was important to fight with words, and to this they resolutely played their military right, strategy and tactics, joked in different directions.

For example, VI on the cob of the VII century, another ancient author is alive, who wrote the “Strategikon” tvir. For a long time they thought what treatise the Emperor Mauritius had created. For the past century, the visnovka was written, that the “Strategikon” was written not by the emperor, but by one of his commanders. Pratsya є yak bi a handyman for the viysks. At the same time, the words of the Daedals more often turbulent Byzantium, to which the author gave them a lot of respect, praising his readers, as if fighting against strong spirits.

“Stinks of numbers, vitrivals,” the author wrote to the “Strategikon”, “it is easy to endure heat, cold, boards, nakedness, lack of clothing in hedgehogs. They have a great number of varied thinness and fruits of the earth. The stench settles in the forests, beats the unruly rivers, it hurts and the lakes, and roam at their veins, rich in the wake of the troubles that trapleyutsya with them. Fight with your stench's stench to love in places overgrown with thick fox, in gorges, in urviches, to profit for yourself with ambush, rapt attacks, cunning, day and night, wine-makers of richly varied ways. Dosvіdchenі stink also in the ferry across the rivers, turning over at whom all the people. Husbands stink the stench of the rest by the water, with which the stench is trimmed by the company, specially prepared large ones, the types of baths in the middle of the line, which reach the surface of the water, and the recumbent doves themselves at the bottom of the river die for their help ... shield. The stinks are scaly with wooden bows and with small arrows with seeping, scratched tips.

I was especially struck by the free will of the words. “Anti tribes are similar for their way of life, - having scored wines, - for their children, for their love until freedom; You can’t even bring them down to slavery by ordering them in their own country.” Slovyans, for yoga words, kindly put up to foreigners, as if they come to them near the country, as if you came with friendly namirami. Do not take revenge on the stench and the enemies, not long zatrimyu їs at the crowd, and ring out to sing to them either for the expiation of drinking yourself to the fatherland, or else you will lose your life among the words in the camp of free people.

From the Byzantine chronicles, the names of the dean Ants and the words of the Yang leaders - Dobrita, Ardagast, Musokiya, Progost. Under their scrutiny, the number of words of the Janskian Viysk threatened the powers of Byzantium. Obviously, the famous Antian treasures and treasures, found at the Middle Podnіprov'ї, belonged to such leaders. The warehouse of treasures included expensive Byzantine wares made of gold and sribla - goblets, gleks, stravi, bracelets, swords, buckles. Everything was decorated with rich ornaments, images of animals. With deyaky belongings, the vaga of golden speeches exceeded 20 kilograms. Such treasures became the blessings of Antian leaders on distant campaigns against Byzantium.

Letters dzherela and archeological materials testify about those who were engaged in agricultural farming, animal husbandry, fishing, poked at animals, picked berries, mushrooms, roots. Bread is always important to the laboring people, but pidsichne arable farming was, maybe, naivazhchim. To the head znaryaddy of the digger, who, having taken up the pidsik, boules a plow, not a plow, not a harrow, but a sap. Vibrating the tall forest, they cut the trees more kindly, and the rivers withered on their roots. Sweat, calling dry trunks, they vilified the davit - they vlashtovuly bellowing fires "falling down". The unburned remnants of thick stumps were uprooted, the earth was leveled, and the plow was fluffed. They shone right into the ashes, throwing their hands around. In the first 2-3 rocks, give birth to a tall bov, fertilized with ash, the earth gave birth generously. And then, later on, she got out of the way and had to cut a new lot, repeating the whole difficult process of the pidsika again. There was no other way to grow bread near the forest zone - the whole earth was covered with great and small forests, for which the old hour - the whole century - the villager doubled the klaptik after the klaptik.

The antiques had a good metal-working craft. It’s worth talking about the knowledge of the city of Volodymyr-Volinsky livarny molds, clay spoons-lyachki, for the help of which they poured melting metal. The antis were actively engaged in trade, they exchanged hutra, honey, whiskey for different embellishments, expensive dishes, and scraps. They swam not only in rivers, they went out by the sea. In the 7th-8th centuries, the words of the Jansk squads on the dunes bored the waters of the Black Sea and other seas.

The most recent Russian chronicle - "The Tale of Time Lit" tells us about the progress of the settlement of the Slavic tribes in the great regions of Europe.

“So the very same words came and settled along the Dnipro and called themselves Galyavins, other Drevlyans, oskils live near the forests; and other forces between Pripyatt and the Dvina and were nicknamed Dregovichi...” They gave the chroniclers to talk about Polochan, Slovene, Pivnichyan, Krivichi, Radimichi, Vyatichi. "And so the word 'Yan' language was born and the charter was called the word 'Yan'."

The glades ruled the Middle Dnipro and later became one of the most powerful skhidnoslovyansky tribes. In their land, a place has fallen, as if it had become the first capital of the Old Russian state, - Kiev.

Later, before the IX century, the words settled in the majestic expanses of Northern Europe. The middle of the sspіlstva, founded on the patriarchal-tribal ambushes, step by step matured the rethinking of the creation of the feudal state.

If we care about the words of the Yansk descendant tribes, then the pochatkovy chronicler left us such a message about the new one: "... the skin is alive with its kind, okremo, in its missions, the skin is free with its kind." Now we may have lost the meaning of the family, we have lost the dirty words - rіdnya, sporidnіst, kin, we can understand sіm'ї, but our ancestors did not know sіm'ї, the stench knew less than rіd, which means all the succession of the steps of sporidnіnostі, like the closest , so i nayviddalenіshih; рід meaning i sukupnіst relatives and skin of them; Our forefathers did not understand the suspense of the suspense of the birth posture, and the word “rid” was also implanted in the sensi spivvitchiznik, in the sensi people; for sloping lines the word "tribe" was used. The unity of the clan, the linkage of the tribes was supported by a single ancestor, the four ancestors of small different names - elders, zhupanivs, lords, princes and others; the rest of the name, as it can be seen, was especially used by the words of the Russians and for the word-generating maє meaning of the family, meaning the eldest in the family, the ancestor, the father of the family.

The breadth and color of the land populated by similar words gave relatives the opportunity to hang out with the first new dissatisfaction, which, consciously, did little to ease the strife; the month was rich, for the new one, accept it, it was not necessary to cook. Ale could trapletatsya, that the special splendours of the masses tied their relatives to her and did not allow them to hang so easily, - tse especially could trapletsya in the places, places chosen by the family for the special splendour, and fortified by the families of the relatives; otzhe, in the places of strife were small but strong. About the city of life of similar words, from the words of the chronicler, it is possible only for those who were surrounded by the city of life of one of the few okremi pologiv. Kiev, for a chronicler, from a living family; when describing the mizhusobi, that they changed the call of the princes, the chronicler seems to have become rіd on rіd; from which it is clearly visible, as the repentance of the letters of the suspension of the ustriy, it is clear that before the crying of the princes, it did not cross the tribal boundary; the first sign of splintering between okremi canopies, that they live together, small but spіlnі gatherings, for the sake of, vіcha, but at these gatherings we bachimo and after some elders, they have all the meaning; ShO Tsi VICHA, gatherings of foremen, ancestor, the ancestor of the BULLLY BURN OF PENITY OF THE VISTRAL SUSPARY CASE, SEARS OUT, BULKS OF THE STRITHING STARTS MIZH MIZHNIVENS, DATE INDOM, CONDITIONALY, DOCISE OF THE DECOPENT.

Uninvited for those, first words, Misto Majoliva, Istorichna of the Zytty, yak Zhitty at once, Bulo nabigato Vishznen Zhittye on a special msitzi, at the Mistyshi Zitokni. on the cob. There is no food: how was it to be between these places and the population, behind them, what was the population independent of the place or the order to you? It’s obvious to make room for the first resettlement of the settlers, the signs of the population spread all over the country: near the new country, settling in a handy place, enclosing for greater security and then later multiplying their own country, all over the country; if you want to let the hanging out of the places of the youngest members of the family or the genus, who live there, then it is necessary to let the connection and the order, the order, the mind, the family - the younger elders; Clearly follow the next order, we would like to see the waters of new places or move to the old places, the stars of the stench were taken away by the population.

Ale krіm tsikh ancestral vіdnosin zvjazok i pіdorderkovanіst іlskogo sіlskogo sіlskomu sіskom could skriplyuvatysya і z іnshih reasons: sіl'ske s_l'ske s_l'ske s_l's'ke sіl's'ke svіdnіn, mіs'ke bought up, і the rest of the zavzhd could show their splintering over the first; in times of threat, the strong population could shukat zakhist at the city, it was necessary to stick to the rest, and even then it could not save a camp equal to it. On such a setting of the city to the district population, we know the statement in the chronicle: as they say, there are a number of founders of Kiev in the princedom of the middle glades. And on the other side, we can not allow great accuracy, significance in these wines, more and later, in the historical hour, as usual, the setting for moving up to the elder place did not question the significance, and that, speaking about the ordering of the forces of masses, about the sound of pologіv mіzh itself, zalezhnosti їх vіd one center, we are guilty of suvoro razrіznyati tsyu pіdryakovanіst, zv'yazok, zalezhnіst in the pre-rurik hour in the form of order, zv'yazku і zalezhnostі, scho began to harden little by little pіslya vyklyakannya princes; if the villagers respected the city dwellers as young, then it is easy to understand how the world recognized the stench of the remaining ones, as if the foreman of the city was important to them.

Mist, maybe, it wasn’t rich: we know that the words loved to live rozsіyano, for childbirth, like the foxes of that swamp served as the deputy of the city; along the whole way from Novgorod to Kiev, beyond the flow of the great river, Oleg knows only two places - Smolensk and Lyubech; among the Drevlyans, places are guessed, the Crimea of ​​Korosten; on the pivdnі it’s not enough to have more space, here it was more to consume from the defenders in the bulk of the wild hordes, that and the one that had a lot of space; Tivertsiv and Kutkiv had a lot of space, which they saved for hours of writing; in the middle class - among the Dregovichi, Radimichi, Vyatichi - riddles about the place are not heard.

Krіm perevag, like a place (that’s a fenced off place, at the walls of which one lives one numerical or a small sprig) could mother over the surrounding rozsіyanim population, could, consciously, trapletisya, that one rіd, the strongest material barriers, otrimuvav the advantage in front of other canopies, other princes , the head of one kind, for his special qualities, having conquered the mountain over the princes of the other canopies. So, among other words, about some Byzantine people, they say that they have a lot of princes and there is no single sovereign, sometimes they are princes, yak, behind their special achievements, they see ahead, like, for example, the famous Lavritas. So it is with us that we know about Olgin's place among the Drevlyans, on the first plan, Prince Maliy, but respectfully, here it is still impossible to accept Mala as the prince of all Drevlyansk land, you can accept that he is the prince of Korostensky only; that in the murder of Igor, only the crustaceans took part under the most important influx of Mala, and the Drevlyans adopted the same beak after the clear singleness of the berries, on the whole directly showing the paraphrase: “Olga throw herself with her son on the battlefield quickly, beat the battlefield.” Mala, as the head priest, was awarded and made friends with Olga; on the basis of other princes, other rulers of the land, showing a retelling in the words of the Drevlyansk phrases: “Our princes are good, that they broke the essence of the Derevsk land”, to tell about it and Movchannya, as if saving the litopis of the small for all the continuation of the fight against Olga.

p align="justify"> Ancestral pobut entreated the solemn, inseparable power, and, navpak, spіlnіst, inseparable power served as the most important link for the members of the family, the vision urged the necessary and ruptured ancestral link.

Foreign writers seem that the words lived in filthy huts, that they lived in a distant country one kind of one, and often changed the place of residence. Such nemіtsnіst and frequent change of life was like uninterrupted nebezpeka, as it threatened the words and in the form of tribal strife, and in the bulk of foreign peoples. The axis of which the words led to that way of life, about which Mauritius speaks: “They have inaccessible living near forests, near rivers, swamps and lakes; at the boudinkas of their stench, there is a lot of talk about every kind of flurry; Necessary speeches should be buried under the earth, not calling anything zayvogo, but living like robbers.

One reason, which blew for a long time, robbed the same traces; life in the uninterrupted ochіkuvannі oporozhnyh nadavіv trivaly for skhіdnyh slovіyan i todi, if the stench already perebuvali under the power of the princes of Rurik's house, the livers and Polovtsі changed the Avar, the Kozar and other barbarians, the strife of the princes changed the strife on one change the place, run into the enemy; why would the kiyani seem to the Yaroslavichs, that if the princes did not defend them against the wrath of their elder brother, the stench should leave Kiev and go to Greece.

The Polovtsians were changed by the Tatars, the princely internecine wars were trilled by the pivnich, if the princely internecine conflicts begin, the people leave their lives, and due to the strife turn back; on pіvdnі uninterrupted raids the Cossacks will prevail, and then on pіvnоchі roam differently in the face of any kind of violence and heaviness, it was a gift for the inhabitants; if you can add what the nature of the country has already shrunk to such resettlements. Let’s get satisfied with the little one and start preparing the buti to leave the life, lifted up in the words of the ogida to someone else’s yoke, about which Mauritius was remembered.

Ancestral pobut, scho zumovlyuvav roz'ednannya, vorozhnechu i, henceforth, weakness between words'yanami, urging the necessary and the way of warfare: not looming one infamous chief and opposing one with one, words shilyalis in skіlki-nebud right battles, de b were small enough to fight with the united forces on the missions of equals and victories. The stinks loved to fight with the enemies in narrow, impenetrable places, sometimes they attacked, then they attacked in full, raptly, cunningly, they loved to fight in the forests, where they lured the enemy in the flow, and then, turning around, gave you a blow. Why does the Emperor Mauritius want to attack the words in the winter, if they are unhandedly hobbling behind the bare trees, rushing over the snow, they have little to eat.

The words were especially admired by the mysticism of swimming and swimming in the rivers, when people of a different tribe could not get rich, the people of the other tribe, the stench trembled under the water, lying on their backs and trembling in their mouths, they saw an outline, such a top came out over the river and in such a manner carried out the return of the swimming pool . The words of the young people were used in two small scribbles, deaks of small shields, firm and even important, they also implanted wooden bows and small arrows, smeared with a scoured, more clear, as if a right doctor would not give a shvidko to help the wounded.

In Procopius it is read that the words, entering the battle, did not dress up the armor, they could not wrap a cloak, a shirt, only a spoiler on the deacons; Procopius vzagali not to praise the words for their arrogance, it seems that, like the Masagetiv, the stench is filled with rubbish and all sorts of uncleanness. Like a mustache people, who will try to live in simplicity, the words were healthy, mіtsnі, they easily endured cold and heat, not wearing clothes and clothes.

About the callousness of the ancient words of the moderns, they seem that the stench is all alike one on one: high on the rise, stately, the coat they do not have the same white, the hair is long, dark blond, the face is reddish

Life of words'yan

On the pivdni, near the Kievan land, near it, for the hours of the old Russian state, a napivzemlyanka lived like a head. Buduvati її began with the fact that they covered a large square pit-ditch, about a meter deep. Then the walls of the pit were repaired with a sporudzhuva zrub, or the walls were made of slabs, strengthened by dug into the ground with stoups. A zrub that rises from the ground is a meter high, and the height of the future dwelling with its aboveground and underground parts reached, in such a rank, 2-2.5 meters. From the pivdennogo side in the pit, the entrance from the earthen descents was ruled, or with a flake, which led into the clay of the dwelling. Having put the zrub, they took up the dakh. Її robbed dvoskhilim, like in modern huts. They shook their heads strongly, they put a ball of straw on the beast, then the ball of the earth. The walls, which hung above the ground, were also piled up with the soil that was viynyat from the pit, so that the walls were not visible from the wooden structures. The earthlings hoarsely helped to keep warm in the booth, dipped the water, protected the fire. They smashed the bed in the napіvzemlyantsi with good trampled clay, they didn’t lay the sounding boards.

After leaving everyday life, they took on another important work - they sporadzhuvali pich. Vlashtovuvali її in the clay, far from the entrance of the kutka. They robbed the stoves with stones, as if a stone was found on the outskirts of the place, or clay. Ring out the stinks were straight-cut, about a meter per meter wide, or round, which step by step sounded down. Most often, in such a stove, there was only one opening - a firebox, firewood was laid through the yak and went straight into the room, warming yogo dim. From above, on the stove, an earthenware brazier was fired, I look like majesty, I firmly ate the clay frying pan from the very stove, - they cooked a hedgehog on it. And sometimes, instead of the braziers, they blew an opening on the top of the stove - the miners put in there, in which they cooked yushka. The walls of the dugout were covered with benches, the boards of the couches were beaten up.

Living in such a life was uneasy. The rosemary roses of the dugouts are small - 12-15 square meters, water oozed out from the middle of the wretch, steadily rose into the eyes of thick smoke, and in the daytime it was light in the room, only if the small entrance doors were opened. To this, the Russian wise woodworkers jokingly joked the paths of the polyurethane of life. They tried different ways, dozens of clever options and step by step, step by step, they reached their goal.

On the pіvdnі Rusі vaguely practiced over the perfected napіvdzemlyanki. Already in the X-XI centuries, the stinks became more high and spacious, instead they grew from the earth. Ale's head was a connoisseur in another way. In front of the entrance, at the napіvdumlyanka, they began to sporudzhuvat light tambouri-blue, weaving chi planks. Now the cold weather from the streets no longer blew right into the life, but if the troch was warmed in the blue. And the pich-kam'yanka was moved from the back wall to the protilezhny tієї, de buv vkhіd. Hot weather and smoke from it now came out through the doors, along the way warming up the place, in the depths of which it became cleaner and quieter. And de-no-de appeared already and clay trumpet-dimohodi. Ale, the best part of the ancient Russian folk architecture, smashed pivnich vіd - in the Novgorod, Pskov, Tver, Polish and other lands.

Here, already in the 9th-10th centuries, life became terrestrial, and rough huts quickly make dugouts. It was explained not only by the abundance of pine forests - accessible to all buddive material, and by other minds, for example, close to the floods of ground waters, like those in the dugouts, there was a constant vogkist, which sank in them.

Zrubni budіvlі buli, in a first way, richly spacious for pіvdumlyankas: 4—5 meters of a zavdovka and 5—6 fringes. And they were simply majestic: 8 meters of a headdress and 7 headbands. Horomi! Rozmіr zrubu obzhuvavsya only dovzhina logs, what could be known from foxes, and the pines grew tall!

The chisels were twisted, like a dugout, like a dugout, in a row from the earthen sipans, and even the beds at the booths did not blow. To the huts often adjoined from two, or even from three sides, light galleries, which two, or even three living rooms, to stand still, maisterni, komori. In this manner, it is possible, without leaving the overhead, to go from one place to the next.

At the hut of the khati bula pich - mayzhe is like that, like at the napіvzemlyantsі. They stoked її, like before, in a black way: we smoked fireboxes straight into the hut, climbed uphill, giving warmth to the walls and steles, and exited through the smoke opening at the dahu and high-ruffled vuzki vіkna names. Having heated the hut, the opening-dimovolok and small windows were covered with planks-draughts. Only in rich huts at the end there were mica, or - even more rarely - curses.

A lot of unhandedness gave soot to the bags of budins, which settled on the wall and stele, and then fell like great plastics. If you want to fight like a black barn owl, over the benches that stood tall walls, ruled on a two-meter height by wide police. Soot fell on them, not respecting those sitting on the benches, the yak was regularly cleaned up.

Ale dim! Axis smut famously. “Zhuruvat dimni are not patient,” Danilo the Zatochnik chirped, “you can’t see the heat!” How to fight against this all-pervading misfortune? The minders of the buddies knew how to leave, which made the camp easier. The work of the huts became even higher - 3-4 meters from the pіdlog to the dahu, rich things, lower old huts that were saved in our villages. With a nice coristuvannі pіchchu we smoked near such high mansions, we were drooling, and at the bottom of the air there was a little smoke. Golovnya - kindly heat the hut until night. Tovste earthlings sipannya did not give heat to drink through the air, the upper part of the pit warmed up well during the day. To that very place, on a two-meter height, the towels began to dominate the space, where everyone slept together. On the day when the fire and dim were heated, filling the upper half of the hut, there was no one on the floor - life went on downstairs, where all the hour it was fresh outside the streets. And in the evening, when we went out, the chambers looked like the warmest and best place... So the simple people lived.

And who is the richest, having built a folded hut, having hired the best masters. At the spacious and already tall logs - trees for the new one were selected in the most beautiful forests found - they made another broken wall from logs, which divided the hut into two uneven parts. Zdebіl everything was like a simple booth - the servants drowned black pіch, spicy smoke rose up the hill and wailed the walls. Zіgrіva vіn і that wall, scho dividing the hut. And this wall gave warmth to the dry air, where the bedroom was on the other side. Let it not be so smoky here, as with a smoky court occupant, then the “sum of the wild” did not flare up. Equally calmly warmly flowed from the decks of the wall-partition, which evoked the same resinous smell. Clean and calm came out of peace! They embellished them, like the whole house of the call, wooden carvings. And the naybagatshs did not skimp on painting colors, they asked for the masters of the krasnopis. Merry and bright shone on the walls of the Cossack beauty!

Budinok after budinok, standing up on the streets of the city, one vigadlivishy one. Shvidko multiplied and the number of Russian places, but about one varto to say especially. Back in the 11th century, the settlement was fortified on the twenty-meter Borovitsky pagorb, which was the crowned city of the city at the confluence of the Neglinnaya river to the Moskva River. Pagorb, broken by natural folds on the border of the village, buv zruchny and settlement, and defense. Soupishchany and loamy soils were taken down by the fact that the wooden waters from the great top of the pagorba once roamed to the rivers, the earth was dry and adventitious for life.

Steep fifteen-meter urvishcha protected the settlement from the pivnochі pіvdnya - from the side of the Neglinnaya and Moskva rivers, and at the descent from the city they hid in the surrounding open spaces of the trees. The first fortress of Moscow was made of wood and richly sprung from the face of the earth. Archaeologists have far enough to know її leftovers - crushed logs, ditch, fell behind the palisade on the ridges. Having borrowed the first child, it was less than a small piece of the current Moscow Kremlin.

The place, framed by ancient alarm clocks, turned out to be in the distance not only from the viysk and budive point of dawn.

At the top of the slope, right in front of the city fortifications, the wide Podil descended to the Moskva River, the rows of trade were de-stashed, and on the birch - the piers, which were gradually expanded. From a distance, we can see the chovns who walked along the Moscow River, Shvidko became a favorite place of trade for wealthy merchants. Craftsmen settled in the new, acquired maisternya - forger's, weaver's, farbuvalny, shev's, jewelry. A large number of buddіvelnikіv-drevodіvіv grew up: and fortifications were required to vlashtovuvati, and tin fences, moorings sporudzhuvati, streets paved with wooden planks, budinki, trade rows and temples of god vіdbudovuvati...

The early Moscow settlement grew rapidly, and the first line of earthen fortifications, sprouted in the 11th century, soon sank in the middle of the place, which expanded. To that, if the place already occupied a greater part of the hump, it was sporudzhenno new, more harden that great fortification.

Until the middle of the 12th century, the place, already in full bloom, began to play an important role in the defense of the growing Volodymyr-Suzdal land. More and more often, princes and commanders of squads show up at the frontier forts, and regiments line up before campaigns.

In 1147, the role of the fort was first guessed in the chronicle. Prince Yury Dolgoruky ruled here the military council of allied princes. “Come before me, brother, before Moscow,” he wrote to his relative Svyatoslav Olegovich. Until this hour, by the efforts of Yuri, the place was already well strengthened, otherwise the prince would not dare to choose his comrades here: the hour was restless. Todi nobody, obviously, not knowing the great share of this modest place.

In the 13th century, the Tatars-Mongols wiped out the face of the earth, but to be born again and again, and then all the more and more energy to gain strength. No one knew that the small settlement near the cordon of the Volodymyr princedom would become the heart of the revived song of the Orda heap of Russia.

Knowing no one, that you will become a great place of the earth and look at the people!

Sound words'yan

The turboboat about the child started long before it appeared. From the old, long ago, the words were invoked to protect future mothers from all sorts of ills, including supernatural ones.

Ale, having stepped on the term, the child will appear in the world. The ancient words were said: the people, like death, destroy the invisible cordon between the worlds of the dead and the living. It dawned on me that such an unsafe right hand is not enough to be found near the human life. Among the wealthy peoples, the parentage went to the forest or the tundra, so that no one could harm. That one at the words of the people was not ringing in a booth, but in another place, most of all - at a well-worn lazna. And so that the mother’s body opened up more easily and let the child go, the women braided the hair, at the hut they made the doors and the screens, untied the knots, made the locks. Having sprung from our ancestors and sounded, similar to the so-called kuvad of the peoples of Oceania: a man often shouted and drove the deputy of the squad. New? The sense of kuvadi is great, ale, krіm іnshgo, the last ones write: tsim man viklikav on himself the respect of evil forces, invoking their kind of birth!

Ancient people respected him with an important part of human specialty and were willing to save yoga in the taєmnits, so that the evil chaklun would not “take” that vikoristati for inducing psuvannya. Therefore, in the old days, when people were right, they sounded only in the house of fathers and a few of the closest people. Everyone else called Yogo for his family, or for a special, like sounding a little defensive character: Nekras, Nezhdan, Nezhelan.

The pagan is in no way guilty of saying: “I am so-and-so,” even if I didn’t have a moment to firmly sing, that the new one knows meritoriously to the full trust, that the man took off, but the evil spirit. Having given a good deal of guilt: “They call me ...” And even more so, it’s better to say that you didn’t win yourself, but someone else.

Dorosliy

Childish clothes in Old Russia, like boys, girls, were formed from one shirt. Moreover, the sewing was not from a new linen, but from the old clothes of the fathers. І on the right is not in the wake of chi sknarost. It was just important that the child had not yet recognized it as a body, so it was with her soul, - don’t let the Batkiv’s clothes be defended, take care of the psuvannya, the bastard, the unkind chaklunstva ... could rightly bring their "growth".

If the boy started to become a young man, and the girl - a girl, it was time for them to move into such a "likeness", from the category of "children" to the category of "young" - future names and names, preparing for family life and the continuation of the family. Ale telesne, physically mature, meant little by itself. It was necessary to vitrimati viprobuvannya. Tse buv svoєridny іspit on maturity, physical and spiritual. Yunak is guilty of suffering a zhorstky bill, taking on a tattoo, or creating a brand with signs of his kind and tribe, becoming a full member of such a wine. For girls, they were tested, even if not so painful. Їhnya meta - confirmation of maturity, building up to a free will. First of all - these and others were given to the ritual of "Timchas's death" and "Resurrection".

Since then, many children have died, and their replacements have grown up again. At the old time, the stench and new “grown-up” names were taken away, which are still not small to know outsiders. They also handed over new grown-up robes: young women - cholovіchі pants, girls - poneva, a kind of bedding made of carded linen, yakі was worn over a shirt on a belt.

This is how the mature life began.

Wesilla

In all fairness, the old-time Russian festivities are called even more foldable and even more harmonious performance, which is three times a day. Wesillya bachiv leather from us, wanting to be at the cinema. Ale chi richly who knows why in the village the head of the diyova persona, the center of global respect - is named, and not named? And why was there cloth on it? And why is she pulling a photo?

The maiden is guilty of bula "die" in a great birth and "new generation" in the other, already zamіzhnіy, "human" woman. The axis of folded transformations was connected with the named one. Zvіdsi y raised respect to her, as we bachim at the same time on the oars, and call to take the name of a person, even a name is a sign of the family.

And what was the cloth? Sometimes it is brought a little, that it’s over, talking, symbolizes purity and modesty of the named, but it’s wrong. Really white - the color of the complaint. Yes, just like that. Chorniy at ts_y askost_ z'avivsya recently. Biliy, as historians and psychologists say, from the most recent hours for people, the color of the past, the color of Memory and Forgetfulness. Peace of mind was given to you in Russia. And with the other “plaintive-springing” colors, they are red, “black”, as if they were called wine. Yogo has long been included in the selection of names.

Now about the veil. More recently, the word simply meant “khustka”. Not the present vision of the muslin, but the right shrill khustka, with which the name of the disguise was tightly covered up. Adzhe zgodi on the schlyub її vvozdal "dead", the Meshkants of the World of the Dead, as a rule, invisible to the living. No one could be named bachiti, and the destruction of the fence led to all kinds of misfortune until an early death, because in some way the cordon broke and the Dead World "break through" into ours, threatening with untransferred heritage ... For these reasons, young people took one by one by the hand, except Khustka, and also didn’t drink and didn’t drink all the way through the party: even if the stench at the moment “rebuked in different worlds”, and hang around alone and then more than once, only people can lie down to one world, more than that - up to one groupi, Tilki "svoi" ...

In the Russian veil sounded an impersonal song, so far too summarily. The heavy veil of the betrothed giblets swelled in the form of wide tears, like a girl went for a kokhan. And on the right, it’s not in the hardships of life for the old hours, actually, not only in them. The name left its own line and passed to the next. Otzhe, she left the spiritual patrons of the large family and handed herself new ones. Ale and there is nothing to show and be angry, look unlucky. The axis and the maiden wept, listening to the pitiful songs and trying to pretend to show their respect to the father's house, the more dear ones to the supranatural patrons - the ancestors died, and even more distant hours - the totem, the mythical creature-great-grandfathers ...

funeral

Traditional Russian funerals to avenge the majestic number of rituals, calling out to the dead rest of the danina, and at once overcome, winnow the hated Death. And to the one who is alive, say resurrection, a new life. And all the rites of the rites that saved the dosі, mayut the pagan trip.

Seeing the approach of death, the old one asked blue to bring yoga into the field and bowing on all sides: “Mother Earth, vibach and accept! And you, light-father, probach, if you have formed ... ”then, lying on the bench near the holy kutka, and the blues sorted out over him earthlings dah hati, so that the soul flew more easily, so that it did not torment the body. And so - she didn’t think of getting into a booth, turbuvati the living.

If a noble man died, the widow did not make friends, a girl often went to the grave with him - “posthumous squad”.

In the sayings of the wealthy peoples, close words to the people, the fortune-telling of the places of the pagan paradise, the miraculous place, to pass like a building for the souls of kind, masculine and just. On the thought of vchenih, buv such a mist and words. Yogo mi bachimo in the sky at a clear night. Now we call yoga Chumatsky Way. The most righteous people, without a break, spend on the new right by the light of the day. Oshukantsi, merzenny ґvaltivniki and vbivtsi fall down from the dawn bridge - near the darkness and the cold of the Lower World. And for others, who caught up in the earthly life of the good, and the filthy, to go through the place with the help of a virny friend - a curly black Dog.

Now it’s time to talk about a dead shoe with a sum, the same thing is a sign of eternal memory of that kohannya. Tim, for an hour, it was far from being so far. Already in the Christian era, a legend was written about the unfortunate fathers, who dreamed about her daughter died. She forcibly grabbed after the other righteous, who had to drag two full buckets with her all the time. What happened to the quiet winds? Tears of fathers.

You can also guess. What a commemoration - a zahid, it would have been, a day of sums - now it will often end with fun and galaslivim festivities, de about the deceased one is empty. Think about it, what a laugh. Smіh is the best defense against fear, and the people have long understood. Osmiyana Death is not terrible, laugh to his wife, like Light to the wife of Temryava, zmushu trespass on the road to Life. The ethnographer described the falls. If the mother started dancing, the bed of a seriously ill child. It's simple: Death appears, sings merriment and sings that "had mercy on the address." Smіh - tse victory over Death, smіh - the price of a new life ...

crafts

Old-time Russia in the middle world was widely famous for its smart people. More often than not, the craft of ancient words has a little domestic character - leather shaping one's own shkiri, tanning the shkiri, weaving linen, molding earthenware utensils, making armor and znaryaddya work. Then, the craftsmen began to take up more than a singing trade, prepared the products of their own pratsі all the community, and other members took care of them with the products of the agricultural state, farmsteads, fish, and animals. And already at the period of the early middle epoch, it began to release products to the market. In a row, having a protective character, and then the goods began to come to the vilniy sales.

Near Russian towns and great villages lived those skilled talanovites and noble metal workers, forgers, jewelers, potters, weavers, stonemasons, shevts, krauts, representatives of dozens of other professions. These simple people made an inestimable contribution to the creation of the economic power of Russia, its high material and spiritual culture.

The names of ancient remіsnikіv, behind a small blame, we do not know. For them to speak objects that were saved from quiet distant hours. Tse and rіdkіsnі masterpieces, and everyday speeches, in yakі invested talent that dosvіd, smart that cunning.

Kovalska on the right

The first old Russian craftsmen-professionals were forging. Koval at bilinah, retellings and fairy tales - specializations of strength and masculinity, goodness and impermeability. Zalіzo todі was smelted from swamp ores. The vidobutok of rudi vibrated in autumn and spring. They were dried, scorched and taken to the metal smelters, where the metal was removed from special furnaces. During the excavation of old Russian settlements, slags are often found - the output of the metal-smelting process - and pieces of saline cry, as if after energy forging became saline masses. Remains of forger's mines were revealed, and parts of forges were de-shorn. In the house of the burial of ancient forges, as if at the grave they laid their tombstones - forges, hammers, tongs, chisels.

Long-time Russian forgers procured earthworkers with coulters, sickles, scythes, and warriors with swords, spices, arrows, fighting axes. Everything that was necessary for the state - knives, gobs, chisels, awls, scythes, fishermen's hacks, locks, keys, and a lot of other signs of practice and speech - were prepared by talented minds.

A special art was reached by the old Russian forgers at the forge of armor. The unique features of the old Russian craft of the X century are the objects found at the graves of the Chornaya Grave near Chernigov, necropolises near Kiev and other places.

A necessary part of the costume and the dress of the old Russian people, like women, and people, were different to embellish that amulets, slew that bronze by jewelers. To this very frequent knowledge in old Russian spores there are clay crucibles, in which silver, copper, and tin were melted. After melting, the metal was poured into vapnyakov, clay or stone forms, debulo virіzano relief of future embellishment. After that, on the finished sample, applying an ornament at the sight of flecks, cloves, circles. Different navazhki, explanatory plaques, bracelets, lancets, skronevy kіltsya, Persian, shiny hryvnia - the axis of the main types of products of old Russian jewelers. For embellishment, jewelers vikoristovuvali different techniques - niello, zbіzhzhya, filigree, filigree, embossing, enamel.

The technique of blackening was folding. On the spot, “black” masa was prepared from sumish srible, lead, midi, sirka and other minerals. Then we applied the little ones to bracelets, crosses, heels and other jewelry items in a warehouse. Most often they depicted griffins, lions, birds with human heads, various fantastic animals.

The use of other methods of robotic vimagala grains: small silver grains, the skin of which is 5-6 times less than the hairpin head, were soldered to a smooth surface. What a practice of patience, for example, varto boulo soldered 5 thousand such grains on the skin from koltiv, which were found at the hour of excavations near Kiev! Most of the grains are streaked on the typical Russian embellishment - lunar, like bulges at the sight of the moon.

As a substitute, the sribles were grained on the virib, the vizierunks were soldered from the thinnest silver, golden bells or the husband, then the filigree came out. From such threads-darts, the namingly vigilant little ones were created for an hour.

The technique of embossing on thin gold and silver sheets was also developed. They were pressed hard to the bronze matrix with the necessary images and it went over to the metal sheet. The images of animals on the kolts were embossed with embossing. Call the target lion chi leopard from the lifted paw and the ticket in the pasture. Partition enamel became the pinnacle of the old Russian jewelry craftsmanship.

The enamel mass was combined with lead and other additives. Emals were of different colors, and in Russia they were especially fond of red, black and green. Embellishment with enamel passed the folded path, first of all, to the baths of the middle-class fashionistas and noble people. The entire little one was embellished with a spochate on the future. Then they put on the new one the thinnest arch of gold. Partitions were cut out of gold, they were soldered to the base behind the contours of the little one, and the space between them was filled with melted enamel. We saw a marvelous collection of farb, which engraved and shone under sleepy changes of different colors and colors. Centers for the production of embellishment from partition walls of enamel boulevards are Kiev, Ryazan, Volodymyr.

And at Old Ladoz, near the ball of the 8th century, during the excavations, a whole virobnichiy complex was revealed! For a long time, Ladoga people have been arguing with a stone wall - near New and Bulo, slag deposits, blanks, milling outputs, and livar molds were found. Vcheni vvazhayut that here if there was a metal smelter pich. Knowledge right there of the rich belongings of craftsmen's tools for tying with the mains. The warehouse has twenty six items. All these small and great cliches - the stinks were victorious at the jeweler's right and work hall. For the preparation of jewelry pieces, a miniature anvil was put in place. The ancient slyusar was actively chiseled with chisels – three of them were found here. For the help of jewelry knives, they cut the leaves of the metal. Drills were used to make an opening in a tree. Zalіznі objects with vents served for vytyaguvannya drot during the production of flowers and rivets. Also found were jewelry hammers, anvils for carving, and embossed ornaments on embellishments made of silver and bronze. Immediately, the molds of an ancient craftsman were revealed and ready - a bronze ring depicting a human head and birds, rook rivets, flowers, an arrow, blades of knives.

Known in the ancient settlement of Novotroitsky, near Stariya Ladoz and other settlements dug up by archaeologists, we can talk about those that already in the 8th century, the craft began to become an independent galuzzi of manufacturing and step by step watering the kremlin under the strong state. Tsya the situation is of little importance in the process of the establishment of the class and the establishment of the state.

As for the VIII century, we know that there are still only one handicrafts, and in general the craft has little domestic character, then for the attacking, the IX century, their number is significantly larger. Maistris are now preparing products not only for themselves, their families, but also for the community. Long-distance trade links are being progressively upgraded, various products are being sold over the market for silver, farm, products of the agricultural state and other goods.

On the ancient Russian settlements of the IX-X century, archaeologists unearthed maisters of pottery making, livarny, jewelry, bone and other. To improve the knowledge of the practice, the wines of new technology, it was possible for four members of the community to prepare one by one various speeches, necessary for the state, with such a quantity that they could be sold.

The development of agriculture and the emergence of a new craft, the weakening of ancestral ties in the middle of the community, the growth of the main nervousness, that buv and the emergence of private power - the wealth of some of the additional help - all the time formed a new way of virobnism - feudalism. At the same time, step by step, the early feudal state in Russia was blamed.

Pottery on the right

As far as we can tell the volumes of descriptions of knowledge from archaeological excavations of places, settlements and cemeteries in Old Russia, it is worth noting that the main part of the materials is the hulls of clay vessels. The stinks saved food supplies, water, cooked hedgehogs. The imperceptible clay miners escorted the dead, they were smashed at feasts. Pottery on the right in Russia has gone through a great and folding path development. In the 9th-10th centuries, our ancestors were corrugated with hand-made ceramics. On the back of the head, only women were engaged in virobnitstvom її. Sand, dry shells, pieces of granite, quartz, and sometimes, as an additive, beaten ceramics, roselins were used to make clay. The houses were made of clay, soft and viscous, which made it possible to make judges of various forms.

And yet, in the IX century in Pivdni Rusi, an important technique of perfection was established - pottery kolo. Yogo expansion has brought to the resurrection of a new craft specialty from a different practice. Pottery from the hands of women to pass to cholovіkіv-remіsnikіv. The simplest pottery was cast on a rough wooden lava with a lapel. Everything was inserted into the opening, which was trimmed by a large wooden kolo. A piece of clay was placed on the new one, falling forward on the colo ash and sand, so that the clay could easily be seen from the tree. The potter sat on the lava, twisting the stake with his left hand, and molding the clay with his right. So it was handy for the potter's colo, but later it appeared later, like they wrapped it up for help. It gave a friend a hand to work with clay, which signifi- cantly painted the dishes that are being prepared, increased the productivity of work.

In different regions of Russia, they prepared different shapes of dishes, changing them at the hour.
Tse allows archaeologists to accurately determine, in what word the Yang tribe was prepared by that chi іnshiy miner, z'yasuvati the hour of yogo preparation. On the bottoms of the miners, brands were often placed - crosses, tricutniks, squares, stakes, and other geometric figures. Sometimes images of tickets, keys are trapped. Ready-made dishes were scorched at special furnaces-forges. The stench was stacked in two tiers - firewood was placed at the lower one, and ready judges were laid at the upper one. A clay partition with openings was built between tiers, and through the yak, hot wind rose up the hill. The temperature in the middle of the hearth exceeded 1200 degrees.
Various judges, made by old Russian potters, are the great miners for saving grain and other supplies, the so-called miners for cooking hedgehogs on the fire, frying pans, bowls, glechiki, mugs, miniature ritual utensils and for making games. The judges were decorated with ornaments. Let's widen the letters of the linear-squishy babies the most, embellish them with looking circles, dimples, cloves.

The art of old-Russian potters vibrated with the hands, and that reached high perfection. Metalworking and pottery were probably the most important crafts. Among them, weaving flourished widely, shkiryan and kravetska on the right, woodworking, tassels, stone, budifelne weaving, sorority, kindly leading us for archeological and historical tributes.

Kostorizi

Russian bones were especially famous. The brush is well taken care of, and the knowledge of the stone works was pleased with the discovery of the first hour of archaeological excavations. From the brushes, impersonal butt objects were prepared - knife handles and swords, piercings, needles, hooks for wattle, arrowheads, combs, gudziks, spears, checkers' figurines, spoons, polished and richly other. The color of the archeological collections and warehouses of stone combs. They were beaten from three plates - to the main one, on a kind of cut teeth, two flails were attached with bronze rivets. Qi plates and were embellished with a vivacious ornament at the look of braids, vіzerunkіv іz gurtkіv, vertical and horizontal swags. Sometimes the crests were completed with stylized images of the Chinese animal heads. The combs were put into ornamented brush cases, which protected them from breakage and protected them from the ford.

The brushes most often robbed and shah positions. Shahs in Russia in the X century. Russian bilini speak about the great popularity of the wise gris. Behind the shakhіvnitsa, spirits of nourishment peacefully hover, princes sway in wisdom, lead those rich men who came from the common people.

Dear guest, that evil ambassador,
And play checkers-checks.
And pishov to Prince Volodymyr,
They sat at the table with the stench of oak,
They brought them a shakhivnitsa doshka.

The shahs came to Russia from the Skhod along the Volzky trade route. The stink of the stench is small even more simply in the form of looking empty cylinders. Such znahidki are at home near the White Tower, on the Taman settlement, near Kiev, at Timer's near Yaroslavl, in other places and villages. Two shah figurines were revealed on the Timerovsky settlement. The stench itself is simple - those cylinders, alée embellished with little ones. On one of the figurines, the arrowhead is tucked up, the braids and the right sword are more accurately depicted on the right sword of the 10th century. Less often, shahs fill up forms that are close to modern, but more substantive. Like a tour - so a copy of a right chute with rowers and warriors. Queen, pishaki - human figures. Kіn - as a guide, with exactly pierced details and navіt from the saddle and stirrups. Especially rich of such figurines were found during the excavation of the ancient place of Belarus - Volkoviska. Among them is to wind a pishak-drummer - a right warrior-pikhotinets, robes at the dovgu, to a shirt with a belt.

Skloduvy

At the turn of the 10th and 11th centuries, slanderousness began to develop in Russia. From the richly colored warehouse, the masters make namistos, Persians, bracelets, cursed dishes and a mistake. The rest was much more expensive and victorious only for temples and princely towers. For an hour, even richer people could not afford to close the windows of their lives. On the other hand, slanderousness was more common in Kiev, and then majstry appeared in Novgorod, Smolensk, Polotsk and other places of Russia.

"Stefan writing", "Bratilo robiv" - from such autographs on virobs we know the names of ancient Russian masters. Far beyond the borders of Russia, there was a glory about miltsiv, who worked in її places and villages. On the Arab Skhodі, near the Volzkіy Bulgaria, Byzantium, Czech Republic, Pivnіchnіy Єvropі, Scandinavia and other rich lands of the Russian artisans of Mali great drink.

jewelers

Archaeologists dug up Novotroitsk fortification, minted and even rare signs. Zovsіm close to the surface of the earth, at a depth of only 20 centimeters, but the knowledge of belongings was embellished with silver and bronze. By the fact that it’s a treasure, it’s clear that Yogo Vlasnik didn’t hasten to save his belongings, if he was in trouble, but calmly chose the roads of his speech, stringing them on a bronze neck hryvnia and burying them near the ground. So a silver bracelet leaned there, a silver ring, a bronze ring, and small rings for a dart.

The other belongings of the treasures are so very neat. Vlasnik also did not turn after him. On the back, archaeologists have unearthed a hand-crafted small hand-finished cloves of clay potter. In the middle of the modest judge lay the right treasures: ten similar coins, a ring, earrings, pendants to earrings, the tip of a belt, explaining plaques, a bracelet and other expensive speeches - a mustache of pure silver! Coins were vicarnated at different places of worship in the VIII-IX centuries. To supplement the old list of speeches, which were found during the excavation of this settlement, the number of samples from ceramics, brushes, stone.

People here lingered at the dugouts, the skin of them was covered with pich, made of clay. The walls and the dwellers trimmed on special stovpah.
At the living quarters of the words of that hour, there were ovens and middles, stacked from the stone.
The middle written writer of Ibn-Roste at his practice “The Book of Dear Koshtovnosti” described the words’ life in the following way: , like a bachimo among Christians. churches, and on whose dachas they put earth. With such people, they move with their family and, taking a sprat of firewood and a stone, roast the remains on the fire to the red, if the stone is fired up to a higher level, water them with water, which expands the steam, which heats the life to the point that it is warm. Such dwellings are overfilled until spring.” At the back of my mind, they thought that the author had confused the life with the asylum, but if the materials of archaeological excavations appeared, it became clear that Ibn-Roste was right and accurate in his observations.

weaving

Even the old tradition is small of the “smart”, then the lord’s, practical women and girls of Old Russia (as in the other modern European lands) are most often occupied by the lock. We cherish the "good squads" of our chronicles, and fairy tale heroines. Indeed, in the epoch, if literally all the necessities of the day were prepared with their own hands, the most important garment of a woman, a cream of preparation, was to sheathe all the members of the family. The spinning of threads, the preparation of fabrics and their zabarvlennya - everything worked independently, in domestic minds.

Autumn came to the next generation, after the completion of the selection of the birth, and I tried to complete the її spring, the beginning of a new strong spodar cycle.

The grafting of girls to homework began from five to seven years, the girl wove her first thread. "nepryaha", "netkaha" - they were very imaginative prisviska for little girls. And it’s hard to think that the old words had a hard time working out, but the share of retinues and daughters of ordinary people was not enough, and the girls from noble families grew up as non-robes and white-handed women, similarly to “negative” kazkovyh heroines. Call me. At that time, the princes, those boyars, for a thousand-year tradition, were elders, battalions of the people, a singing world, mediators between people and Gods. This gave them privileges, but there were no less obov'yazkіv, and in addition, as far as the stench successfully coped with them, the tribe lay without middle ground. Druzhina and daughters of the boyar and the prince, like “mayut”, were the most beautiful, they followed the “position of competition” behind the lock.

The strand was an inseparable companion of the woman. Trohi pіznіshe mi pobachima, scho words'yanskі zhіnki contrived to spin navit... on the go, for example, at the cost or watching the thinness. And if in the autumn and winter evenings the juveniles climbed up for gatherings, the games and dances began to sound only after the “lessons” brought from home (to make a robot, needlework), most often - a tow, like a slіd bulo weave. At gatherings, the lads and the girls were surprised one to one, made acquaintances. "Nepryakhe" didn't have a clue what to do here, if you want to be the first beauty. Some fun, without completing the "lesson", was respected by an unacceptable right.

Movniki say: “linen” ancient words called far from any fabric. In all the words of the Yan language, the word meant nothing more than a matter.

Calling everything, in the eyes of our forefathers, no fabric could compare with the fabric, and there was nothing to marvel at. Zimku lyana fabrics kindly zіgrіvaє, vlіtka gives the body cold weather. The experts of folk medicine insist that wearing clothes protects healthy people.

They told about the spawning of the lyon from afar, and the sivba itself, which was heard from the other half of the grass, accompanied by sacred rites, calling out to ensure the goodness of the similarity and the garne of the growth of the lyon. Zokrema, lyon, yak and bread, all the people shone. Having prayed to the Gods, the stench went out into the field naked and carried grain in teddy bears, sewn from old trousers. At this light, the steps were wide, roaming on the skin crotch and shaking with bears: at the thought of the ancients, so the high, fibrous flax swayed under the wind. And, obviously, the first thing was shanovana, the righteous life of a person, like the Gods bestowed luck and a “light hand”: why not get stuck, everything grows and blooms.

Particular respect was attached to the phases of the Month: they wanted to grow a long, fibrous flax, they shone “for a young month”, and as “new at the grain” - then in a new month.

To kindly sort the fiber and smooth it out in one straight line for fineness, spinning, flax stuffed. They fought for the help of great and small combs, and some special ones. After dermal processing, the combs twisted coarse fibers, and thin, high-grade - tow - were left out. The word "kudel", disputed with the applicator "kudlaty", is also significant in the rich words of the Yang language. The process of combing the lyon is called “mikannyam”. This word is disputed with the words “zmikati”, “rozmikati” and means “podil” in this way. Ready tow can be attached to the strand - and spin the thread.

Cannabis

With hemp, people got to know, better for everything, earlier, lower from lyon. On the thought of fahіvtsіv, one of the indirect proofs of which one wants to live in the hemp olії. In addition, the deyak people, before which the culture of fibrous roslin came for the help of words, they gave them a head of hemp itself, and lyon - even worse.

The term, which means cannabis, is rightly called “mandriving, a similar journey”. Imovirno, it is directly connected with it, that the history of hemp was won by people in the first hour, in the era, if there was no farming.

Wild hemp grows in the Volga region and in Ukraine. The Slovyans from long ago gave respect to tsyu roslina, which they give, like lyon, oil, and fiber. At every time, near the city of Ladoga, where the middle of the line behind the ethnic warehouse of the population lived and our ancestors of the words, at the ball of the VIII century, archaeologists revealed hemp grains and hemp hanks, which, with the help of old authors, was famous for Russia. Vzagali, vcheni vvazhayut, that hemp on the cob vicorated itself for the winding of the skeins and became more and more stagnant for the preparation of fabrics.

Fabrics made from hemp were called by our ancestors “homemade” or “lost” - those even more for the name of human growth hemp. Themselves in the bears, sewn from the old "outside" trousers, hemp put it on the hour of the spring sivbi.

Hemp, on the vіdmіnu vіd lyona, was tidied up from two priyomi. In the next few days, the flowers were plucked by the human growths, and the women were stripped to the end of sickle in the field - "carrying" the oily weed. For the sake of cheap goods, hemp in Russia was grown not only for fiber, but especially for olive oil. They threshed and made-soaked (more often soaked) hemp mayzhe just like that, like lyon, but they didn’t crush it with soft, but towed it in a mortar with a pestle.

Kropiva

At the stone capital on the birches of Lake Ladozkoe, fisherman's siti were woven from hemp, and tsі sіti were found by archaeologists. The deyakі people of Kamchatka and the Far Descent and at the same time support this tradition, and the axis of the Khanty has not long ago prepared from the sprinklings not only a net, but also to wear clothes.

At the thought of fahіvtsіv, the nettle is not rotten fibrous roslin, that and zustrichaetsya is everywhere instructed by a living person, in which the skin of us has changed more than once, in a completely rozumіnі word, on a vlasnіy skin. “Zhiguchkoy”, “zhigalkoy”, “stalk”, “fire-drop” called її in Russia. The very word “sprinkle” is vvazhayut arguably the word “sprinkle” and the name “crop” - “okrop”: whoever, once burned with a sprinkle, does not need an explanation. Another hint of native tales points to those that the nettle was used as an additive for spinning.

Liko and matting

On the back of the face, like hemp, the hanks began to rob. Facial hanks are guessing at the mythology of the Scandinavians. Ale, according to the ancient authors, even before our face, they also robbed coarse cloth: Roman historians guess nimtsiv, like in indignation they put on “face cloaks”.

The fabric, made from the fibers of cattail, and then from the bast - matting - was victorious with ancient words, more importantly for the state's purposes. Wearing such fabrics in that historical era was not just “non-prestigious” - vin buv, frankly, “socially unacceptable”, meaning the rest of the world of vigilance, to which a person could reach. Navit at a difficult hour such a vicious one was vowed by a genie. As far as the old words are concerned, then a person, dressed in a bast mat, was either a wondrous rank of a scrivener share (to be so toothy, it is necessary to spend all relatives and friends at once), one thing, aby tilki do not practice. In a word, a man, as if he puts his head on his shoulders and hands, is well-trained and at the same time is dressed in bast mat, he did not call out sympathy from our ancestors.

The only acceptable type of bast robe is a cloak on a plank; Possibly, such cloaks were worn by the Romans at the Nimtsiv. There are no reasons to doubt that our ancestors of the words, the floorings, sounded like a scoundrel, were coronated with them.

Thousands of years of faith and truth served as matting, and new materials appeared - and in one historical memory they forgot about me, what is the same.

Vovna

It is important to respect a lot of authoritative clergymen that the woolen fabrics appeared richly earlier than those of the past or the dead: the people, writing stench, began to learn how to make skins, get it on the watering, then the village bark and later got to know the fibrous dews. So the first thread in the world, which was better for everything, was fluffy. In addition, the magic sense of the hutra is as wide as possible and on the wool.

The wool of the old Slavic state was more important than sheep. Our ancestors sheared the sheep with spring scissors, which were not especially disturbed by the modern ones, which were recognized for the purpose. Kuvali їх іz odnієї sluzhki threw, the handle was twisted with an arc. Slovyansk forgings were able to work hard, which self-sharpen, did not blunt when working. Historians write that before the appearance of a knife, wool, maybe, took a line for an hour, vychisuvali with combs, cut with gostri knives, or ... bald creatures, fortunately, razors were taken out and beaten.

In order to clean the wool in the form of smittya, in front of the spinners they “beat” with special outbuildings on wooden grates, sorted them with combs with their hands - lick that wood.

We will surround the widest sheepskin, vikoristovuvali goat wool, cow and dog. Cow's wool, made of cheap materials, went, zokrema, for the preparation of belting that carpet. And the axis of the dog outside from the last hours and dosі vvazhayut wholeheartedly, and, perhaps, not without reason. "Kopitz" from the dog's outer skin was worn by people, as if they suffered from rheumatism. And in order to believe the people's voice, with help, not only ailments could be cured. How to weave a tasma from a dog's linen and tie it on your hand, on your leg, or on your neck - it was important, the best dog does not pounce.

Strands and spindles

The first fiber was prepared on the right thread, attached, to insert the її at the eye of the neck or tuck it into a weaving verstat, next: see the tows for a long time; twist її mіtsnіshe, schob not rose up for the least zusilla; wind up.

The simplest way to twist the skein is to roll yoga between the palms or on the knees. Otriman with such a rank, the thread was called by our great-grandmothers "verch" or "suchanina" (like the word "sukati", tobto "call"); її vykoristovuvali on the fabric pads and rugs, which did not show special virtue.

The spindle itself, but not everyone knows that type of strand, is the head tool of a similar strand. The spindles were made from dry wood (most importantly from birch) - perhaps, on a turning bench, well known in Old Russia. The length of the spindle could wobble from 20 to 80 cm. On the upper end of the inode, a “beard” was used for tying a loop. In addition, the spindles are “lower” and “upper”, marveling at the fact that a whorl was pulled on a kind of end of a wooden shear - clay or stone perforations vantage. This detail was extremely important for the technological process and was also well preserved on earth.

Let me think that women really valued whorls: they marked them resolutely, so as not to inadvertently “remember” at gatherings, if games and dances began.

The word "whirlwind", which has taken root in scientific literature, seems to be incorrect. "spinner" - the axis of the ancient words was moving, and in such a way the term is still alive there, where hand spinning was saved. “Spun” was called and called a strand.

Cicavo, that the fingers of the left hand (great and impressive), that smack the yarn, like the fingers of the right hand, occupied with a spindle, had to wet the snow all the hour. Sob it didn’t dry out in the mouth - and they often slept behind the spices, - the wordy spinner put sour berries in her bowl: crane, lingonberry, gorobina, viburnum ...

And in Old Russia, and in Scandinavian hours in the vikings, portable strands were used: the tow was tied up to one її kintsya (like a vein flat, with a spatula), or they put it on a new one (like a vin bove a host), or rogultsі). The last end of the strand was inserted into the belt - and the woman, priming the spindle with the elbow, practiced standing or twisted on the go, if she went into the field, drove the cow, the lower end of the strand was built into the opening of the shop or a special doshka - "dontsia".

Krosna

Correct the terms of weaving, and, zokrema, name the details of weaving patterns, sound, however, in different words of the Yang language: at the thought of the thinkers, it is necessary to mention those that our distant ancestors were “non-woven” in some way vibrated miracle fabrics. We found important clay and stone weights with openings, in the middle of which one can clearly see the thread wear. Vcheni dіyshli vysnovka, sho tse vantazhі, scho put tension on the threads of the foundation on the so-called vertical weaving mills.

The similar camp is a P-like frame (crown) - two vertical beams, connected in the mountains with a crossbar, a building wrap. The warp threads are attached to the top of the crossbar, and then the finished fabric is wound on it - in modern terminology, it is called the “commodity shaft”. Krosna was placed shabbily, so that part of the base, which was leaning behind a thread-cutting rod, hung up, calming the natural posture.

In other varieties of the vertical stand, the cross was not put down, but straight, and instead of this, the berdechki were woven on the kshtalt quietly, for the help of which they wove a tasma. Berdechki were moved up to the upper crossbar on four motuzes and moved back and forth, changing the wind. In all cases, the rocking was “nailed” to the already woven fabric with a special wooden spatula or a comb.

Let's come to the important stage of technical progress by becoming a horizontal weaving mill. It is important to remember that weaving is sitting, moving the threads with our feet, or standing on the bottoms.

Trade

The Slovyans have long been famous for being able to soften merchants. The camp of the Slavic lands was buried in a lot of places at the price of the Varangians from the Greeks. About the importance of trade, note the numerical knowledge of trade vag, gir and silver Arab coins - dichrem. The main goods that came from the Slavic lands were boules: farm, honey, wheat and grain. The most active trade was with Arab merchants along the Volz, with Greeks along the Dnipro and the lands of Pivnichnoy and Western Europe on the Baltic Sea. Arab merchants brought to Russia a large number of sribles, which served as the main penny unit in Russia. The Greeks drank words with wines and cloths. From the lands of Western Europe came old swords, loved by the sword. The main trade routes were rivers, from one river basin the chute was pulled to another one on special roads - portages. Itself there blamed the great trade settlements. The most important centers of trade were Novgorod (which controls the retail trade), and Kiev (which controls the June directly).

Ozbroennya words'yan

Modern times recreate the swords of the 9th - 11th centuries, known ancient Russia, maybe two dozen types and subtypes. However, the differences between them are mainly up to variations in size and shape of the handle, and the blades are practically the same type. The middle length of the blade was about 95 cm. There was only one bogatyr sword with a length of 126 cm, and a few vines. It is true that they knew at once from the remains of a man, as a small statue of a hero.
The width of the blade of the handle reached 7 cm, and sounded smoothly to the end. In the middle of the blade, passing the "dol" - a wide late burrow. Vin serving for the lightening of the sword, which is important close to 1.5 kg. The thickness of the sword in the region of the valley was about 2.5 mm, on the sides of the valley - up to 6 mm. The sword’s vibrancy was such that it didn’t pour into the mind. The tip of the sword is rounded. In the IX - XI centuries, the sword was used, which is purely cut, and was not assigned to prickly blows. Speaking about the cold armor of high-yield steel, the words "damask steel" and "damascene steel" immediately come to mind.

The word "damask steel" chuli everyone, but far from everyone knows what it is. Vzagali steel - tse alloy of the gale is cobbled with other elements, most importantly with coal. Bulat is a grade of steel, which has long been famous for its marvelous powers, which are importantly united in one speech. the damask blade of the building's building is not dull, cut down and navіt steel: tse maє on the verge of the temple hardness. At the same hour, the vines did not break, we folded them at the ring. The superbly powerful power of damask steel is explained by the high in the mist of the coal, and especially by the heterogeneous rose of the metal. It reached with a path of full cooling of the molten hall with graphite mineral - natural dzherelom of pure coal. Blade. forgings from the otrimanogo metal were etched and on its surface there was a characteristic visor - the wispy, bright light of the woman, which twinkle over the dark aphids. The background is dark gray, golden-or red-burim and black. To the very dark aphids, we have a long-standing Russian synonym for damask steel - the word "kharalug". In order to take away the metal from the uneven charcoal of the words, the Janskian forgers took the shackles of the hall, twisted them at once in one and then impersonal times, forged, folded them again into a kilka once, twisted, "took an accordion", cut the sigh, forged it again, etc. There were beautiful swags of beautiful that arc of the steely steel, as if they were working to reveal the characteristic little "yalinka". Tsya steel and allowed the work of the sword to finish thin, without wasting magic. All the zavdyaks of my blades were straightened, bent double.

An invisible part of the technological process was prayer, cast that spell. The farrier's work could be compared with the priesthood. Therefore, the sword is not the function of the most powerful amulet.

A good damask sword was bought for an equal amount of gold for a vaga. Not every warrior maw sword - tse bula zbroya professional. Ale and not a leather warrior of a sword could not boast of a right charaluz sword. More small simple swords.

The hilts of the ancient swords were richly and richly shaped. Maistri with great gusto sang noble and colored metals – bronze, copper, brass, gold and silver – with embossed vizierun, enamel, black. Our ancestors were especially fond of the growing vizerunok. Expensive embellish your kind with gifts to the sword for faithful service, signs of that love and commendation of the Lord.

They wore swords in pikhvakh, yakі robbed zі shkіri of that tree. The bottoms with the sword were ruffled not only by the belt, but behind the back, so that the hilts were washed behind the right shoulder. The apexmen were eager to win the shoulder belt.

Mіzh with a sword that yogo ruler vinikav taєmnichiy zv'yazok. It is impossible to say unequivocally who Kim Volodya is: a warrior with a sword, or a sword with a warrior. To the sword they turned against them. Deyakі swords were respected as a gift of the gods. The belief in this sacred power was seen in the legends about the march of riches of famous swords. Having chosen your own master, the sword faithfully served you until your death. As if to believe the sayings, the swords of the ancient heroes by themselves vibrated from the pixes and tinkled a bit, mimicking the beat.

Bagato military pohovannyah instructed the people to lay his sword. Quite often such a sword was also "driven in" - the wicked were attacked, bent navpil.

Our ancestors swore allegiance with their swords: it was said that a fair sword could not hear an oath, otherwise you would punish yoga. The swords were trusted to execute the "God's judgment" - the judicial duel, which ended the review in an hour. A sword was placed before the cym to beat the statue of Perun and they conjured the name of the terrible God - "Do not let untruth be brought up!"

For the quiet, who, having carried a sword, will know another law of life and death, other stounki with the Gods, and other people. The Qi of the war stood on the greatest square of the military hierarchy. The sword is the companion of the true warriors, the companion of masculinity and military honor.

Shablya Nizh Dagger

Shablja first appeared in the 7th - 8th centuries in the Eurasian steppes, in the zone of nomadic tribes. Zvіdsi tsey kind of broї becoming poshiryuvatisya among the peoples, like the mother had to right with the nomads. Starting from the 10th century, she lost a bit of her sword and became especially popular among the middle of the war of Pivdenny Russia, which often happened to be with the nomads. Adzhe, for his confession, chablya - with a maneuverable conngo fight. . Zavdyaki vagin of the blade and a slight flickering of the handle of the sword in battle are not only cut, but even less suitable for a prickly blow.

Chabla X - XIII century is slightly bent and step by step. They robbed them about the same, like swords: there were blades from the best grades of steel, they were simple. Behind the shape of the blade of the stench, the checkers of the 1881 r. In the X - XI centuries, the length of the blade became close to 1 m with a width of 3 - 3.7 cm, in the XII century, the veins are extended by 10 - 17 cm and reach a width of 4.5 cm.

They wore a shablya in pikhvakh, moreover, like at the belt, so behind the back, to whom it was better.

The buildings have taken on the inspiration of Western Europe. At the thought of fahіvtsіv, the very words'yanskі and ugrian masters prepared for example the tenth century - on the cob of the thirteenth century, a masterpiece of brothy art, the so-called pattern of Charlemagne, as it has become a ceremonial symbol of the Holy Roman Empire.

Another type of armor that came to Russia is the great combat low - "scramasax". The length of this knife reached 0.5 m, and the width was 2-3 cm. Judging by the images, which were spared, they wore belts at the pikhvakh, as they were tucked horizontally. They stopped them less in heroic martial arts, in finishing off the enemy, and also for an hour of especially fierce and fierce battles.

The second variety of cold armor, which did not know a wide stagnation in pre-Mongolian Russia, is the dagger. For the tієї epoch їх it was revealed even less, lower skramamaksіv. Vcheni write, that at the warehouse of the order of the European person, the Russian zokrem, the dagger of the age of more than the XIII century, in the era of the strengthening of the defense armor. The dagger served to defeat the enemy, dressed in armor, for an hour of close hand-to-hand combat. The Russian daggers of the 13th century are similar to those of the Western European countries and have the same type of sword.

Spis

Judging by the archaeological data, the largest mass species were taken out like that, they could victorious not only in battle, but also in a peaceful way: on watering (tsibula, list) or in the state (lower, ax) they didn't stink.

Tips of spears are often used by archaeologists both in burial places and on the occasions of ancient battles, giving way to the mass of knowledge rather than arrowheads. The tips of the copies of pre-Mongolian Rus were further subdivided into this type and for leather stitching, they were changed from IX to XIII.
List of serving prickly zbroєyu hand-to-hand. Vcheni write that the list of the last war of the IX -X century was to be built with a sacred old thing, having turned over the human size of 1.8 - 2.2 m. 200 - 400g. Up to the holder of the wines, it was fastened with a rivet or a flower. The shapes of the tips in the boules are different, ale, for the archaeologists' reconnaissance, the types of women-trikutn were prevailed. The thickness of the tip reached 1 cm, the width - up to 5 cm. Such climbs appeared to be self-sharpening.

Archaeologists trap and spearheads of a special kind. The vaga reaches 1 kg, the width of the feather is up to 6 cm, the thickness is up to 1.5 cm. The length of the climb is 30 cm. The inner diameter of the sleeve reaches 5 cm. In the hands of a mighty warrior, such a list of an instant can be broken through, whether it be some kind of possessor, in the hands of a mind - the bear's bells and boars. Such a zbroya was called "spear". Rohatyna is an exclusive Russian winemaker.

The write-ups, like in Russia, the tops were crowned, were 3.6 divas long and small tips like a narrow choti-cut haircut.
Our ancestors victorious darts - "sulits". The name was similar to the word "common" or "throw". The street was about the middle of the line and the arrow. Dovzhina її derzhak reached 1.2 - 1.5 m. The stench was attached to the side of the handle, entering the tree with a less than bent lower end. Tse - a typical zbroya of a one-time vikoristannya, a yak, singsongly, was often ruined in battle. Sulits were victorious and in battle and on the field.

Bojova sokyra

What kind of enemy, one might say, was not spared. Bilini and heroic songs do not predict sokir as a “glorious” streak of heroes;

Rіdkіsnіst yogo's riddles in litopisah i vіdsutnіst іn bilin vchenі explain tіm, that sokir bula is not necessary for the leader. At the hour of the early middle age in Russia, it passed under the sign of the appearance of the first plan of cinema as the most important military force. On pіvdnі, near the steppe and forest-steppe expanses, the kinnota soon gained a virish meaning. At night, in the minds of the twisted leafy mass, it was more important to turn around. Here for a long time having overcome the lightest bey. The Vikings fought with us, and the tops came to the battlefield until the month of battle.

Fighting falcons, being similar in form to robots, who were founded in the same places, not only did not change their sizes and vag, but, on the contrary, they were smaller and lighter. Archaeologists often write not “fighting sokiri”, but “fighting sokiri”. Old Russian monuments also evoke not “magnificent falcons”, but “legendary falcons”. A heavy sokir, which is necessary to carry with two hands, is a sign of a lumberjack, and not a warrior's brute. The new one has a really terrible blow, but the severity of yoga, and therefore, slowness, gives the enemy a good chance to dodge and distance the juice-bearing as a maneuverable and easy attack. And besides, you need to carry the juice on your back for an hour of the campaign and “tirelessly” wave it at the battle!

Fahіvtsі vvazhayut that the words of the "Janian warriors" were known with the fighting axes of the most highly manipulative mind. Є among them and those that came to us from the sunset, є зі immediately. Zokrema, Skhid, having given Russia such a name to the minting - a fighting sock with a butt, wrought at the look of a long-standing hammer. A similar attachment to the butt, having secured its own kind of anti-aggressor and allowing strikes to be made with official accuracy. Scandinavian archaeologists write that the Vikings, coming to Russia, here got to know the mints and often took them to be minted. Prote in the 19th century, if all the slov'janska zbroya was voiced for their trips to either Scandinavian or Tatar, they minted were recognized as “vikings”.

Enriched with a characteristic type of armor for vikings, buli sokiri - wide-leaf sokiri. Dovzhina leza sokiri became 17-18 cm, width tezh 17-18 cm, vaga 200 - 400g. Vikoristovuvalis stinks and Russians.

Another type of fighting topirtsiv - with a characteristic straight upper facet and a forest, pulling downwards - is often serrated on the pivnochi of Russia and sounds "Russian-Finnish".

Virobivsya in Russia and their own kind of fighting sokir. The design of such juices is completely rational and perfect. It’s easy to bend down to the bottom, which was reached not only by slashing, but by rіzhuchi authorities. The shape of the climb is such that the coeficient of the coris di sokiri approaching 1 - all the force of the blow was centered in the middle part of the climb, so that the blow turned out to be truly poor. From both sides of the butt there were small windrows - "shocks", the tiled part was hung up with special bowls. The stinks guarded the pen. With such a sword it is possible to hit a hard vertical blow. The falcons of the mind were both robotic and combative. Beginning in the 10th century, the stench spread widely in Russia, becoming the most massive.

Sokyra was a universal companion of the warrior and faithfully served him not only in battle, but also at rest, and also when clearing the road for the warrior in the thick forest.

Mace, club, cudgel

If it seems to be a “mace”, it is most likely to reveal oneself to that pear-like pear-shaped and, perhaps, a sucrose-metal armor, like a militia, to be so fond of hanging on the wrist, or to the seat of our hero Illy Muromets. Imovirno, it is possible to reinforce the great mity of the bilin character, which, with an uncomplicated “gentleman’s” throw on the kshtalt of the sword, destroys the enemy with one physical force. It is possible that here the fairy tale heroes played their role, as if they were already making a mace at the farrier, so invariably stopudov ...
Tim for an hour in life, as usual, everything was richer, more modest and more efficient. The old Russian mace was either bronze or bronze (and filled with lead in the middle), topped with a vaga 200-300 g, strengthened on the handle with a dowzhina 50-60 cm and a torso 2-6 cm.

The handle in deyaky slips was sheathed with a mid-leaf for the purpose. As they write in vcheni, the mace was victorious mainly by kіnimi warriors, it was an additional armor and served for the command of a quick, unstoppable blow in any direction. The mace is given less dangerous and deadly armor, lower the sword is written off. However, let's listen to historians, as they say: far from every beat of the early middle age turned into a beat "until the last drop of blood." The chronicler often finishes the battle scene with the words: "... and so they rose, and there were a lot of wounded, few were beaten." The skin side, as a rule, did not want to blame the enemy without exception, but instead of the evil of the organizations of the opir, zmusity to enter, moreover, those who lived, retried zovsim without a trace. In such a battle, it was not obligatory to bring the "stopudov" mace and drive the enemy into the ground by the throat. Yogo was quite enough to stun - to stun with a blow to the sholom. The maces of our ancestors coped miraculously with these tasks.

Based on archeological knowledge, maces penetrated Russia from the nomadic Pivdenny Skhod on the cob of the XI century. Among the most ancient signs, the pommel of the cube looks like a chotirma with pyramidal-shaped spikes, cross-stitched. For some simpleness, this form gave a cheap mass armor, which expanded in the 12th-13th centuries among the villagers and ordinary townspeople: maces were robbed at the looking cubes with staring kutas, with which the span of the flats was given a similarity to thorns. On some tops of this type there is a ledge on the side - "klovets". Such maces served to crush important possessions. In the 12th - 13th centuries, folded tops appeared - with spikes, which can be washed on all sides. Like on the line of blow, I would like to see one thorn. Such maces robbed more importantly of bronze. On the back, a part was made of wax, then we finished the master by pressing the pliable material into the required shape. At the ready wax model, bronze was poured. For the mass production of maces, clay molds were made, and they were made from ready-made pommel.

Around the bay, that bronze in Russia was more robbed for maces from "kapk" - an arc of a thin growth that is sharpened on birch trees.

The maces were a massive armor. Prote, a gilded mace, prepared by a master maister, became a symbol of power. Such maces were made with gold, silver, expensive stones.

The very name "mace" is used in written documents dating back to the 17th century. And before that, they called such a zbro "rod of the hand" or "cue". Tse word has little meaning "hammer", "muzzle club", "club".

Before our forefathers learned how to work metal finials, stench beat wooden clubs, clubs. They wore white belts. At the battle they jumped to hit the enemy with them in the sholom. Some kieks were thrown. Another name for the club was "horn", or "horn".

Kisten

Kisten - to finish a cuff (200-300 g) of a brush, or a metal weight, priroblen to a strap, a lansy or a skein, the other tip is like a short wooden handle - "brush" - or just on the hands. Otherwise, brushes are called "combat weights".

As for the sword, for a long time, the reputation of the privileged, “gentry”, with special sacred powers, has been fixed, then the brush, behind the molded tradition, is accepted by us as a common people’s streak and navit suto rozbіynitska. Glossary of Russian S. I. Ozhegov, as an example of a victorious word, to induce a single phrase: "Robber with a flail." Slovnik U.I. Dahl interprets yoga more broadly, like "I will hand the road to the broth." True, small behind the roses, but effective at the right brushes, unreservedly placed in the bosom, if at the sleeve and for a moment serve people well, they attacked at a high cost. Slovnik V.I. Further, I give a warning about the reception of a reason for raising it: “... a flying brush ... wraps around, circling, on a brush and develops from a sweep; they fought in two flails, hurting the strings, releasing them, circling them, striking and picking at the cheeks; before such a fight biv hand-to-hand attack ... "
“A brush with a fist, and with it good,” said the servant. In the next instance, I can easily characterize a person who hove a rozbіynitsky character for the true godliness: ““Have mercy, Lord!” - and behind the belt brushes!

Tim in an hour at Ancient Russia brushes us before the battle of the war. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was important that the tassels were brought to Europe by the Mongols. Ale potim boulders dug at once from the Russian speeches of the X century, and the lower reaches of the Volga and the Don, where the nomadic tribes lived, as if they were still in the IV century. Vecheni write: tsia armor, yak and maces, superbly handy for the leader. What, however, did not make our warriors appreciate yoga.
The word "brush" does not look like the word "penzel", which at first glance seems obvious. Etymologists deduce yogo from the Turkic language, in some similar words they have the sense of "club", "cudgel".
Until the other half of the 10th century, they flailed like a brush across all Russia, from Kiev to Novgorod. The stones of quiet hours sounded shy of the elk horn - the most important and most difficult brush available to the craftsman. Mali stench pear-shaped, with a twisted late lapel. At the new one, a metal haircut was passed, with an eyelet for a belt. On the other side, the shearing was riveted. On some tassels there is a mark of carvings, signs of princely power, images of people and mythological figures.

Kіstyanі kistenі were founded in Russia in the XIII century. The brush was step by step replaced by bronze and a bay. At the 10th century, tassels began to work, filled in the middle with important lead. Sometimes a stone was placed in the middle. The stones were embellished with embossed visor, nasichka, black. The peak of the popularity of the brush among pre-Mongolian Rus fell on the XIII century. At the same time, wines are spent to the landed peoples - from the Baltic to Bulgaria.

Bow and arrows

The bows that were used by the words, as well as by the Arabs, Persians, Turks, Tatars and other peoples of the Gathering, far surpassed the Western European ones - Scandinavian, English, German and other - like for equal technicality for perfect fighting .
In Old Russia, for example, it created its own world of dozhini - “shooting ground” or “reshooted”, close to 225 m-code.

Foldable cibula

Until the 8th - 9th centuries, our folding cibulae were koristulysya everywhere in the entire European part of modern Russia. The art of shooting from a bow wimagalo learned from the early century. Small, up to 1 m long, childish bows from a spring yalіvtsyu were known during the hour of excavation of Staraya Ladoga, Novgorod, Old Russia and other places.

Foldable cibulist

The shoulder of the cybuli was formed from two wooden planks, later glued together. On the inner side of the cibula (turned up to the arrow), a yalivtsev plank was ruffled. Vaughn was superficially smoothly planed, and there, de vona lay down to the slats (birch), the old-time master made three narrow late grooves for filling with glue, so that the z'dnannya would be mіtsnіshim.
The birch plank, which formed the back of the cibula (the sable half of the length to the arrow), was made of shorts, lower yalivtseva. The deyakі doslidniki respected the worth of the ancient master. Ale іnshі turned their attention to the vuzka (about 3-5 cm) of the female birch bark, as a sucily gvintopodibly wrapped around the cibula from one kintsa to the other. On the inner, yalivtsevy planz, the birch bark was up to the tem- poral , as well as in the birch back, out of unreasonable reasons, it was “cut out”. What's on the right?
Nareshti commemorated some of the later fibers, which were stuck in a glue ball and on a birch bark braid, and on the back. Then they brought respect, because the shoulder of the cibula has little characteristic wig - name, forward, at the back of the back. Particularly strong buv bends kinets.
Everything strongly indicated that the ancient cibula was reinforced with tendons (reindeer, elk, bichachi).

Qi tendon and vaginal shoulders of the cibula at the back beak, if the pull was taken.
Russian bows have become pompous and horny smugs - “pidzors”. From the 15th century, steel pidzori appeared, who sometimes conjure up bilinas.
The handle of the Novgorod cibula was lined with smooth brush plates. Dovzhina okhoplennya tsієї hilt became close to 13 cm, the very hand of a mature man. At the rose, the handle is small, oval in shape, and it lied handily at the bottom.
The shoulders of the cibulus were most often equal to the dovzhina. Prote fakhіvtsі vkazuyut, scho most informed arrows gave priority to such proportions of the cybuli, at which the middle point did not fall on the middle of the handle, but on the її upper kіnets - mіsce, where the arrow should pass. In this rank, the symmetry of the zusilla was taken care of when shooting.
Kistyanі overlays were attached and on the ends of the cybuli, there, where the loop of the tativi was dressed. Vzagali, with brush overlays, were smeared with zmіtsnits of those cibules (they were called "knots"), where the sticks of yoga of the main parts - handles, shoulders (also horns) and kіntsіv fell. After the stickers on the wooden basis of the brush linings of the shackles, they were wound again with tendon threads, leaking glue.
The wooden base of the cybuli in Old Russia is small for the name "kibiti".
In Russian, the word “cibulya” looks like a root, which has little sense of “bend” and “arc”. I have argued such words, like “ZLUCHINA”, “LUKOMOR'YA”, “Tsibulstvo”, “LUKA” (detail of the saddle) and others, also po'yazanі zі zdatnіstyu zginatisya.
The qibulya, which was formed from natural organic materials, reacted strongly to changes in the moisture content of the wind, to the sintering frost. Usyudi transferred all the same proportions while cutting down a tree, gluing that tendon. With the help of knowledge of the whole world, the old Russian masters were also taken.

Lukiv is necessary rich; in principle, a skin person is small in need of skills, to prepare oneself in disgrace, but better, like a bow robb dosvіdcheny maister. Such masters were called "archers". The word "archer" was established in our literature as a designation of an archer, but not so: he was called an "archer".

Bowstring

Henceforth, the old-Russian cibulya was not “just” a rough cut and bent mace. So the very yativa, which called forth yoga kintsi, was “just” a moth. To the materials, from which they were prepared, to the extent of preparation, no less than they could, lower to the cibul.
Tiotiva is not guilty of changing her powers under the influx of natural minds: to swell (for example, in the form of water), to swell, to twist, to shrink in the spec. Everything took a bow and could make the shooter ineffective, and then simply impossible.
It has been brought to light that our ancestors were embroidered with different materials, choosing those that best suited the given climate - and the middle Arabic dzherela tell us about shovkov and vein words. The words "yani and tativi from the "intestinal strings" were implanted - we will specialize in the rank of the shattered intestines of creatures. The strings were braced for warm and dry weather, but they were afraid of the wetness: when wet, they twisted strongly.
Bulls in use and traction from the orphan shkir. Such a drive, when properly prepared, is suitable for any kind of climate and was not afraid of any scoundrels.
Apparently, the pull was not tightly tied on the cibula: during breaks at vikoristan її they knew, so as not to trim the cibula in a stretched camp and not to relax її. They tied the tezh not abi yak. They made special knots, and even kіntsi remіntsya were small intertwined at the ears of the pull, so that the tension of the cibuli tightly squeezed them, not giving a zіkovznut. On the bows of the old Russian bows, vcheni were found to have knots, as in the Arabic gathering they were respected by the best.

In Old Russia, the case for arrows was called “tul”. The sense of this word is "mistishche", "ukrittya". Modern language saved such relatives as “tuli”, “tulub” and “tuliti”.
The Davnyoslovyanskiy tul is most often shaped, close to cylindrical. The frame of the yogo was folded from one or two balls of thin birch bark and often, even though it didn’t start, they were covered with a skin. The bottom was bogged down by woods, the curtains were close to a centimeter. Yogo was glued and nailed to the ground. The dozhina of the body became 60-70 cm: the arrows were laid with the tips down, and for the greater dozhina, the feathers were wrinkled. To zabіgannya fir'ya vіd rascals, that poshkodzhennya tuli were taken care of with slotted caps.
The very shape of the body was dictated by the turbot about the safety of the arrows. The white bottoms of the veins expanded up to 12-15 cm at the diameter, in the middle of the body the diameter became 8-10 cm, at the neck the body expanded again. In such a case, the arrows trimmed sharply, at the same time the plumage did not change, and the arrowheads did not chip during winding. In the middle of the body, from the bottom to the neck, there was a wooden plank: to it with straps they attached a brush loop for hanging. As a substitute for the stone loops, the cast iron hoops were taken, and they were riveted. The tool was momentarily embellished with metal plaques and ribbed overlays from brushes. They were riveted, glued, or sewn on at the upper part of the body.
Slovyansk warriors, pishі and kіnі, always wore a right-handed coat of a belt, on a waist belt or a flip-over on the shoulders. And so, so that the neck of the body with arrows, which was washed from it, marveled ahead. The warrior maw spit the arrow like a fashionably smarter, even if the battle seemed to lay down one's life. And besides, vin mav at his own expense shot a different kind of confession. Different arrows were needed in order to defeat the enemy without wielders and dressed in chain mail, in order to knock down a horse under him or to cut through the yogic cibula.

Naluchye

Judging by the pіznіshi zrazkіv, the beams were flat, on a wooden base; they were fitted with a skin with a fine, beautiful material. It was not necessary for the tension to be such a mіtsnim, like a body, which protected the handles and the lower plumage of the arrows. Tsibulya and tyativa are more than mіtsnі: the cream of transparency during transportation, the best heat that protected them from moisture, sintering and frost.
Naluchye, yak and tul, was equipped with a brush and metal loop for hanging. It was roztashovuvalsya near the center of gravity of the bow - the white of the hilt. They wore a cibula in an armband uphill with a back, a levoruch on the belt, and also a waist belt thrown over the shoulder.

Arrow: handle, plumage, eyelet

Some of our forefathers themselves shot arrows for their bows, some turned to fakhivtsiv.
The arrows of our ancestors were full to become tight, lovingly crushed bows. Improvements in preparation and zastosuvannya allowed to virobit the whole science about the selection and proportions of the warehouse parts of the arrow: the holder, the tip, the plumage and the head.
The shaft was shot a little, but it was perfectly straight, mіtsnim and not too important. Our ancestors took a tree of straight-spherical species for arrows: birch, yalinka and pine. In addition, it was bulo, so that after cutting the wood on top of it, it was filled with a vignette smoothness, even the smallest “bully” on the handle, which, with the great swedishness of the shoe, reined the hands of the archer, may cause serious injuries.
The wood for the arrows was supposed to be harvested in the autumn, if there were less water in it. At the same time, the old trees were given a priority: the wood is thick, zhorstkіsha and mіtsnisha. The dovzhina of the old Russian arrows became 75-90 cm long, the stinks were close to 50 rubles. the tip was strengthened on the butt end of the holder, which is like a living tree's arrowheads to the root. The plumage rose on the one that was closest to the top. Tse s tim, that the tree is up to the floor.
The plumage ensures the stability and accuracy of the shot. Feast on arrows used to be from two to six. Most old-Russian arrows are few, two or three feathers each, symmetrically stitched on the stake of the holder. Pir'ya was suitable, obviously, not for everyone. The guilty stench was but equal, springy, straight and not overly harsh. In Russia and on the Skhodі, the feasts of the eagle, the vulture, the falcon and the sea birds were the best.
Why the arrow was important, the plumage strove more and more widely. We consider arrows with feathered hemlines 2 cm and 28 cm long.
The eye was shot, where the tative was put in, so little of the songs were used to make that shape. A little too soon, a deep galmuvale used a watering arrow, for a long time, a sharp arrow sat on a drawstring insufficiently. A wealth of information about our ancestors, having allowed us to introduce the optimal dimensions: depth - 5-8 mm, rarely 12, width - 4-6 mm.
Some viriz for the drawstring were pierced without a middle in the holder of the arrow, and then the ringing of the ear was an independent detail, as a rule, a brush.

Arrow: tip

The widest variety of tips is explained, obviously, not by the "violence of fantasy" of our ancestors, but by practical needs. Different situations were blamed on the field or in the battle, so the bula was to blame for the skin depression, as evidenced by the arrow of the singing looker.
On the old-Russian images of archery shooters, you can more often shoot ... such “flyers”. In a scientific way, similar tips are called "springs like wide figured spatulas". "Zrіzani" - in the form of the word "rіzati"; This term embraces a large group of tips in different shapes, which may have a bold sign: wide razor-lezo, turned forward. The stinks were victorious for shooting at an undefeated opponent, at a horse, or at a great creature for an hour of watering. The arrows were beaten with stingy strength, so that the wide tips gave significant wounds, screaming strong bleeding, slowly weakening the beast or the enemy.
In the VIII - IX centuries, if the shells and chain mail began to expand widely, the vuzka, faceted armor-piercing tips became especially “popular”. The name itself speaks for itself: the stench was recognized in order to pierce the fortune tellers, in which a wide range of moments could be stuck, not setting up a sufficient shkoda vorogov. Robili them from yakіsnoї steel; on the last tips, a far from the most important rod was left behind.
Іsnuvala and direct prolongation of armor-piercing tips - blunt tips in the door (zalіznі and kistyanі). Vcheni navit call them "thimble-like", which completely reflects their stellar look. In Ancient Russia, they were called "tomars" - "tomari shooters". The stench is also small in its respectful recognition: they vicorated for polyvanya on fox birds and especially on sly animals that climbed trees.
Turning up to one hundred and six types of tips, it is obvious that it is necessary to divide them into two groups according to the method of strengthening on the holder. "Vtulchasti" are secured with a small trumpet-tulka, which is worn on the handle, and "petioles", on the other hand, with a shear, which is inserted into the opening, specially wound at the end of the handle. The tip of the handle at the tip was wound with a winding and over it was glued with thin birch bark, so that the threads were not tacked across the arrow.
For the advice of the Byzantine scholars, the Slovaks soaked their arrows in disgust.

Crossbow

Crossbow - self-shooter - a small, narrow cibula, reinforced on a wooden box with a butt and a groove for a shooter - a "self-shooting bolt". It was even more difficult to pull the pull for the shoot by hand, it was even more difficult to pull it off, to that it was equipped with a special attachment - a comir ("a self-shooting brace" - and a trigger mechanism. in Russia, it was not professional warriors, but peaceful city dwellers who were most often reprimanded.

chain mail

For a long time, the people did not know the wicked possessions: the first warriors went to the battlefield.

The chain mail first appeared in Assyria and Iran, was well known to the Romans and their susides. After the fall of Rome, large chain mail was wide-width in "barbarian" Europe. The chain mail became overgrown with magical powers. The chain mail gave way to all the magical powers of the metal, which, having been under the hammer of a farrier. Weaving chain mail from a thousand kilolets - on the right, a vinyatkovo worker, and it means "sacred". The churches themselves celebrated the function of amulets - with their noise and ringing they called out evil spirits. Otzhe, the "linen shirt" served as an individual zakhist, and it was a symbol of "Viysk's holiness". Our forefathers began to widely vicorist the wicked widow as early as the 8th century. Slovyansk maistry was practiced in European traditions. Chain mail, broken by them, was sold in Khorezm and on Zakhod, what to speak about their high quality.

The very word "chain mail" is first guessed at the letters of the dzherelakh, less in the 16th century. Previously, it was called "kilchast armor".

Maistri - forged made chain mail no less than 20,000 rolls, with a diameter of 6 to 12 mm, with a joint of 0.8-2 mm. For the preparation of chain mail, 600 m of darts are required. The ringlets sounded of the same diameter, later they began to lower the ringlets of different sizes. Deyakі kіltsya brewed tightly. Leather 4 such rings were closed with one rozimknem, like the next one was riveted. Maystri traveled with leather wool, building a chain mail in different needs.

Old Russian chain mail was worn out in the Western Europe, as already in the 10th century it was up to the knee and weighed up to 10 kg. Our chain mail was about 70 cm long, the width at the waist was about 50 cm, the length of the sleeve was 25 cm - up to the elbow. Rozrіz gate znahodivsya in the middle shiї or buv destructions killed; chain mail without a “smell” was worn, the comir reached 10 cm. The weight of such armor reached an average of 7 kg. Archaeologists have found chain mail, made for people of various statues. The legs of them are short in the back, lower in the front, obviously, for the convenience of landing in the seat.
In front of the Mongol bulk, there appeared chain mail of flattened lanoks (“baidani”) and chain mail panchokhs (“nagavits”).
On campaigns, the wielders were always carried by the abducted and plunged into them without intermission before the battle, and sometimes - through the gate. For a long time, it used to be so that the opponents were vigilantly checking, while everyone was getting ready for the battle in a diligent manner ... I richly pіznіshe, near the XII century, the Russian prince Volodymyr Monomakh at his famous "Povchannі" guarded against the hasty battle of the princes in the air.

shell

In the pre-Mongol era, chain mail prevailed. In the XII - XIII centuries, at the same time, from the appearance of an important battle cavalry, there was a need for a stronghold of the boss. The plastic armor began to be accelerated to the full.
The metal plates of the shell went in one by one, creating an enemy luska; at the missions, the consignment of the Zakhist was subdued. Until then, the plates were bent, which made it possible to bring in more quickly and help to hit the guards.
In the post-Mongolian hour, chain mail is step by step delivered to the shell.
Zgіdno with the rest of the achievements, the plate armor was seen on the territory of our region, starting from the beginning of the Scythian hour. The Russian military armor was vinified at the hour of the establishment of the state - in the VIII-X centuries.

The most recent system, which had already been used by the military for a long time, did not overlook the shkiryan basis. Lowered straight-cut shawls with a size of 8-10X1.5-3.5 cm called without intermediary for additional help. Such an armor reached the stegon and extended along the heights on the horizontal rows of tightly clenched long plates. The obladunok expanded to the bottom and mav sleeves. Tsya construction was purely wordy;yanskoy; On the other side of the Baltic Sea, on the Swedish island of Gotland, near the Wisby place, an absolutely similar shell was found, but without sleeves, and at the bottom. Folding wine from six hundred and twenty-eight dresses.
Zovsіm іnakshe Bulo vlashtovano luskat armor. Plates with a size of 6x4-6 cm, then maybe square, were laced up to a skin or thin material base from one edge and were pulled one on one, like a tile. So that the plates did not go into the base and did not stand up when struck by a sharp Russian, the stench creaked with the base of the two central rivets. Porіvnjano іz system "belt wattle", such a shell appeared more elastic.
In Moscow Rus, yoga was called the Turkic word "kuyak". The shell of the belt weave was also called "yarik" or "koyar".
They also made combinations of collars, for example, chain mail on the chest, luscious on the sleeves and hem.

Already early appeared in Russia, and those champions of the "right" lycarian lats. A number of items, for example, elbow pads, are considered to be the oldest in Europe. Vcheni boldly zarakhovuyut Russia to the powers of Europe, de zahisne zaryazzhennya war progressed especially swiftly. Why talk about the military valor of our ancestors, and about the high mastery of forgings, like no one in Europe has compromised in their craft.

Sholom

The wedding of the old Russian armor began in 1808. from the knowledge of sholom, prepared in the XII century. Yogo was often depicted in his paintings by Russian artists.

Russian battle head can be subdivided into sprat species. One of the most recent - so the titles of the final sholom. Such a sholom was found in the hour of excavations at the burial mound of the X century. The old-time master saw yoga in two halves and pulled a swarthy row of rivets. The lower edge of the sholoma is tied with a hoop, we will secure the loops for the barmits - a chain mail cloth, which has crimped that head from the back and from the sides. The whole wine was covered with silver and embellishments with gilded silver overlays, depicting Saints George, Vasil, Fedir. On the frontal part there is an image of the Archangel Michael with the inscription: “Great Archangel Michael, help your slave Fyodor.” Along the edge of the shalom, griffins, birds, snow leopards are engraved, among which are the placements of lilies and leaves.

For Russia, there were more characteristic "sphero-final" sholomi. Tsya form loomed richly ruchnishoy, shards successfully delivered blows, cut through the building with a final sholom.
The stench roared from chotyroh plates, which they knew one in the south (front and back - on the sides) and riveted with rivets. At the bottom of the shalom, behind an additional rod inserted into the loops, aventail creaked. Vcheni naming similarly strengthened barmitzis will be thoroughly finished. On the Russian sholomas, they built special attachments, which protected the chain-mail straps from the frontal erasure of that urvish upon impact.
Maistry, what they prepared їх, dbali and about mіtsnіst, і about beauty. Zalіznі slabs sholomіv figuratively vyrіzanі, moreover, this vіzerunok is similar to the style of wood and stone carvings. In addition, shalomi buli were covered with gilding at the same time with silver. They looked at the stench on the heads of their senior vlasniks, their posture was vague, miraculous. Nevipadkovo memoirs of old Russian literature make the glare of polished sholomіv from dawn, and the military leader, galloping through the laika field, “glow with a golden helmet.” Glowing, garniy sholom, not only talking about the prosperity and nobility of the warrior - he was a beacon for the supporters, having helped to look around the leader. Bachili yogo was not only friends, but enemies, like a hero-leader.
Vityagnute finials of a sholoma of the same type, sometimes ending with a sleeve for a sultan from a pir'ya or a furbowed kіnsky hair. Tsikavo, that much more popularity was taken away by another embellishment of similar sholomivs - the ensign - "yalovets". Farbuval yalovtsі mostly chervonim, and chronicles are similar to them from the "fiery half-widths".
And the axis of black hoods (nomads who lived in the pools of the river Ros) wore choti-faced sholomi with a preparation - masks that covered all the faces.

In the wake of the sphere-ended sholoms in Old Russia, the famous Moscow “shishak” became.
Having created the type of a steep-sided dome-shaped sholom with a nasal mask - a nosepiece and circles for the eyes.
The embellishments of sholomіv included a growing and creaturely ornament, images of angels, Christian saints, martyrs and inspiring the Almighty himself. Zrozumіlo, gilded images were recognized not only to "shine" over the battlefield. The stench magically protected the warrior, leading the enemy to the hand of the enemy. Helped, sorry, don't worry.
Sholomi mali m'yaku lining. It’s not necessary to put on the stumps without a middle on the head, not seeming already about those, like in a shell without a lining in battle, under the blow of a sokiri or a sword.
So it became clear that the Scandinavian and the words of the "Janian sholomi" stagnated against the children. Sholomi vikings were provided with special cheek pads with shkiri, reinforced with figured metal plates.

In the VIII - X centuries, the shields of the words, like in the їхніх suсidіv, were round, about a meter across. The most recent round shields were flat and were folded from small planks (about 1.5 cm long), fastened together, covered with a sheet and riveted with rivets. On the outer surface of the shield, especially along the edge, the slits were flared, in the middle there was a round opening, which was covered with a metal plaque, which was recognized for striking a blow - “umbon”. The umbos on the back were small in a spherical shape, but at the X century, spherical-final ones appeared.
On the inner side of the shield, belts were attached, stretching out a hand like a warrior, as well as a mitzna of a wooden rail that served as a handle. Having put on a strap over his shoulder, so that the warrior can instantly throw a shield behind his back for an hour in the entrance, for the need to work with two hands, just transport.

We are already aware of the almond-like shield. The height of such a shield became like a third to half a human height, and not on the shoulder. The shields were flat or slightly bent along the later axis, the height and width were two to one. They robbed the shields that looked like almonds, like round ones, from the tops of that tree, they stitched with fetters and umbon. With the appearance of a superior shalom and old, knee-deep, chain mail, an amygdal-like shield changed in rozmirah, incorporating umbon and, perhaps, other metal parts.
Then, at about the same hour, the shield is filled not only with combat, but with heraldic significance. On the shields of the tsієї form itself, a rich number of face coats of arms appeared.

It appeared that the warrior's pragnia was to embellish and paint his shield. It is easy to guess that the most recent little ones on the shields served as shores and brought an unsafe blow into the war. The Vikings used to put on the shields all kinds of sacred symbols, images of Gods and heroes, which often formed part of genre scenes. Having created from them a special rіd vіrsha - “shield drape”: having taken a painted shield as a gift from the leader, the person was obliged to describe everything that was depicted on the new one.
The background of the shield is adorned by the most popular colors. Evidently, the words gave the honor to the red one. Shards of mythological thought from long ago sang a "troubling" red color of blood, struggle, physical violence, conceptions, peoples and death. The red color, like and white, from the 19th century, entered into the Russian sign of complaint.

In Ancient Russia, the shield was a prestigious object of professional warfare. Our ancestors swore, creaking international favors; the shield’s validity was protected by law - the one who dares to zip, “break” the shield, or slip it in, and pay a fair fine. The loss of shields - їх, as it seems, was thrown for relief of leakage - was synonymous with total defeat in battle. Not a badass shield, like one of the symbols of Viysk honor, becoming a symbol of a powerful power: take the legend about Prince Oleg, who put his shield on the gate of the “chilled” Tsargorod!

The Slavs are the largest ethnic community in Europe, but what do we really know about them? Historians dossi sperechayutsya and about those who stink like, and about those, de bula їhnya batkіvshchina, and zvіdki came self-name "slov'yani".

Pohodzhennya words'yan

Іsnuє impersonal hypotheses about the movement of words. Htos to bring them to the Scythians and Sarmatians, who came from Central Asia, htos to the Aryans, Nimtsiv, and others and zovsim to be compared with the Celts. Usі hypotheses like words can be divided into two main categories, one directly opposite one. One of them is a good version of the "Norman" house, which was hung in the XVIII century by the Germans Bayer, Miller and Schletser, although similar ideas appeared earlier in the period of the reign of Ivan the Terrible.

The essence of it was in the attack: the words are the Indo-European people, who, if they entered the "Nimets-Slov'yanska" spіlnіst, but they woke up during the Great Migration of Peoples. Yaks leaned on the periphery of Europe and attacked the onslaught of Roman civilization, the stench even stood at the rosette, flooring, which could not create a powerful state and asked the Varangians, then the Vikings, to rule them.

The basis of this theory is the historiographic tradition “After the past years” and the famous phrase: “Our land is great, rich, but there is no order in it. Come prince and rule over us.” Such a categorical interpretation, which was based on an obviously ideological subversion, could not but provoke criticism. Today's archeology confirms the emergence of historical intercultural links between the Scandinavians and the Slavs, but it is hardly possible to talk about those who played a vital role in the formation of the ancient Russian state. Ale superechki about the "Norman" pojzhennya words'yan and Kievan Rus' do not smell, and dosi.

Another theory of the ethnogenesis of words, however, has a patriotic character. I, to the point of speech, she is a rich old woman for the Norman - one of the founders of the Croatian historian Mavro Orbіnі, who wrote, for example, the XVI-ear of the XVII century, the work under the name "Slovian kingdom". The look of the new one is even more extraordinary: to the words "yan vin vіdnіs vandalіv, burgundiіv, gothovіv, ostgotiіv, visigotiіv, gepіdіvіv, goіtіv, аlanіv, verlіv, avariv, dаіv, dаkіv, swedіv, normanіv, finіv, ukrov, marcomanіv, quadіvіrіvіlіvіvіvіv" and others: "All the stinks were of the same word'yansk tribe, as you will see from afar."

The last exit from the historical fatherland of Orbin dated 1460 BC. Children of the stench didn’t overtake anything: “The Slavs fought mayzhe z usima with the tribes of the world, attacked Persia, ruled Asia and Africa, fought with the Egyptians and Oleksandr the Great, supported Greece Macedonia and Illiriya, occupied the Czech Republic, Moravia, Poland ".

Yoma was echoed by many court scribes, who created the theory of the reversal of words from the ancient Romans, and Rurik from the emperor Octavian Augustus. In the 18th century, the Russian historian Tatishchev published the title of “Joakimivsky litopis” in such a way, which, in contrast to “About the past years”, ottognuvav words from ancient Greeks.

Offenses from theories (when there is truth in the skin of them), two extreme nights, as if the authorities were free to interpret historical facts and records of archeology. They were criticized by such “veletny” vіtchiznyanоїhistoria, like B. Grekov, B. Ribakov, V. Yanin, A. Artsikhovsky, stverzhuyuchi, that the historian is guilty of his accusations not on his likeness, but on facts. On the other hand, the historical texture of the “ethnogenesis of words”, and until this day, the flooring is not perfect, which leaves impersonal options for speculation, without the possibility of residual smut on the smut of the question: “Who are the words?”.

For the people

The problem of historians - the age of words of the Jansk ethnos - has come. If the words were still seen as a single people from the Western European ethnic "cataclysm"? The first test of evidence on the chain of nutrition lies with the authors of "The Story of the Past Years" - Chance to Nestor. Taking the biblical paraphrase as a basis, recounting the history of the words of the Babylonian creation, which divided the people into 72 peoples: Mavro Orbіn, the fortune teller, generously bestowed words on the Yang tribes with a couple of thousand words of history, dated the new day from the historical fatherland in 1496 with rock: Later, after subordinating their rule of Sarmatia, the word-Janian tribe was divided into kilka kolin and took away different names: venedi, slov'yani, anti, virli, alani, masayti…. ... In short, seemingly, the word'yansk mova is chubby from the Caspian Sea to Saxony, from the Adriatic Sea to the Nimetsky, and in the middle of these borders lie the word'yansk tribe'.

I realized that there weren’t enough similar “visuals” for historians. Archaeology, genetics and linguistics were studied for the development of the "wik" of the words. The results, far from the reach of modest, but still results. According to the adopted version, the words lay down to the Indo-European sleepiness, yak, better than everything, came out of the Dnipro-Donetsk archaeological culture, near the inter-Iridian Dnipro and the Don, this thousand roki in that first hour of the stone age. Year after year, having poured in the culture, expanding on the territory from the Wesley to the Urals, wanting to accurately localize it, so far no one has come a long way. Vzagali, speaking about Indo-European spіlnіst, it is not a single ethnos but a civilization, but the influx of cultures that linguistic similarity. Nearly 1,000 years before ours, there were three groups of minds: the Celts and the Romans on the Sunset, the Indo-Iranians on the Skhodі, and here in the middle, near Central and Skhіdnіy Europe, there was one more group, from which the Germans, the Baltics words'yani. From them, approximately in the 1st millennium BC, the words of the Jansk language began to be seen.

But there is little evidence of linguistics alone - due to the unity of the ethnic group, the advance of archaeological cultures can be uninterrupted. In the lower lanka, in the archeological lantern of words, it is customary to take into account the so-called “culture of the dead burials”, which took the name out of the name of the cremation of the remains of the great vessel, the Polish “flare”, tobto “upside down”. Vaughn founded in the V-II centuries BC between the Vistula and the Dnipro. For some sensi, one can say that її noses were early words. Itself z it goes to reveal the decline of cultural elements right up to the old words of the early Middle Ages.

Praslovyanskaya Batkivshchyna

Where, after all, the word-yansk ethnos was born, and how can the territory be called “quietly word-yansk”? The records of historians vary. Orbіnі, relying on a number of authors, stverdzhuє, scho words 'yani came out of Scandinavia: "May all the authors, blessed is the pen of those who brought to the surface the history of the words of the yansk tribe, stverzhuyut and lay, scho words 'yani came out of Scandinavia ... Japhet's Naschadki Noah's sina) were destroyed in Europe on a pіvnіch, penetrating into the country, as if they were called Scandinavia. There, the stench multiplied indefinitely, as St. Augustine told his "City of God", de writing, that the blue and blue patches of Japhet were small and two fathers occupied lands, roztashovanny on the pіvnіch in the mountains of Taurus near Kіlіkії, along the Pіvnіchnomu ocean, half of Asia British Ocean."

Nestor naming the ancient territory of words - the land beyond the lower flow of the Dnieper and Panonia. The drive for the settlement of words on the Danube was attacked by Volohiv. “According to rich hours, the essence of Slovenia was along the Danube, de є ninі Ugorsk land and Bulgarian.” Zvіdsi і Danube-Balkanskaya hypothesis of the movement of words.

Have your own prikhliniks and the European fatherland of words. So, the great Czech historian Pavlo Shafarik vvazhav, that prabatyvshchina words'yan need to be shukat on the territory of Europe by land from the disputed tribes of the Celts, Germans, Balts and Thracians. Vіn vvazhav, that in ancient times, the words occupied the great territory of the Middle and the Middle Europe, the stars were frightened beyond the Carpathians under the onslaught of the Celtic expansion.

I founded a version about the two proto-Batkivshchina of the words, zgіdno with some first pra-bіvshchina there was a place, where the pra-slov'yan language was formed (between the lower flow of the Niman and the Western Dvina) and there, deforming the author’s mind itself (on the word’yansky people it happened slowly from the 2nd century BC) - the pool of the river Visl. Sounded already zahіdnі those skhіdnі words'yani. The first settled the area of ​​the river Elbi, then the Balkans and the Danube, and others - the banks of the Dnieper and the Dniester.

The Vistula-Dniprovsk hypothesis about the origin of words, although it is abandoned as a hypothesis, is still the most popular among historians. Її mentally confirm the mystical toponyms and vocabulary. As if to believe in “words”, that is, lexical material, the ancestral home of words was located on the side of the sea, near the forest plain zone with swamps and lakes, and also at the borders of the river, which flows into the Baltic Sea, judging by the ancient Slavic names of fish - salmon vugr. Before the speech, the regions are already familiar to us with the cultures of the graves of the graves, according to these geographic signs.

"Slov'yani"

The very word "slov'yani" is a riddle. It’s already lived in the 6th century of our land, admittedly, the Byzantine historians at this hour often have riddles about words - don’t create good-natured courts of Byzantium. In the words themselves, this term is already victorious as a self-name in Serednyovichchi, accepted, as judged from litopisiv, including according to the "Post of Time Litas".

Prote yoga hodzhennya dosi nevidome. The most popular version, which looks like the same as the word “word” or “glory”, which involves one Indo-European root ḱleu̯- “chuti”. About tse, before the speech, writing and Mavro Orbіnі, schopravda, in power youma “arranged”: “for the hour of their residence in Sarmatia, they took the stench (words) of their own “words”, which means “glorious”.

There is a middle linguist version, which I will call the landscape by its self-name word "yani goiter". Imovirno, in the basis of the toponym "Slovutich" - another name for the Dnipro, which is to avenge the roots of the meanings of "wash", "cleanse".

The version about the presence of a link between the self-name "slov'yan" and the Middle Greek word "slave" (σκλάβος) called out to the noise of its hour. Vaughn was more popular among Western scholars of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Basically, the idea is that the words, as one of the largest peoples in Europe, became a significant number of brothers and often became an object of the slave trade. Today, this hypothesis is recognized as a pardon, the shards on the basis of "σκλάβος" stood for the Greek word for the meanings of "get military trophies" - "σκυλάο".

Pohodzhennya words'yan

Right up to the end of the 18th century, science could not give sufficient evidence about the advancement of words, even if it had attached the respect of scientists. About tse to tell the first, try to draw a picture of the history of the words, for which the chains were set. All the firmness that words say about such ancient peoples, like the Sarmatians, Geti, Alani, Illyrians, Thracians, Vandals, etc. rather, tendentious clouding of the sacred writings of that church literature, or on the simple decline of the peoples, as if they inhabited the very territory where the modern words'yani, or, nareshti, on the actual similarity of some ethnic names.

So it was until the beginning of the 19th century. Only a few historians could rise above the level of science at that hour, for which the highest power of the words of the future was scientifically grounded and there was little prospect. The camp changed more and more in the first half of the 19th century under the influx of two new scientific disciplines: the equivalent mentality and anthropology; insulting stinks have added new positive facts.

History itself is silent. There is nothing like historical fact, no reliable tradition, no mythological genealogy, as if they would help us with food about the likeness of words. Slovyans appear on the historical arena unsustainably like a great people, which has already been formed; we don’t know how, the stars of the wines came and how they came from other peoples. It’s only one thing to bring clarity to the food that will tell us: this is the quote from the litopis, which is attributed to Nestor and which has been preserved until our time in that look, in which it was written in Kiev in the XII century; tsey urivok can be vvazhat svogo svіdchennyam pro narodzhennya slov'yan.

The first part of the chronicle "The Tale of the Years" began to be created, at the very end, hundreds of years earlier. On the cob of the chronicle, it was directed to report on the legendary report about the resettlement of peoples who, if they tried to build the Babylonian vezha in the land of Shinar. Cі vіdomostі zapozichenі z Byzantіyskih chronicles VI-IX centuries (the so-called "Great" chronicle and chronicle of Malali and Amartol); however, there are no similar riddles about words in the names of the chronicles. Tsya glade, obviously, zachepil slov'yanskogo chronicler, high-ranking chants of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. You want to remember yoga, placing your people among other peoples, as if by tradition they lived in Europe; to that, in the order of roz'yasnennya vіn, having come to name "slov'yani" before the name of illiriitsiv - illiro-slov'yani. This addition to the wines, including the words to history, without changing the traditional number of 72 peoples. Here the Illyrians themselves were first called the people, arguing the words, and from this hour the thought of a thriving hour was pannivnoy shdo istorii slov'yan. The Slavs came from Shinar to Europe and settled on the Balkan Pivostrov. There you need to shove your colossus, your European prabatkivshchyna, near the lands of the Illyrians, Thracians, near Pannonia, on the banks of the Danube. Zvіdsi pіznіshe vyyshli okrem_ slov'yansk_ tribes, if the first unity fell apart, to occupy their historical lands between the Danube, the Baltic Sea and the Dnipro.

This theory was accepted by all the words of the Jansk historiography, and zocrema by the old Polish school (Kadlubek, Boguhval, Merzhva, Chronica Polonorum, Chronica principum Poloniae, Dlugosh, etc.) and the Czech (Dalimil, Jan Marignola, Pshibik, . Paprocki); far away, it was overgrown with new domes.

Let's vinikla new theory. We don't know, de same viniklo. It should be taken into account that the posture created by the schools was chosen, but firstly we will study the theory in the Bavarian chronicle of the XIII century and later among the German and Italian scientists (Flav. Blondus, A. Coccius Sabellicus, F. Irenicus, Branthenicus and etc.). From them, this theory was adopted by the words of the Janskian historians B. Vapovsky, M. Krimr, S. Dubravius, T. Peshina z Chekhoroda, Ya. Bekovsky, Ya. Zgіtno with another theory, the words of the Nibito, the sample of the Uzbekiye Sea of ​​the Sea on the Pivnichi was settled in the pyvdennniye Rosiy, de izhdomi spochaka Ancient Skіfi і Sarmati, Roksolani qihni, etc. zі words'yanami, as well as a statement about the Balkan Sarmatians as about the ancestors of these words'yan. Protruding far into the west, the words were divided into two main branches: pivdennі words (on pіvnіch vіd Carpathians) and pіvnіchі (on pіvnіch vіd Carpathians).

So at the same time, from the theory of the primary sub-layer of words, the Balkan and Sarmatian theories appeared on two needles; offended by their suffocated successors, offended were worn right up to our days. Even now, books are often published, in which the most recent history of words is based on the identification of them by the Sarmatians or the Thracians, the Dacians and the Illyrians. Prote already, for example, the XVIII century, the deaks of the vcheni realized that similar theories, that they base themselves on the imaginary analogy of different peoples with words, do not waste their own values. The Czech Slavist Y. Dobrovsky wrote in 1810 to his friend Kopitar: I'll just come to zovsіm іnshoy visnovka. It’s all about telling me that the words are not Dacians, Getae, Thracians, Illyrians, Pannonians ... Slovyans are just words, those Lithuanians who are close to them. Otzhe, їх demand shukati among the rest on the Dnipro chi beyond the Dnipro.

Deyakі istoriki dotrimuvalsya silently glancing up to Dobrovsky. Afterwards, Shafarik at his “Slovyanskiye oldovyny” asked to look at all the previous contributors. As if they had changed their wines at their early practices under the great influx of old theories, then in the “Prescriptions”, which appeared in 1837, having recognized wines, for deaky vinyatkas, these hypotheses are like pardons. The basis of his book Shafarik put a detailed analysis of historical facts. For this reason, it’s time to lose the main and irreplaceable helper of this food, regardless of those who don’t see the problem of words like a new one - such a task outweighed the possibility of the most perfect historical analysis of that hour.

The rest of the ages turned back to a new science - a progressive mindset, so that they could know the truth, as history could not give them. The mutual sporidnennost of the words of the Yang language was allowed even on the cob of the XII century (div. Kyiv lithopis), the protege of the old hour was not the right step of the dispute of the word of the Yang language with the other European language. First tastes, cultivation in the 17th and 18th centuries, research (GW Leibniz, P. Ch. Levesque, Fréret, Court de Gebelin, J. Dankowsky, KG Anton, J. Chr. Adelung, Iv. Levanda, B Siestrzencewicz and іn) little of that shortcoming, which were either overly inconsiderate, or simply not primed. If W. Jones, in 1786, having established a blatant resemblance to Sanskrit, Gaulish, Greek, Latin, German and old-Persian language, he did not signify the place of the words of the "Janian language" in the "Sim" of these language.

Tilki F. Bopp, in another volume of his own “Vergleichende Grammatik” (“Vergleichende Grammatik”, 1833), wrote about the interplay of the words of the Jansk language with other Indo-European languages, and at the same time gave the Persian a scientifically grounded trip to the vocabulary unsuccessfully. . Virishennya pitanya about the journey of movi є at the same time I vouch for alimentary about the pilgrimage of the people, which is to speak for my sake.

At this hour, there was a lot of super talk about the Indo-Europeans and the daily life of their movie. If you have seen different things, look, if at the hour you justly found out and spent it, be it worth. One thing has been brought to light that even the natives of the mov are not the ancestor of other mov and that in no way have the Indo-European people been born of a single unmixed race, such a maw bi єdina mov and a single culture. The order of these is adopted in such a position that lies at the basis of our current views:

1. If the Indo-European language was founded, then, however, it was by no means the whole world unity.

2. The development of dialects of tsієї mov led to the vindication of low mov, which we call Indo-European and Aryan. Before them one can see, Crimean language, without a trace, Greek, Latin, Gallic, German, Albanian, Virmenska, Lithuanian, Persian, Sanskrit and zagalnoslov'yanska or proslov'yanska, which stretched out to reach the thirteenth hour, having grown into modern language of words. The beginning of the origin of the words of the Jansk peoples lies on its own for the hour when the common language was formed.

The process of development of the movement of ignorance. Science has not yet poked its way forward, so that the chain of food hangs with a diligent veneer. It has been established that the formation of new mov and peoples was taken down by low officials: the elemental force of differentiation, mistsevy vіdmіnnostі, scho vinikli after the isolation of other groups, and, nareshti, asimilation of third-party elements. Ale, what a world of skin from these factors, having taken the blame of the slanderous word of the Jansk movie? Tse pitanya mayzhe not virishene, and the history of the zagalnoslov'yanskoy movi dosі is not explained.

Розвиток арійської прамови могло відбуватися двома шляхами: або шляхом раптового і повного відриву різних діалектів і народів, що говорять на них, від материнського стовбура, або шляхом децентралізації, пов'язаної з формуванням нових діалектних центрів, які ізолювалися поступово, не відриваючись повністю від початкового kernels, so that they did not use the link with other dialects and peoples. Offenses to these hypotheses have little of their attachments. Rodovid, proponated by A. Schleicher, yak and rodovid, folded by A. Fik, good vіdomi; in the house is also the theory of "hvil" (bergangs-Wellen-Theorie) by Johann Schmidt. Apparently, it has changed to different concepts, as can be seen from the two diagrams below, and a look at the similarities of the ancients.

Rodovid A. Schleicher, folding in 1865 roci

Rodovid A. Fika

If the diversity in the Indo-European language began to grow and if the language was great, it began to break up into two groups - move satem (satem) and centum (centum), - the proslovian mova, joined with the pralitovskoy mova, so it was a long time to join the group she saved a special imitation from the ancient Thracian (Virmenian) and Indo-Iranian mine. The connection with the fractions was found in the outskirts, where historical Dacians lived. The fathers of the Germans were among the group of peoples centum among the closest susides of words. We can judge about it by some analogies in the words "Janian" and "German" language.

On the cob of another thousand to the stars. i.e. all Indo-European mov, imovirno, have already been formed and divided, to that by stretching tho thousand people on the territory of Europe and Asia are the deacons of the Aryan people like ethnic loneliness, who have already formed. Future Lithuanians were still united with the ancient Slavs. The Slavic-Lithuanian people and dosi represent (Crimea of ​​the Indo-Iranian language) a single example of the first cohesion of the two Aryan peoples; yogo susides were born from one side of the Germans and Celts, from the other side of the Thracians and Iranians.

After the resurrection of the Lithuanians in the form of words, what happened, imovirno, to another, or to the first thousand years BC. That is, the words have made the united people out of the ignorant mine and only weak dialectic powers, that the ice has fallen, and they have been deprived in such a state right up to the cob of our eri. With the passage of the first thousand years of our time, unity began to fall apart, new language developed (although the truth is even closer one to one) and new words of the Jansk people emerged. Such a vision, as it gives us a mentality, such a reason for nourishment about the movement of words.

One more science, anthropology, has appeared in the order of the relative mentality, as it has also brought new additional facts. The Swedish scholar A. Retzius in 1842, having become the name of the world of words of the middle peoples from the somatological point of view, priming at the same time on the shape of their head, and having created a system, the basis of which was laid on the head of the skull and the size of the facial kuta. Він об'єднав стародавніх германців, кельтів, римлян, греків, індусів, персів, арабів і євреїв у групу «долихоцефальних (довгоголових) ортогнатів», а угрів, європейських турків, албанців, басків, стародавніх етрусків, латишів і слов'ян ) ортогнатів ". Offended by a group of boules of a different nature, that race, as the words were put, was called a foreign race, which was put by the Germans and the Celts. It is obvious that one of them is small but “arized” in some way and accepted as an Indo-European language. A. Retzius did not particularly try to appoint a position between my race and my own. Tse pitanya viniklo piznishe at the first French and German anthropological schools. Німецькі вчені, спираючись на нові дослідження німецьких поховань меровінгської епохи (V–VIII століть) з так званими «Reihengr?ber», створили відповідно до системи Ретціуса теорію давньої чистої німецької раси з відносно довгою головою (долихоцефали або мезоцефали) зовнішніми рисами: досить високий bright, erysipelas hue, hairy hair, bright eyes. This race was marked with an insha, a dribnisha, with a larger short head (brachycephaly), a darker coat color, chestnut hair and dark eyes; The leading representatives of the tsієї rasi mali buti slov'yani and the ancient inhabitants of France are the Celts, the Gauls.

In France, the school of the prominent anthropologist P. Broca (E. Hamy, Ab. Hovelacque, P. Topinard, R. Collignon, etc.) adopted approximately the same idea; so in anthropological science there was a theory about two primary races, as if they settled in Europe and from which the same peoples settled, as if to say Indo-European language. Z'yasuvati was left behind - and it called out a rich superechok, - as if from the two primary races, it was Aryan and it was “arized” by another race.

The Germans always respected the Persian race, the old-headed and white-headed race, the race of the pra-Aryans, and the English anthropologists (Thurnam, Huxley, Sayce, Rendall) shared this idea. In France, well, navpaki, thoughts were divided. Some came to the German theory (Lapouge), others (they were bigger) respected another race, dark and brachycephalic, which is often called the Celtic-Slovakian, primary race, and passed on to the Indo-Europeian mov. So, as the main risi її, brachycephaly and dark hair and eyes, approached this race to the Middle Asian peoples with similar features, there was a hint about її controversy with the Finns, the Mongols and the Turans. Mіsce, recognized, zgіdno z tsієyu theory, proslov'yanam, it is easy to recognize: proslov'yans came from Central Asia, they had a perceptibly short head, dark eyes that hair. Brachycephals with dark eyes and hairs populated the Middle Europe, the head rank of the її hirskі regions, and partly mixed with pіvnіchnymi dovgogolovymi susіdami, partly with the ancient peoples, and itself with the dark dolіhotsefalami of the Mediterranean. Zgіdno with one version, the old Slavs, having strayed from the first ones, handed over their promo to them, for the other version, on the other hand, they themselves adopted their promo.

However, the adherents of the theory of the Turanian adventure of words were grounded in their visnovkas on pardon or even less on an insufficiently grounded hypothesis. The stench spiraled on results, removing two groups of dzherel, even farther away from each other after an hour: the first German type was assigned to early dzherels - documents and honors of the 5th–8th centuries, the ancient Slavic type of installations of early dzherel, oxen at that time there is little to see. In this order, the invisible values ​​were compared - the current camp of one people with a large camp of another people. That is why, as soon as the old Slavonic inspiration was discovered, new craniological data appeared, the adherents of the assigned theory were faced with numerous difficulties, and the destruction of the ethnographic material also gave a low number of new facts. It has been established that the skulls from the Slavyansk graves of the IX–XII centuries were of such a sublime form, like the skulls of the ancient Germans, and even close to them; It was also appointed that historical documents give descriptions of ancient words like a white people with bright eyes, bright colors, erysipelas. It appeared that from the pіvnіchnyh words'yan (prinaimnі, most of them) deyakі z tsikh physical rice is more important than dosi.

Ancient inscriptions of pivdennoruskih words avenged skeletons, with 80–90% small dolichocephalic and mesocephalic skulls; burial of the inhabitants of the pivnoch on Pseli - 98%; the burial of the Drevlyans - 99%; burying glades near the Kiev region - 90%, ancient Poles near Plotsk - 97.5%, near Slabozhev - 97%; the burial of old-fashioned slang words from Mecklenburg - 81%; the burial of the Lusatian Serbs near Leibengen near Saxony - 85%; in Burglengenfeld in Bavaria - 93%. Czech anthropologists have found out that the remains of the skulls of dolichocephalic forms were more common, lower in modern Czechs. I. Gellich having established (1899 year) among the ancient Czechs 28% of dolichocephalic and 38.5% of mesocephalic individuals; qi digits grew from that hour.

At the first text, in which one wonders about the words of the VI century, which lingered on the banks of the Danube, there are words that were not black, they were not white, but dark blondes:

„?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????, ? ?????? ?????, ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????, ???? ????????? ????? ???????“.

Mayzhe all ancient Arabic dates of the 7th-10th centuries characterize the word yak rusih (ashab); only Ibragim Ibn-Yakub, the Jewish mantra of the 10th century, signifies: “cicavo, that the inhabitants of the Czech Republic are smart”. The word "tsіkavo" seems to be surprising because of the fact that the Czechs are smart, because of which it is possible to grow visnovoks, that other pіvnіchnі words in general were not like that. Vtіm, i nіnі middle pivnіchnyh words'yan perevazhє type of blond, but not brown-haired.

Deyakі doslidniki, basing on these facts, adopted a new idea in the nutritional approach of the words and brought their ancestors to the white and dolichocephalic, so-called German race, which was formed in Pivnichniy Europe. The stench was hardening, that by stretching out the first word of the Yang type was changing under the infusion of the middle ground that crossing from the land races. This thought was expressed in Nimtsiv by R. Virkhov, I. Kolman, T. Pesce, Do. Penka, middle Russian A. P. Bogdanov, D. M. Anuchin, Do. Ikov, M. Yu. Zograf; I also came to the center of the morning at my first pracies.

However, the problem turned out to be foldable, it was considered earlier, and it could not be solved so easily and simply. In the rich places near the Slavic burials, brachycephalic skulls were found, the excesses of dark black hair; from the other side, it is necessary to know that the current somatological life of the word is even more coherent and it is less important to say about the overtly overpowering of the dark and brachycephalic type, which is important to explain. It is not possible to understand why this was overwhelmed by the mind of the middle, and it is also impossible to adequately explain it to the latest crosses. I jumped to win the data of all the jerseys, like the old ones, and the new ones, and, walking out of them, perekonavsya, that the development of the words was richly folded, lower than the doss; I respect that the most plausible and imaginary hypothesis is based on the combination of all these folding factors.

The praariysky type is not a pure type of a pure race. In the epoch of Indo-European unity, when the internal identity began to increase, different races, especially the pivnichno-European dolichocephalic light-haired race and the middle-European dark brachy race, entered the process. To that okrem people, who were molded by such a rank by stretching the third and other thousand years BC. i.e., they were already a pure race from a somatological point of view; tse vіdnositsya і to praslov'yan. There is no doubt about the fact that the stench did not revel in the purity of the race, nor the unity of the physical type, because the stench took away the cob of two great races, on the stick of the lands of such a bula їkhnya ancestral home; the most recent historical vіdomostі, as well as the ancient pohovennja, but at the same time witness about the existence of unity of the racial type among the ancient Slavs. This is how great changes are explained, as if they were at the words with the stretch of the remaining thousand. Undoubtedly, it is necessary to carefully look at the problem, but the solution її - I reconciliation - may be based not so on the known inflow of the middle, as on the known crossbreeding and "struggle for life" of the main obvious elements, that light-haired race and mid-European brachycephalic dark-haired race.

Thousands of years ago, having overcome the type of the first race, tarnished by another race, more zhittєzdatnoy.

The archeology of ninth is impromptu virishity food about the journey of words. True, it is impossible to prostrate the slov'janskuyu culture in the historical epoch until quiet ancient hours, if the words'yans were molded. In the statements of archaeologists about the words "Janian" old before the V century AD. e. panuє povna plutanina, and all їхні try to bring the word'yansky character of the Lusatian and Silesian fields buried in the skhіdnіy Nіmechchinі and zrobiti z tsogo vіdpovіdnі vysnovka were dosi unsuccessful. The belonging of the names of the fields to the words of the words to bring zirvala, the shards of the links of these memos with the insanely words of the words to the dos may be installed. At the best time, one can only admit the possibility of such a clouding.

Some German archaeologists admit that the pre-Slovian culture was one of the warehouse parts of the great neolithic culture, called "Indo-European" or, rather, "Danube and Transcarpathian" with various rose-farmed ceramics. This is also acceptable, however, for whom we do not have any positive evidence, fragments of links between culture and the historical era are absolutely unknown to us.

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