Roman I. Turgenev "Fathers and Children" (1862)

The problem of fathers and children can be called eternal. Ale especially won't be at the turning point and the development of society, if the older and younger generations become evangelists of the ideas of two different epochs. The very same hour in the history of Russia is the 60s of the 19th century.

Above the famous Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev, having known himself in the center of the supple and spiritual life of Russia and Western Europe, pragmatically, after his words, “stretching out the tenth hour ... infiltrate those that Shakespeare calls the very image ...

The squeezing of intrigue by kolіzіy, its blackness, was marked by the placement of okremih її parts, drew closer ties with a climax and a climax with a rose. Strictly seeming, in the novel "Fathers and Children" the climax of the intrigue may be zbіgaєz razvyazkoy.

The writing of the novel "Fathers and Children" coincided with the most important reforms of the 19th century, and with the writings of the kingdom itself. Vіk signifying the development of industry and natural sciences. Having expanded the link from Europe. Russia began to accept the ideas of zahіdnitstva. "Fathers"...

Evgen Bazarov is a nihilist, and therefore, a materialist, who does not know dogmas, reverifies everything with less evidence. Vіn physician, zahoplyuєtsya natural sciences. Today yoga is filled with labor, new jokes. You must always know yourself on the right. "Bazarov getting up ...

Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev in the novel “Fathers and Children” is rooted in various mystical techniques: portraiture, antithesis, landscape painting. Useful stinks help to expand the characterization of the characters. Crime of rehabilitated artists...

DIPLOMA ROBOT

Psychopoetics I.S. Turgenev - novelist

(based on the work of the 1850s - on the cob

1860s)

Vikonala:

Chukhlib Irina Oleksandrivna

Entry……………………………………………………………………………..4

Qualification characteristics of robots

Peculiarities of Turgenev's Psychology in the Aspect of Structural and Genre Features of the Romans of the Writer of 1850-1860 pp.…………………………………..10

1.1 Problems of developing psychopoetics in contemporary literary studies…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1.1.

1.2 Typological and individual in the genre system and in the characterology of Turgenev’s novel…………………………………………..14

1.3 Specifics of Turgenev’s psychology………………………………………….23

Psychological revelation of the inner world of a person in the novels of Turgenev in 1850………………………………………………………………………38

2.1 Features of the secret psychology in Turgenev's novel……………38

2.2 The role of moral and psychological conflict in the novels "Rudin" and "Noble Nest"………..………………………………………………………41

Evolution of psychology in the novels of I.S. Turgenev

about "New People. "…………………………………………………………………..46

3.1. The type of the gromadsky diyach of the epoch of the late 50s to the beginning of the 60s in the novels "about" New people "………………………………………………..……46

3.2. Transformation of the role of love-psychological conflict in novels

"about" New people "………………………………………………………………….49

3.3. The evolution of the principles of psychological analysis of the "inner person" in novels from the 1850s to the beginning of the 1860s. ("Forward,

Fathers and children ")………………………………………………………………………53

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………65

Bibliographic list…………………………………………………..…..68

Entry

The supple-aesthetic value of a person is determined by the world's psychological complexity and spiritual wealth, and the main aspect of the restoration of character is the power-psychological one. (In my mind, the inner world of a person does not lead to yoga psychology. And yet, through the psychology of the hero, the inner world is most profoundly and deliberately, variably and completely developed in the mysticism of yoga). (25, p.16).

As the successors mean, the problem of psychologism is complex in its nature. The role of the subject is superbly great in this case.

The problem of psychologism is also aesthetically significant, because in her heart and soul, the internal super-sharpness of special features are revealed and manifested, as it simultaneously inspires and wears super-sharpness and conflicts of the epoch and succession. (12.82)

In literature, a person is represented as a character, as a singing type of behavior, almost like a thought.

The latter indicate that it is necessary to differentiate and differentiate between the concepts of "psychologism" and "psychological analysis", because they often stink, not fully understood by synonyms and do not shy away from meanings. The concept of "psychologism" is broader than the concept of "psychological analysis", it includes, for example, the reflection of the author's psychology in the work. The same cannot be said about the psychological analysis, which may be the collection of one's own bones, obov'yazkovo transferring the object, for which guilt the directives are to blame. "The appearance of psychological analysis in creativity, - I respect V.V. Kompaneets, - its form and typology are most often found in the writer's own attitude, in the nature of his giftedness, special powers, in the situation of the creator. , pevne, absolutize the artist’s choice of quiet and other authorities "(28, s 47).

Psychological analysis is blamed on a similarly high scale of artistic development of humankind and manifests itself less in singing suspense-aesthetic minds.

Among the doslednikіv it is beyond the reach of the clouded man himself to understand "psychological analysis". So, for S. G. Bocharov, who is called "psychological characteristics" by that sensi, in which, for example, talking about L. N. Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky, like about the great artists-psychologists, the object of psychological analysis is "inner world ", as if by itself it borrows the artist, to get an independent and special interest in the building (9, h 17).

Deyakі doslidniki razumіyut pіd psikhologizmі izobrazhennya іn lіteraturі іnіtіnі charіtаіl, аlе s аny izobrazhennyа, аlѕо thаt, yakim's character will be like "alive value". And here the characters are rozkrivayutsya yoga raznі, іnоdі superchat one odnіy verge: the character of the post is not unilinear, otherwise planned. At the same time, the successors turn on the understanding of psychology and the image in the light of the inner world of a person, tobto. this experience is rozumіnnya to the character as a folding rich-aspect unity, from one side and the image of the inner world of the character - from the other; I speak here as two aspects, two facets of psychologism.

The image of the inner world of a person - psychologism in the sense of the word - is a way to inspire an image, a way to create, comprehend that assessment of your own life character.

Deyakі doslidniki, for example, A. I. Єzuїtіv shukaє reasons that give rise to psychologism between the borders of creation. Vin means that “in the process of development of literature in the period of increased interest to psychologism from the side of the writers themselves, as well as literary criticism and literary scholars, they change from time to time, if the interest to psychologism may fall”. Doslidnik come to the vysnovka, with the "suspicious-aesthetic ground" boosting respect to psychologism and yogo development and development in literature є us forward "to see the self-reliance and independence of the inner world of a person according to the development to the rich mind". The situation in the Gromadsky Zhitti is not to be a guard, but the deprivation of the sunglars of suspended screening, if the system is the system of specialty, the sedimentation is also stabbed, the number of it is the same in the state of the bore ... Psychology stepping into the background ... If a historically new type of interdependence of the suspense with particularity begins to be gradually restored, or to change and fully develop a large amount of psychologism as an aesthetic sign to enter the stage. The trend of drawing "tides and tides" is marked as important for these social and historical processes, where the author indicates the reason for the emergence of the appearance of psychologism. Prote A.I. Єzuїtov obmuєtsya only stating this fact, without explaining it (25, p.18).

A. B. Yesin opposes it, signifying that "directly and without intermediary spiving of such a stylistic quality, like psychologism, with an objective social effect, I will inevitably create a real picture of the interaction between literature and life" . The author propagates shukati nova lanka, how to stand between social dysnist and psychologism, and indirectly infuse first into style i, zokrema, into psychologism (22, h 54).

Relevance of topics.

The novels of І.S. Among the successors, name the names of such famous successors, like G.B. Kurlyandska, G.A. Byaliy, P.G. Pustovoit, A.I. Batyuto, S.Є. Shatalov and others. Dosi great respect was attached to the peculiarities of the "secret psychologism" of the writer and the analysis of the forms of yoga in the idiostyle of I.S. Turgenev. Actualizing the "outward" manifestation of psychologism, continuing the poetics of the psychological portrait, have already put food about the "inner person" in the image of Turgenev - the novelist. Prote, as it turns out, the problem of "internal people" in light of psychopoetics, then in the correlation "thought - word", the flooring is more deeply and universally, like other aspects of Turgenev's psychology. Tsim zoomed in on the relevance of the selected topics.

Not claiming to have a rich aspect of marriage by those, mi Bachimo meta your work in order to show, on the basis of the already obvious scientific insights to Turgenev's psychology, the mastery of the writer in the image of the diversity and complexity of the processes that flow in the soul of the hero and verbalize them according to the laws of artistic recognition. Otherwise, depending on the psychopoetics, we have a characterological function.

Material after delivery: novels by І.S. Turgenev about "zayvih" and "new people" 1850 - the beginning of 1860 - th years ("Rudin", "Noble Nest", "Forward," "Fathers and Children").

Follow-up object- Psychology of artistic prose of the XIX century.

Subject of inquiry - the psychopoetics of Turgenev as a novelist, the specifics of Turgenev's psychologism and manifesting in the structure of the artistic text, the psychological development of the characters, in the system "thought - word" .

With the worded above, meti squeal so Follow-up task:

Vivchit theoretical literature on the problems of psychologism, zocrema, psychopoetics;

To examine in evolution the system of psychology of Turgenev-artist on the basis of the novels of the 1850s - the beginning of the 1860s;

analyze the functional role of psychologism in the aspect of psychopoetics;

To look at the originality of Turgenev's psychology in terms of the structural and genre features of the writer's novels of the 1850s - the beginning of the 1860s;

Follow the plot-compositional, stylistic features of Turgenev's novels in the process of developing the ideological and structural role of the moral-psychological conflict in their works.

follow-up methods: typological, complex, porіvnyalno-porіvnyalny; The robotic victors also have a systemic approach and the principles of following the description poetics.

Methodological basis of work to become practical A.B. Esina, A.I. Izuitova, E.G. Etkinda, A.S. Bushmina, V.V. Kompaneytsya, G.D. Gachova, S.G. Bocharova, O.I. Fedotova and others. problems of figurative specifics of literature, poetics of psychology. Vikoristani are also methodological ideas that are found in the historical and literary works of G.A. Byalogo, G.B. Kurlyandsky, S.Є. Shatalova, A.I. Batyuto, P.G. Pustovoyta and other Turgenists.

The practical significance of robotics polygaє at the feasibility of using її materials for an hour of lessons in literature at the X grades of the middle school of education.

Approbation:

The robot was tested at a methodological seminar at school No. 11 p. Pershotravneve, Ipativsky district, Stavropol region.

CHAPTER 1.

The originality of psychologism in the aspect of structural and genre peculiarities of novels by I.S. Turgenev -X-cob 1850-1860 rr..

1.1. Problems of developing psychopoietics in contemporary literary studies.

In the 19th century, there is a widespread promotion of the literature of socio-psychological and ideological and moral themes and motives in the artist, as in the past they took away the development in a realistic novel and story.

A. Ezuitov, examining the problem of psychologism in literature, blaming on the richness of the very concept of "psychologism", raising yoga to three main purposes: 1) psychologism "as a generic sign of the mysticism of the word"; 2) "as a result of artistic creativity, as a reflection of that reflection of the author's psychology, his characters and, more broadly, suspense psychology"; 3) psychologism "as a symbolic and primordial aesthetic principle (25, p. 30). Moreover, the most significant and dominant in psychological analysis. the inner super-sharpness of specialness is revealed and manifested, as if it were simultaneously showing and wearing super-sharpness and conflicts of the epoch and suspility” (25, p. 55).

In the literature of the "natural school" there is everywhere a switch of respect from the middle, from typical furnishings to the character, which is, insanely, a psychological phenomenon. Up to 40-50 years of the XIX century. and these deep cultural processes and regularities were clearly revealed, as if to adopt the development of psychologism. In the first place, the value of specialness and at once the growth of the world, ideological and moral vitality are indecently promoted. In another way, in the process of suppurative development, the historically folded type of specialness itself is folded, to which the system of suspіlnyh vіdnosin develops and improves - the objective basis of the richness of the dermal specialty. The stars of that blue people become different, their colors are wider, they themselves are blue for their own sutti folded. As a result, the specificity, which is based on realistic historical action, is potentially aggravated. I realized that these processes and without intermediary stimulate the development of psychologism.

The 19th century is a new stage in the development of psychology. The creativity of writers-realists of important significance has the discovery of the roots of the imaged phenomenon, the establishment of causal-hereditary links. “One of the main flocks of food about those, like, under the influence of some life factors, hostility, a way of some associations and other things, are formed and changed by those other ideological and moral foundations of the hero’s specialness, in the wake of such podia, thought and understanding, the hero comes to another moral chi philosophical truth” (23, 1988, p.60). All this, of course, leads to the advancement of a part of the psychological image of the work.

The realistic method of transferring the image of the specialty as a product of the singing furnishings, and yak іndivіduality, scho enter active, wide and raznomanіtnі vіdnosinі with navkolishnіm svіtom. Potentiyne richness of character, people have yogo connections with action, leading to the destruction of psychologism and the growth of yogo role in literature.

“Psychology is the lack of power of literature, it plays a great role in the image character as a collapsible unity of the objective and the subjective, the natural and the non-repetitive” (Golovko, 1992, p. 110).

In order to blame psychologism, it is necessary to achieve a high level of development of the culture of Suspension zagal, ale smut, it is necessary, so that in this culture the unique human specialty was recognized as a value. A similar understanding of a person and action became possible in the 19th century, de psychology reaches the highest peaks in the knowledge and mastery of the inner world of specialness, putting before a person things morally powerful.

“Literary psychology is an artistic form,
inculcating the ideological and moral whispering of heroes, the form, in which literature has mastered the formation of human character, the luminous foundations of specialness. For whom, first of all, it is known that the problematic and artistic value of psychologism ”(23, 1988, p. 28).

In psychological drama, psychologism takes a clear position, the main form of change, which carries on itself a problematic, ideological ambition. Not a part, not an element of the artistic structure of the drama. Psychologism has a special aesthetic power that permeates and organizes all the elements of form, the whole life, the whole conflict situation.

The main respect in the psychological drama is not based on any outer manifestations, but on the inner life of acting people. Psychologism here acts as a virase of innermost life. The characters of the psychological drama can be mentally divided into two main groups (and the social sign plays a different role in this type), which can be divided into different psychological types: the first group is “people of the outer world” and the other is “internal” (60, 1999). Representatives of the first group have been relieved of the evidence, which they reflect, they are “climbing” types, and the deepness of the soul has been relieved. People of the same type are folded in nature, like in their “innocence” and “usunennia” in the form of any manifestations of real activity, not knowing their own mission. The stench enters their own conflict as if from a suspense, and from themselves, becoming fleeting victims of “free will”, wearing such a stench to respect themselves.

In addition, zaprovadzhennya psychologism in the internal structure of psychological drama to make a re-accentuation of diyovykh osib. The only hero is most often the day, their sprats and skins from them carried a special drama in themselves. “Psychological drama becomes a creation of polyphonic sounds (to sound like “voices” of voices). Psychological drama - tse, importantly, polyphonic, but not monologue structure "(Osnovin, 1970, p. 248).

It can be said that the psychology of the drama is the singing principle of the organization of the artistic elements of the unity, yak i є tsіlіsnіst i svoєridnіst psikhologicheskiy dram.

Peculiarities of psychological drama as a genre variety.

Drama (so-crema psychological drama as a genre variety) enters the literary arena in that period, if the process of forming a new “idea of ​​a person” is in progress. Even the “idea of ​​a person” is evolving, signifying the diachrony of the genre system, the dynamics of literature. “The philosophical “idea of ​​a person” is characteristic of the singing historical and literary era, causing the dominance of genres in the singing literary genre, the development of this development is quiet from them, as they appear to be the most elegant to adequate instillation of the ideas of the song” (Head, p. 80).

1.2 Typological and individual in the genre system and characterology of Turgenev's novel.

Such creations as "Evgeniy Onegin", "The Hero of Our Hour", "Dead Souls" laid the foundation for the possible development of the Russian realistic novel. The artistic activity of Turgenev the novelist flared up at the moment when Russian literature was joking about new ways, turning to the genre of the socio-psychological, and then the socio-political novel.

In 1859, a new, great ideological and artistic task arose in front of Turgeniev - to show the “turning point” of Russian life - it was impossible to beat it with the help of “small” literary genres. Assuring me, I. Z. Turgeniev and having turned to a new genre of his own, having accumulated a lot of elements, appeared to be necessary for the artistic inspiration of his novels, in the process of forward creative work in the sphere of singing, short stories, drawing, storytelling, dramaturgy.

Obviously, in the fire of the fair artists, as if they would sing with the inner light of their heroes. V. G. Belinsky in a flash, without showing himself a great artist without "creativity, quickly touches all forms of life, is transferred in any character, in any specialty." Developing this idea, M. G. Chernishevsky said in his dissertation: “One of the traits of a poetic genius is to increase the understanding of the essence of the nature of a real person, to marvel at her with penetrating eyes.”

Shche N. G. Chernishevsky wrote about those who "psychological analysis is not the essence of evil, which gives strength to creative talent." The knowledge of the human heart, the building of the creation of yoga mysteries before us - even the first word in the characters of those writers, the creations of which are re-read by us. Starting from the middle of the 19th century, the psychological analysis of Russian literature is gaining a new quality: the artist's attention to the psychological development of specialness is sharpened, as to the subject of the image, it becomes a global trend of the development of critical realism, which is explained by significant susp.

V.A. Nedzvetsky considers Turgenev's novels to the type of "personal novel" of the 19th century (41, p. 54. Russian social and universal novel of the 19th century: Formation and Directed Evolution. - M., 1997). This type of novel is characterized by the fact that both historically and structurally it is shaped by history and the share of "modern people" who are motivated and ascertain their rights of specialness. "Personal" novel is a reflection of life's prose, not without limits. As a signifier of N.N.Strakhov, Turgenev in the moment, shukav and depicted the beauty of our life (51, Critical articles about I.S. Turgenev and L.M. Tolstoy.-Kiev., 2001.p.-190). This led to the selection of manifestations, more importantly spiritual and poetic. V.A. Nedzvetsky rightly states: "... The artist's share of the people in the non-dominant connection and the spivvіdnі z yogo practical Borg in front of the suspіlstvo and the people, as well as the deep human development of the problematics of that colіzіy naturally slapped Goncharіvsko-Turgenіvskomu, s. 189-190)

A lot of doslidnikiv show that Roman I. Z. Turgenev, in his development, all literary forms were poured in, in some of them, his artistic thought was given (drawing, story, drama, etc.).

This was shown by the warnings of the wealthy clerics (N. L. Brodsky, B. M. Eikhenbaum, G. B. Kurlyandska, S. E. Shatalov, A. I. Batyuto, P. G. Pustovoit, M. K. Kleman, G. M. Clément, A. Byaliy, G. A. Tseitlin and others) are the most important and most recent traces of connection between Turgenev’s novel and yoga story. Behind the genre sign, the novel I. S. Turgenev is heavy to the point of the wind of his top composition, clearly marked by the point of the greatest tension. Literary scholars realized the closeness of Turgenev's novel to the story. Behind Tseitlin's words, Turgenev did not vaguely call his novels short stories: it's true to stand on the border between these genres, de, on the vіdmіnu vіd to the epic novel, the tragedy novel, we know here the novel-story. The І tsієyu gibrіdnіstyu genre vzachayutsya rich features of the structure of Turgenev's novel - її simplicity, style, harmony.

The Turgeniv novel is inconceivable without the great suspіlny type. Whom has all one of the 100 credits of Turgenev's novel in yogo story. Characteristic of the rice structure of Turgenev's novel is the uninterrupted rozpovidi. The successors indicate that the novels, written at the time of the development of the talent of the writer, clarify with scenes, as if they were not completed in their development, remember the meaning, as if they were not revealed until the end. Main Meta I. Z. Turgeneva - to paint the spiritual image of the hero on head rice, tell about yoga ideas.

With the demands of a suspenseful life, and with the logic of the fluffy artistic development of Turgenev, I will draw to the point of need to refine the "old manner" of drawing. Having seen in 1852 we christen the "Notes of a Thought" to the writers, Turgenev wrote "they came out ... in the old manner", as if they remembered the wines on the sheet of K. S. Aksakov on 16 (28) date of 1852. The decision is to abandon the "old manner" of Turgenev with more singing, repeating at the leaf of P. V. Annenkov in 28 (9) leaf fall of the same fate: P., 11.77)

Podolayayu "old manner", Turgenev to put the task of understanding the hero in his social role, in the aspect of svіvіdnesennia z whole epoch. So, Rudin acts as a representative of the epoch of the 30-40s, the epoch of philosophical delusions, abstract glimpses and at times a strange exercise for the public; service, "right", with a clear understanding of one's own viability before the fatherland and the people. Lavretsky є vyraznym already offensive stage suspіlnoї іstorії Rosії - 50's, if "dіyannya" ahead of the reforms nabuvaє rice more social concreteness. Lavretsky is no longer Rudin, a noble educator, familiarizing himself with any kind of soil, setting himself the task of "learning to yell at the earth" and morally pouring into the people's life with a path of deep Europeanization. At the specialty of Bazarov, Turgenev drew on the facts of prominent representatives of the democratic stake of the 60s. Like a materialist-naturalist, like a person who cares about idealistic abstractions, like a person of "unstoppable will", realized the need to destroy the old, to "cleanse the field", nihilist Bazarov to lie down to a generation of revolutionaries-riznochintsiv.

Turgenev is a small representative of his hour, that yogo characters are forever timed to the singing era, to the singing ideological chi of the political revolution. Rudin, Bazarov, Nezhdanov are connected with the singing stages of the class struggle in the history of Russia in the suspіlny rozvitkovі. By the characteristic drawing of his novels, Turgenev, having taken into account the obviousness of some historical significance, to convey "the image itself and the pressure of the hour" with this exercise. You were able to create a novel about the historical process in your ideological direction, about the change of historical epochs, about the struggle of ideological and political directives. Turgenev's novels became historical for the theme, but for the way they are depicted. With great respect, stalkers for change and the development of ideas in the succession, Turgenev reconverted to the inapplicability of the old, traditional, calm and great epic advice for the realization of the current vibrating supremacy of life: "... we survived that critical, you can use the back of the epic" (P., I, 456). The task of capturing the ideological and political time, photographing the "evil of the era" brought Turgenev to the creation of a novel-story, to the original compositional-genre structure.

A special type of novel, the creations of Turgeniev, connected with the city of zdatnistyu, commemorate the birth of life, correctly guess the originality of turning points in Russian history, if the struggle between the old and the new is borderline. Transition of life from one station to the next loan of a dialectical writer. Iomu was able to convey the ideological and moral atmosphere of the skin ten years of the suspenseful life of Russia in the 1840s-1870s, to create an artist’s chronicle of the ideological life of the “cultural sphere” of the Russian suspense of this period. In front of the collection of novels seen in 1880, he wrote: "The author of Rudin, written in 1855, and the author of Novy, written in 1876, are one and the same person. a little strength and innumerable, summarily and unprecedently imagining and exercising in proper types those that Shakespeare calls "the body and pressure of time", and that distinguished physionomy of the Russian people of the cultural ball, which most importantly served as the subject of my warnings "(XII , 303).

Завдання відтворення перехідних моментів російської історії, прагнення встигнути за тікає "останньою хвилею життя і "вловити фізіономію" російської інтелігенції, що швидко змінюється, повідомляли романам Тургенєва відому ескізність ставили їх на межу повісті за концентрованістю змісту, чітко позначених пунктів. зосередженості навколо одного героя Не Vipadkovo called his novels by Turgenev tales, sometimes great tales, sometimes broader novels, which they conveyed, however, "the verses of our suprising life." about the creativity of Turgenev's novelist: "Often, Turgenev's mysticism was compared with Greek mysticism. The alignment is more correct, to the fact that the Greeks, like Turgenev, had a more complicated goal by the tightness of the miraculously selected rice. Before Turgenev, the novelist has not shown a new way of saving money: You are amazed, as Turgenev could have done with such short books the end of the enemy of trivality and totality.

p align="justify"> The structure of Turgenev's novel is special, no doubt, due to the destruction of the regularity of social action earlier, to the philosophical and historical views of the writer, to the recognition of the dialectical development of natural and supple reality. Having gone through the school of dialectical thought under the Hegelianism of Werder, Turgenev knew that the movement of history is developed through the struggle of the cobs from the lower to the highest, from the simple to the folding, from the repetitions on the greater part of the positive change.

In his literary-critical articles, Turgenev repeatedly emphasized the role and importance of the critical cob of historical Russian people. The foreshadowing was seen as the moment of transition from the old to the new: when we enter on the teres of the suspensory development, the negative cob becomes "one-sided, ruthless and ruinous", and then we lose our ironic strength and become "positive smist and transform into a rational progress" (I , 226). In the historical Russian people, the writer bacheled us in front of the law of the cross. Vіn vvazhav, that the skin phase of supple history through the struggle of internal protelyazhnosti come to self-perpetuating, but at the same time, a positive zmіst will be organically conquered by representatives of a new, greater stage of development. Spravzhnі, zhodyachi zistorichnoї scenii, transfer to the future their rational ambush and in such a rank get rich away. Thus, the offensive of the generations, on Turgenev’s thought, the novels of which are permeated with faith in the significance of history, wanting the writer to be powerful and draw philosophical pessimism. The idea of ​​transcribing the old, which vibrates and solidifies the new, which overrides, has little initial significance for the structural genre organization of Turgenev's novel. His task as a novelist is to take into account the guessing of "mittevnosti fracture, mittevnosti, in some of the past they die and a new one is born" (P., III, 163).

Practicing the mysticism of the novel, close to the novel, Turgenev tried to convey the "truth of the human, physionomy", chirping with nothing more than splendid podia, with the right scale and natural proportions of life's manifestations, cherishing the classical feelings of peace. The list of adventurous-plotted cliques in the novels of Turgenev by G. Maupassant: "Vin dorimuvavsya literature of the most modern and advanced glances, revisiting all the old forms of the novel, inspired by the intrigue, with dramatic and mastery combinations, in life," " the little things of life " , without intrigue and rude favors " .

Chi is not a cicava intrigue, not a boisterous development of undertones, but "inner diya" is typical for Turgenev's novels - the process of manifesting the spiritual change of a person and the conflict of yoga with the middle.

With a novelistic character, Turgenev's novels are inspired by the necessary epicness. It is created by the very same, that the wise heroes go beyond the boundaries of intimate-special experiences in a wide world of spiritual interests. Rudin, Lavretsky, Insarov, Bazarov, Solomin, Nezhdanov, and others are very mindful of the problem of the "sacred good" about the need for radical changes in the life of the people. The inner world of heroes chooses from their own pragnennia and thoughts of a whole era - the era of noble enlightenment, like Rudin and the Lavretsky chi of the era of democratic life, like Bazarov. The image of the hero takes on a homely epicness, to which it becomes a viraz of national originality, like the fundamental tendencies of folk life, even though Turgenev and reveals the character of the hero over wide scenes of suspile practice, and scenes of ideological superechki and in intimate experiences. The history of these experiences is superbly contrived and to the fact that love is born on the ground of internal ideological success, to the fact that it is necessary to put the dead at the conflict setting to the nearest suspense sharpening. Through love, one becomes a re-verification of the moral values ​​of the heroes. Nevipadkovo razpovid in Turgenev's novels ends with a "dramatic vibe", as M. Ribnikova clearly respected.

Turgenev's faith in the spiritual wealth of the Russian people, who have a moral superiority over their helpers, gave an epic understanding of life. Depicting in the novels the history of the people of the "cultural sphere", Turgenev's world of nobles and various intellectuals evaluates from the position of the author of the "Notes of Thought", i.e., the evidence of great moral forces that lurk among the people.

The way to achieve epic scale in Turgenov's novel is especially broken by the principle of historicism: the novel has a similarly interpenetrating chronological aspects. Nini, who is roaring for a day, is thoroughly permeated with the past, which explains the turns of the root of the phenomena, podia, character. For the Russian novel, especially the Turgenevian one, it is characteristic of the linking of the hours and the tight interweaving of chronological plans. Characters of the heroes in their stature and development in Turgenev for the rahunka of retrospectives (biographies and projections in the future (epilogues)), to that those "arrivals" were taken in criticism have a novel.

The epic latitude of Turgenev is within the reach of the usunenny timchas layers and the victories of the great timchas prorivs. Spravzhnє rasgortaєtsya smoothly and nekaplivo vіdpovіdno until zmіstu zobrazhuvanih dіy i podіy, past future is given eskіzno, pobezhno, mimohіt, concentrated.

Turgeniev - having defied the boundary dynamism of the first introductory episodes, before that, the acting individuals showed themselves without middle ground, in the dialogue scenes. Ale tsі stnі szvychay podednuyutsya z in front, schopravda, even more stylized and different socio-psychological characteristics. The dynamic beginning is often changed by biographical steps, which can sometimes be even more significant. For example, in "The Nest of Nobles" this access is realized in the past by a wide range of expansions (VIII-XVI), however, this access to this novel is gaining independent significance in the context of the whole. Widely roaring the social background, which explains the dramatic history of Lisa and Lavretsky, Turgenev in the XVII razdіlі turns rozpovidі in the present. Such folding gossip of the past day and life in the novel "Dim".

Overgrown with "additions", which open up the perspective of the character and give a wide panorama of life, the love-psychological story settles down in its structure, gaining epic zmistovnosti. Until then, the core of Turgenev's novel is far from being brought up to an intimate-psychological collision: special history is always accompanied by scenes of dramatic action, like ideological connotations of social antagonists, or ethical-philosophical one-mindedness. The very kohannya in the Turgeniv novel speaks deeply to people, who are people of spiritual sympathy, the very same scenes of ideological development and organically fit into the history of intimate-special vіdnosin. Kokhaniy becomes a teacher for the Turgenevskaya maiden, who is the one who gives food about those, how to do good.

The respect of a writer is based on various ideological mediations of a love story. Already in episodes
from the present hour of Turgenev to go beyond the boundaries of the great
povisti". Scenes of ideological development, complicated by psychological motives, form the basis of the novel and signify richly in what structural-genre identity.
The form of dialogue in the novels of Turgenev always comes out as true, necessary, to those who for help are depicted
people who seem to be internally significant,
suttivimi. Spіvrozmovniki that at the scenes of ideological superechki,
in intimate conversation are given in pairs, in pairs alone
friend. Before forming a dialogue, Turgenev will inevitably turn around
using the method of depicting the ideological and psychological antagonism of Rudin and Pigasov, Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov,
Lavretsky and Panshina, Sipyagin and Solomin, and also with the method of depicting people who are spiritually close - Rudina and Lezhnev, Lavretsky and Mizalevich, Lisa and Lavretsky, Shubina and Bersnev, Litvinova and Potugina. The forms of dialogical movement of Turgenev are small in nature, which reflect the essence of historical trends. У сцени ідеологічної суперечки, що виражають ідейні взаємини його учасників, російських інтелігентів 40-70-х років, мають істотне значення в композиції тургенівських романів цікавлячись історією ідейних розбіжностей своїх героїв, Тургенєв протиставляв їх один одному не лише за лінією ідеології, а й їх індивідуально -psychological change. The versatility of Turgenev's philosophies from theoretical nutrition - the versatility of typical characteristics, representations of the unity of their ideological and moral image. In the scenes of the super girl Turgenev acts as a psychologist, who sternly cackles with the spiritual features of the antagonists. The polemical dialogue becomes a form of manifestation as a way to change the theoretical positions of diyovyh osib, and their social and psychological identity.

Also, it is important to recognize the Turgeniv novel as it is rooted in the nature of yoga. With the difference between Turgenev's story, his novel looks like a coherent one and at the same time a string of plot-compositional system with a clearly enriched internal interrelationship between the usual and super-sharp elements.

1.3 Specificity of psychology I. S. Turgenev.

In the other half of the 19th century, since a great number of ideas and thoughts broke through in all forms of suppleness, in Russian realist literature, the tendency to the deepest penetration of the inner world of a person became especially obvious.

The foldable sphere of human thoughts and feelings is the main beacon of the realistic method of artistic creativity, and the psychologically reliable revelation of the inner world of a person on the basis of yoga sv'yazkіv іz navkolishnі svіt has long ago become the mіtsnim artistic conquests.

The past literature has long been informed about the great significance of the contribution of I. From Turgenev to the treasury of human studies.

Even in the 18th century in the 1950s, N. Ch. Chernishevsky formulated a rich view of psychological analysis based on the analysis of the psychological manner of L. Tolstoy: , yak is so bad, pushed a viniki, the fountain of the abundance of the enemy, the fumes of the spitting il strong, they are in excess, to go to the izhі, the jester is at the back of the cantile leading to other thoughts, choking on distance and distance, angering the dream about the future, thinking about the future and reflecting on the current day. liz predilections; Count Tolstoy daedalі more - the psychic process itself; yogo form, yogo law, dialectics of the soul, to hang out with a singing term.

Sochasnik I. Z. Turgenev, critic P. U. Annenkov, writing to the fact that Turgenev is "a perfect psychologist", "ale taemniy". Followed by the psychology of Turgenev, "forever nailed to the work, - continue the wine, - and the wine develops from it, like a red thread, put into the fabric" .

Having given low criticism for Turgenev's life, I took away the recognition from the period - to the present day. Vidpovly, to the Turgenian psychologism, it is a matter of objective and pydsumkovy in nature: psychologist, intra-nurse, in the pre-tuning of their own kind of Schovyk, a picture in ovnіshnіh manifestations in poses, gestures, mimics, thinning.

The knowledge of the human heart, the building of the creation of yoga mysteries in front of us - even the first word in the characteristics of the skin of these writers, the creations of which will be re-read by us with wonder.

Starting from the middle of the 19th century, the psychological analysis of Russian literature is gaining a new quality: artistic respect has been sharpened to a psychological development of specialness as the subject of the image becomes savage the trend towards the development of critical realism, which was explained by deep suspense-historical changes. Another half of the 19th century - the era of lamanna pіdvalin old, patriarchal krіposnitskoy Russia, if "the old one is irrevocably, it fell on everyone's eyes, and the new only invested." The process of historical turmoil has been prikoryuvavsya. "At a ten-year-old spawn, there were transformations that were planted in some countries of Europe for a hundred years," wrote V.I. Lenin about the 1st epoch. Capitalist Russia went to change the capital. This economic process was recognized by the social gallery "for the big days of a little bit of an individual."

The destruction of psychological analysis in Russian literature of the middle and other half of the 19th century, owing to new aspects of the problem of specialness, found its own unique and unique expression in the works of Turgenev and Goncharov, Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky. Tsikh pisatelykіv ob'ednuє pragnennya zrozumіt vnutrіshnіy svіt people yоgo superchliviy foldedness, nevpinnіy zmіnі ta borotbі protilezhnyh podchatkіv. The psychology of the peculiarity of the stink was looked at like Bagatosharov, and the spivvіdnesnostі korіnnih polіnіh polіnіh vіdnostі that superficial dovnіvіv, scho vіnіkli іn іnfluence оf the social vicious middle. At the same time, the method of psychological analysis was developed by our miraculous writers in an individually original way, according to their reasonableness, with their own concept of people.

Poor ideological and artistic characteristics of the native writers as representatives of the main, protilezhnyh and at the same time inconsistently connected with the Russian psychological realism of the nineteenth century, may be significant for the understanding of the individual natural laws of skin processes, naturalness.

Behind the words of M. B. Khranchenko, "typological unity does not mean simple repetition of literary phenomena, it conveys their sporidness - the similarity of some of these internal features." Для письменників психологічного течії, російського критичного реалізму особливо характерно зображення різноманітних конфліктів особистості та суспільства на відміну письменників так званого соціологічного течії, цікавляться конфліктами, зумовленими глибокими протиріччями між потребами нації, народу і панівним суспільним укладом, самодержавно-кріпосницьким ладом.

The inner world of the heroes becomes the object of a saw artistic development in the works of psychological directing. "History of the human soul" was recognized by Lermontov as "the ice does not tell and correct the history of the whole people." L. Tolstoy took in the head of the metaphor of art, to "hang out the truth about the soul of a person." Having entered the art of wine with a microscope, which makes a mitten on the secrets of one’s soul, and showing the secrets of the bedroom to all the secrets to people. "Images of passions" were also occupied by Goncharov. Vіn postiyno izobrazhuvav "the process of raznomanіtnogo show passion, that love", to that "the game of passion to give the artist a rich material of living effects, dramatic situations that make more life for his creations".

"Internal people" in the new literature of Europe was founded even before the advent of this word formation. Literature - and, zvichayno, philosophy - in a different way, understood those who are "in the middle"; spriynyattya thoughts that spivvіdshennya dumki with a word, we call її vyslovit, verbalizuvati. Under the psychopoetics of Etkind, the field of philology, as a way of looking at the spivvіdnennya thought-word, moreover, the term "idea" here and below means not only logical vysnovok (from reasons to naslіdkіv, but from naslіdkіv to, reasons), not only from the point of rationality і ago), and th usu sukupnіst vnutrishny zhittya. Dumka (to our primal vocabulary) conveys the zmist, like Jean-Paul, putting in the understanding of the "inner person"; vtіm, tsim poednannyam mi koristuvatimesya often, loom on the vozіznomanіtya foldedness of the processes that flow from the soul. For the first time, it’s respectful that verbalization, that is the difference between my thoughts and my own, is the difference between different cultural and stylistic systems.

"Internal people" that psychology - this problem is considered by E. Etkind as relevant. Vіn naming, scho Zhukovsky shukav „verbal zabіv - vyslovit nevimovna. Russian opusal poetry and novel prose of the 19th century was the beginning of the conquests of the world of "inner people" by the romantics, with the psychologism that they see. The romantics have revealed their character - Novalis has said more poignantly: "That is the name of psychology - whole laurels, who were placed at the sanctuary of the city, tribute to the true gods." The scribes of the 19th century, subdued romanticism, engaged in the rehabilitation of psychology. N. Ya. Berkovsky, respecting: "Characters are unacceptable for romantics, because stench is between specialness, setting it between, bringing it to a hardening"

Russian prose (and before it - Pushkin's "novel at the verses") is more and more bold and richer knowing the pardon of the manifestation. In one of our great novelists, there are no riddles of such a "hardening": the psychology of the heroes of Goncharov and Turgenev, Dostoyevsky and Tolstoy, Garshin and Chekhov is reminiscent of gnuchkist, rich-sided clay, minuscule, unprepossessing folding. In the skin of them, there is a clear manifestation of the internal dominant: in Goncharov, there is a struggle between the natural essence of a person and a book; in Dostoevsky - people have a combination of non-selective and subordering of their own ideas, which leads to a splitting of specialness, to a pathological "doubleness"; in Tolstoy - the struggle between the spiritual and sinful-bodily forces in the middle of the body and soul, the struggle that signifies love, and death; Chekhov has a conflict between the social role and the power of people among people. Tsі shvidkі formulas mivolіlі lіkvagіnі, chitach znayde nayґruntovnіshiі і serёznі sudzhennі і proponovanіy knizi (Etkind E.G. Inner person and foreign mova.: Draw psychopoetics of Russian literature XVIII-XIX st.–M., 1999.–446s).

Understandably, the writers-psychologists were the accomplices of pure psychologism, passive contemplative confusion in the inner world of the hero as a self-sufficient and non-objective flow of associative links. Through the psychology of specificity, the stench revealed the essence of the suspensory vіdnosin. The history of intimately special experiences made it possible to reveal the moral and psychological become representatives of antagonistic social forces and trends. Not without reason U. R. Belinsky wrote: "Now the novel and the story depict not vices and honesty, but like members of the society, and that, depicting people, they represent the society" .

The psychological drama of specialness acted as a socially educated one, generated by some sort of substantive processes of the future history. But, as if respecting G. Pospelov, in the artistic creations of a psychological overrun, and in the characters of the heroes, they show themselves only "symptoms" of the huge environments that they created, directly, in any type of environment, in any type of sociological creations.

Psychologism of prose I. Z. Turgenev repeatedly turned on the respect of his predecessors, the writer and the author of this monograph. Even in the 1954 article "The mystical method of Turgenev the novelist (based on the materials of the novels" Rudin "," Noble Nest ", Forward", "Fathers and Children")", and then in the book "Method and style of Turgenev the novelist" were considered forms of psychological analysis in the works of Turgenev in connection with his light-gazing method using the portrait baby method, the originality of psychological details, the contrast of the author's position, the nature of the opposing style - everything was brought up by me in connection with the forms of psychological analysis of Turgenev.

From the work, specially dedicated to the specifics of Turgenev's artistic manner, we should name the old book by A.G. Significant part of the monograph of G. Bialy "Turgeniev and Russian realism" is introduced into the chronology of the novels of the writer from the point of view of the connection of their ideological difference with the peculiarities of the artistic form, from the perspective of the ideological and political and ethical and philosophical light-gazer. Components of the style are viewed in a similar way to a person, with an improved conception of character, Turgenev's vision of the problem of specialness, which hopes for an analysis of organic unity, regardless of the stringency and diversity of the received material.

In the books "Problems of the Poetics of I. S. Turgenev" (1969), "The Artistic World of I. S. Turgenev" (1979) S. Є. Shatalov practically continues the traditions of his successors, looking at the evolution of Turgenev's psychologism from the objective, outer image of the soul to a deeper analytical insight into the inner world of a person. A number of monographic works and titles of articles assigned to the forms of psychological analysis in that other work of Turgenev.

Turgenev was an opponent of that self-restraint, as Tolstoy's caution was so sharp, instilling him to marvel at people with a penetrating look. Following the words of M. G. Chernishevsky, Tolstoy "having supervisedly respectfully cultivated the mysteries of the life of the human spirit in oneself," this knowledge "gave him a mitzna the basis for cultivating human life in the fire, for resolving the characteristics of that springs of diy, the fight against addictions and enmity." Turgenev was given in this heartfelt respect to himself the reflection of the zavoi people: "Already, all these subtle reflections and reflections on the power of feelings have already come and gone." The old "psychological bullshit" to make Tolstoy's "positively monomanic" was associated by Turgenev with a shrill, intrusive, insipid introspection of the "zayvoi lyudiny". Tsya seredzhenіst "Russian Hamlet" in their daily individualistic experiences seemed to the writer of tribnoy, hisstical, which leads to disunity with people.

Turgenev rightly quarreled against the detailed description of the insignificant phenomena of the psyche in the works of Tolstoy's exponents, against the method of psychological analysis by them. If the pursuit of subtle pivtons becomes a self-killer, then the psychological analysis becomes subjective and one-sided in nature. Turgenev is radiant to N. L. Leontiev: "Make yourself ... be simpler and clearer in the right science; your bida is like confusion, wanting more, and even more than a few other thoughts, like an uncommon richness of hindsight, other rows of feelings and tensions. Guess, which is not thin and foldable, the inner attachment is like a fabric in a human style, shkiri, for example, but it is a kind of intelligence and uniform "(P., II, 259). To Yomu Turgeniev he wrote: "... yours are more subtle and smarter, often darker" (P., IV, 135). Inspired by the gift of psychological analysis L. Ya. Vіn zasterіgaє її vіd pragnennya "to catch all the colivannya of mental states": "You must cry incessantly, navіt ridayat, vіdchuvayut a terrible pain, then at the same time unimaginably lightness, etc. I don't know, "You have read Leo Tolstoy, but the impressions that for you the birth of this one - without a doubt the first Russian writer - are positively sad."

Turgenev, appreciating the power of Tolstoy, the analysis of psychological analysis, flatness, fragility, dynamism of his mental baby, and then negatively posing to the inexhaustible layout of Tolstoy’s works (P., V, 364; VI, 66; VII, 64-65, 7) . The form of an uninterrupted image of the mental process of Turgenev was rozzenyuvav as "a prim and one-man rattle in the same voices", as "an old way of conveying the sound, vibrations of one and the same sense, position", as a "psychological rattle". It was given to you that the winds of the drib'yazkovy layout were felt in your warehouse.

Tsya dissatisfaction with the microscopic analysis of the "soul" was of Turgenev's temperament: it is connected with the deep foundations of the yogi svetoglyad, with the singing solutions to the problem of specialness.

Tolstoy miraculously coped with the task of dynamic transformation of the internal movement. Transmuting the idiomatic Inner Promo into syntactically organized and understood for others, Tolstoy created a literary imitation of the inner movement, trying to preserve its singularity - inarticulateness and thickening. To Ale Turgenev, for the transformation of the undifferentiated flow of the movable thought into the language, I understood everything, it was true, the smut, we can. Yogo was not satisfied with Tolstoy's transition from the internal movement to the old one, as a rationalistic intrusion into that area of ​​\u200b\u200bhuman knowledge, as it does not follow the analytical layout of that designation.

Тургенєв був певною мірою прав, коли протестував проти раціоналістичного розуміння "духовності" людської особистості, проти словесного, отже, логізованого зображення засобами внутрішнього монологу психічного потоку, ще невиразного і цілком неусвідомленого на ранніх зародкових стадіях його розвитку, Принаймні, переконання Тургенєва у цьому, що the first troubles of life, the first unacknowledged manifestations of evidence do not follow the exact verbal designation - they are entirely consistent with the provisions of modern scientific psychology.

The negative attitude of Turgenev to the method of optimal recognition of all phases of the mental process is becoming clear, especially in the light of L.Z.

Protesting against the quiet, who looks at the blue between the thoughts and in a word, like the processes are independent, independent and isolated, and also against the quiet, who ottozhnyuє tsі processes, L.S. sonic. This link blames, changes, grows in the course of the very development of the thought and the word. "In the same practice of "Mislennya and Mova" of the speeches, write: "We did not wait for them, who look at the inner language, like those who are ahead of the callous, like її internal bik. As the name of the language is the process of converting the thought into a word, the materialization and the activation of the thought, then here we will be able to turn the process straight ahead, the process that needs to be called in the middle, the process of steaming the movie into a thought. Alemov is not familiar with its internal form. Svіdomіst not vyparovuєtsya zovsіmі not razchinyaєtsya in a pure soul. Internal language is still language, that is a thought, tied with a word. And just as a thought enters the word in the outer language, then the word dies in the inner language, giving rise to the thought. Inner language is a significant world of thought with pure meanings...'. Alone thoughts and loneliness do not move together. One and the other processes show unity, but also totality. The stench is tied one by one with folding transitions, folding transformations, but they don’t bend one by one like they are laid one by one straight lines. It’s easier to get over it in the mood, if the robot’s thoughts end not far away, if it appears that the thought came from the word, like Dostoyevsky.

The process of the birth of almost and thought to Turgenev by a secret laboratory, closed by any writer. The first emotions of emotion do not tolerate cold analytical dissection: the stench of mystery and can be immediately perceived. His orders to perekonannya in the inconsistency of the spiritual process, which is prihovana, at the first stages of this development of Turgenev hanging at the link with the intimate experiences of Lisa and Lavretsky: , what was in a pure girl: it was a mystery for her self. psychological understanding from the grain, which is poured and zrіє at the bosom of the earth, reveals the turgenіvske rozumіnnya process of feeling that it is born, like an unfailing zvnіshnym guardianship.

On the deep side of Turgenev’s reconciliation, it is impossible to name with an exact word those who, by themselves, are imperceptibly, unmistakably rich to the richness of the riches and the folding of the internal super-chalky unity, the causes of the lack of awareness of these warehouses, which are only slightly popular. To this very Turgenev, moving through a microscopic analysis of the indistinct, undifferentiated flows in the inner emotional life of a person, and most importantly depicting the internal monologue, he matured and fully perceived, completely completed thoughts, that is the result of a mental process. Nevipadkovo with the help of epithets that yogo connection of wines, conveying the signs of the spiritual warehouse of their heroes and the situation of this moment, with the depiction of their minlivih moods.

Significantly: the sphere of illustrative and variegated evidence was already occupied by Turgenev-psychologist, but for the manifestation of these spheres of vin mayzhe not koristuvavsya with the help of internal monologue. Ale to tsієї those beastly below.

Turgenev and Tolstoy are antipodes for their psychological method, for their ideological and creative, ethical and philosophical position.

Tolstoy's true realism, which is far from romantic idealization, was found in the methods of psychological analysis, in pragmatic laying out the whole process of origin and development, in the exact word, to mean the most unmediated rhyme of witness. With his merciless analysis of Tolstoy, he distinguished the remaining depths of specialness, clearly revealing the most internal evidence, yet the most diffuse. During the course of the psychic process, Tolstoy was occupied with the nastiest links and the most blue parts of the spiritual life, their chimerical chains and transformations, in a word, the folds of the visor of the inner, psychic. By way of an all-out analysis, the writer reaches a synthetic manifestation of the moral-psychological mode of the special character of a literary hero, who experiences the folding history of the development of the oppression of becoming class manifestations and norms.

Rationalist position of Tolstoy, which first for all appeared on the depicted elementary particles of the microcosm of mental life, Turgenev endlessly exclaimed, having taken into account the deep essence of human specialness, rationally uncorrupted and not similar to that, not a sub-parity of the layout on the smallest. The psychology of elementary particles seemed to him to be "one-mantle rattle in the same sights." Vin acted as an opponent of the enlightened, rationalistic approach to human specialness, to "spirituality", then the opponent of Tolstoy's "dialectics of the soul", taking cover from the spiritual life of a person to the simplest additions.

The empties of the Bezima, by virtue of the word I rosuma, in the very buildings of the Vispluti, are the same, in the Soblagi, I am not pydlaaga, Tobto cognized, Turgenev, in the passage of the romantic ethnic, . Так, підбиваючи підсумки самотнього безсімейного і безрадісного життя Саніна, що раптом несподівано знайшов хрестик, подарований йому Джеммою, і отримав її лист у відповідь з Америки, Тургенєв з усією визначеністю зауважує: "Не беремося описувати почуття, випробувані Саніним при читанні цього листа. задовільного virazu: the stench is glibshi and strong - and without middle ground for every word. Music alone could convey them "(XI, 156).

Emotional elements of music to put a person at the center of the middle with a verbally invisible flow of inner life, all the richness of overflows and transitions of feelings, illumined by the light of the singing light; priluchaet yogo to the ideal, rise above the great human pobut. Musical art becomes for Turgenev a thorough my heart, a biased twist of a mysterious ignoramus from the story "Three Zustrichi", the presented kokhan of Lisa and Lavretsky. Poetic kohannya Russian girl! could have been expressed only by the wondrous, triumphant sounds of Lemma's composition. Respect for the light of the inner person is taken away from the works of Turgenev by a romantic zabarvlennya, turned from pragnia to a synthetic image, and also to "a zagalno-symbolic image of the near spiritual states."

Turgenev's concept of specialness, in its turns, the romantic philosophical idealism of the people of the 40s, leads us to the understanding of the internal organic links between the creative method of writing and the forms of psychological analysis. The realistic method of Turgenev becomes romantically active, bringing out the peculiarities as enigmatic, mysterious and unmistakable in its substantive basis. "And even that is strong in us, which is left for us with a suspiciously mature mystery," - even a writer, explaining the closeness of Maryanni, she was completely uninformed, to romance, to poetry (XII, 100).

Protestyi opposite the Litherasting Imitatziya Dofizhnich of the Herd Senshno Movie, the condensed Iz of the Glibs of the Spiritual “I”, Turgenev, by the aurion of “Tsmno Psychologist”, the psychologist is guilty the body, to which the veins serve as a mitzvah, but as an invisible support. M. Leontiev, - ale taєmnim: guilty of the nobility and apprehension of the root of the appearances, but presenting only the appearances themselves - at that rozkvit chi v'yanenny "(P., IV, 135).

split 2

Psychological insight into the inner world of a person in the novels of I. S. Turgeneva"zayvih people."

2.1 Features"a lot of psychology"in the Turgeniv novel.

The originality and strength of Turgenev's psychologism is in the fact that Turgenev was most attracted to those cunning moods of hostility, yak, angry, guilty of shouting in people of greatness, abundance, joy without a middle sense of buttya, annoying with anger.

S. Є. Shatalov explained in his time the validity of the psychological method I. S. Turgenev Tim, who have not yet fully matured the mind for setting that perfection of nutrition on a modern scientific level. The development of the psychological method to inspire Dostoevsky and L. Tolstoy was noted notably recently; As far as Turgenev, that and the Republic of Herzen, Goncharov, Lyskov and the riches of other artists of the XIX century, then the modern reader of confusions will be satisfied with either those who have spent the meaning of the robots of the authors, who are hard to psychologism, or mastery of Russian classics.

Yak having designated A.I. Batyuto, priyomii psikhologicheskogo rozkrittya charac- ters in Turgenev are rebuying with tіsnіy vіdpovіdnostі to the form of yоgo novels, scho stink є є єєmnoy її її part. Turgenev portrays the psychological process, somehow entrusting the reader, entrusting him to the rich in what the hero’s spiritual life is guessing. With this method, respecting the doslednik, Turgenev is corying with the method of "secret revelation of spiritual ruptures." The scribe will be its own analysis in such a manner that it does not tell about spiritual manifestations, but nevertheless gives the possibility of reading a statement about its day.

The idea of ​​the main idea - about the historical significance of the hero - suborders in Turgenev's novels and the way of depicting the inner life of the character. Turgenev only reveals the inner world of the character, as necessary and sufficient for his understanding of social types and characteristics. That is why Turgenev does not chirp with sharply individual pictures of the inner life of his heroes and does not go into a detailed psychological analysis.

On the view of L. Tolstoy Turgenev, it is more rich to squawk in a more blatant, lower private way, not a "secret process", but manifest it clearly.

It is a head of psychological rice, as it signifies the whole development of the inner life of the heroes, my share, and, later, the plot, - it’s rubbish between the light-gazer and nature.

Vіn izobrazhuvav vyniknennya, razvitka vіdchutya blame and thoughts, which have formed the strength and weakness of nature, її predilection, її romantic spontaneous element, chigo moral strength and reality. Moreover, they looked at their heights in their old growth, changes and all the powerful transformations, but at one time, as if fatally, they marked out the share of their noses. Psychological analysis in the novels of Turgenev was static, but the spiritual evolution of the characters was inspired by radical interests. Chi is not a process of spiritual development of heroes, but the struggle of the past soils in the light of the famous Tsikavil Turgenev the artist. The first axis of the very struggle of the opposite soils among the people, as they cannot exist in unity, becomes inconsistent for Turgenev's heroes and leads to a change in psychological states, and not to the nation as a new setting to the world. To Turgenev's reconciliation, the inconsistency of the processes of a person is connected with the theory of "secret psychology".

The theory of "hidden psychology" conveyed a special system of artistic inspiration: a pause of taemnichego mumbling, pouring in an emotional tension thinly.

The most profound experience of the inner life has gradually become overwhelmed by discontent, becoming less entangled in its results and in its outer manifestations. Trying to be borderline objective, Turgenev constantly added about the distance between the author and the character.

As G. B. Kurlyandska writes, - "Turgenev acted as his opponent of the clear significative recognition of the simplest parts of spiritual life, as if to establish the basis of human psychology."

At once, about those svіdomy and the principle of vіdmova vіd izobrazhennya taєmnichnogo protsess narodzhennya dumki, and almost zovsіm does not mean that Turgenev was a writer of statistical characteristics, scho transfer only stіykі signs of human character. Turgenev's historical-philosophical gazer was marked on the yogo concept of a person as a participant in a modern history. The characters in Turgenev's novels are always representatives of the singing phase in the suspenseful development, they are the representatives of the historical trends of their time. Specialists and zagalne - different spheres for Turgenev. Natural inclinations and grace, tied with nature, twisted by the trivial process of generations, often do not match the needs of people. I will lay down my moral witness to the future that will be born, and by nature I will be bound by the guilt of these days, as if already choked by the ruins and decay. Turgenev-psychologist, it is not the history of the soul, but the struggle of the old ears of the hero's witness. The struggle of the old ears, which cannot be founded in unity, is left unruly for Turgenev's heroes, and it is less likely to lead to a change in psychological states, and not to the birth of a new setting to light. The struggle of proliferation, which brings together the morally-sustainable aspirations of the heroes with their own innate, eternal qualities, is depicted by the writer as unsuccessful: the skin has its own nature, all of them are inseparable.

2.2 The role of the moral and psychological conflict in the novels "Rudin", "Noble Nest".

Rudіn - a genius nature, lie down to quiet characters, like hanging out on a suspіlnu arena, if they are blamed for historical necessity, special roles play a role, like stench may play in history. Turgenev is a little like a person of a rozum type - a theoretician, a "Russian Hamlet", but he will show that he is abroad, and similar to him, the heroes of the Russian action zmushuє їх in their non-powerful nature of the role of the devil.

Psychologism to lie in the social-psychological type, which is created by the artist in the images of heroes. Vіdіrvaniy vіd Rudіn people by the force of historical conditions bv admonitions for bezpіstavnіnі, nоnevіryannya native land. Behind the best words, vin “blukav not one body - blukav soul. "De not buvav I, yakim roads not walking." Rudin's internal socio-psychological drama, the splitting of thoughts that seem to be, the words that are right in the dark, have been criticized more than once. This drama was the result of the socio-historical conditions of the era of hardship, if the best representatives of the noble intelligentsia turned out to be "reasonable inconveniences", "foreign people".

The internal spiritual conflict of Rudina is the main adversity between the sporadic and idle character and the moral stupendousness, like the cry of Rudina serving the fatherland and the people. Rudіn razumіє, scho panuvannya over some minds and German and Marne. The superiority of the head, rozumovy over power to the middle, that bright feeling and that characterizes Rudin as a typical representative of the noble intelligentsia of the 30s - 40s. Vіn suffers "damned nezvichkoy", "leather ruh of his own life, and someone else's laying on the warehouse elements." probіgaє life, tim better. Representatives of democratic izonteligenziy, pіdnimati, 60s Rockyl Rosumili, Sho Nobility Impime 40s Rockyvovaviyavilovili were inconsistent with the practical appendage of his own іdis, the lack of short-term preparations, having expanded more than abstract thought, lower life, which gave them a look and felt some negative elements, the stench lived the most with their heads; the head of the head was sometimes great, which destroyed the harmony in their activities, although it is impossible to say that their hearts were dry and their blood was cold. The socio-psychological drama of Rudina was connected with singing historical minds, the period of the 1830s - the beginning of the 1840s in the life of Russia, if the noble intelligentsia was given to abstract philosophical shukannya, which led to the real life of the protirch.

The type of "zayvoї people" was placed at the center of Turgenev's offensive novel - "The Noble Nest". Having given his hero a touch of democratic poise, physical strength, spiritual integrity and building up to practical activity. A sharp observation of the swedness of the historical turn, change of the supple forces, like zdiisnyuyut tsey move, put the writer in front of the need to posterize and analyze new characters, which are blamed on the support types. Interest in the people, to help them know their place in the historical life of the country, the main sense is the development of some kind of improvement of the people's sense, founded on the knowledge of the needs of the people, characteristic of Lavretsky. Lavretsky is a thinker. Establishing the need for dії, vіn vvazhaє your own turbot rozrobka sensu and directly tsієї ії. In the novel "The Nest of Nobles" there are a few moments introduced that make the protagonist's Hamletism blatant. At the valley of Lavretsky, like in the valley of Rudina, Turgenev, I show the spiritual drama of the idealistically nailed noble intelligentsia of the 30s - 40s, in the face of the people's ґrunta, wanting, like truly respecting D.I. Писарєв "на особистості Лаврецького лежить виразно позначена печатка народності. Йому ніколи не зраджують російський невигадливий, але міцний і здоровий практичний сенс і російська добродушність, іноді незграбна і незграбна, але завжди щира і неприготовлена. Лаврецький щиро прагне бути корисним та потрібним батьківщині. Але вже You can’t calm yourself down with these noble illusions, which, having supported your heart, Rudin, your thoughts have been brought to a real life, to a rapprochement with the people. .

It was necessary to save and carry the "living soul" of the crisis of the old fates of the spreading people of creativity, and not only carry, but wake up with your word your soul in others, wanting to use the forms of the most important and abstract, but the introduction of truths, like "Rudin" , otherwise, they have lost the moral purity of the poetic paintings of the "Nest of Nobles". Historically, it was believed that from one side, with breath-taking and protest, everything should be thrown away, slavish ideology and morality, and from the other - rose to clarify the humane ideal, life and not in profit, not in slavery, but in exaltation to beauty, to truth, to goodness, in familiarity with shoes, in closeness to the people, in love to the fatherland. people at that hour, yakі gave the rest to stagnate and sink.

A sharp observation of the swedness of the historical turn, change of the supple forces, like zdiisnyuyut tsey move, put the writer in front of the need to posterize and analyze new characters, which are blamed on the support types. Vysvitlyuyuchi weak side of the "zayvih people", Turgenev at one time showing that the stench played a positive role in the suspіlnomu life of his hour.

The great ideological and artistic role in the novels of Turgenev is played by a love-psychological collision. M. G. Chernishevsky assigns a special role to all Turgenov’s novels: through a love story, reveal the meaning of the hero in life.

The core of Turgenev's skin novel is made up by the hero's special drama. Turgeniev, a novelist, tries his heroes, we are not going to the great, but to the small life arena, the roblyachs are participants in a collapsible love-psychological kolіzії.

However, the behavior of the hero in the "small" love-psychological drama with a large number of participants is shown for the new virulent trials not only for the hero of the "small" love-psychological drama, but also for the participant in the other, which is "great" historically different. Turgenev, a novelist, goes out of his way about those who are indistinctly connected one with one. Therefore, the behavior of the Turgenev hero in front of the woman he loves and other distant people reveals as his specialty, and the support of authority, mortgaged to him, to serve as a world of historical significance. The beginnings of the hero's behavior in the "small" arena and particularity in the special love-psychological drama help the novelist to feed on the hero's supremacy, about the health of serving the needs of the life of the support of the people. The hero of the novel "Rudin" appears to be weak and impassible in the kohanna, and the lack of a middle ground seems to show a rudeness, an internal rozirvanity of his nature, not only to one who preaches freedom of wine, to step before the routine and ready to come to terms with the action, but in the moment, himself to represent that social element of youth "idealism", rhyme, as it was expressed in the very style of his sermons, he showed his lack of power, inner freedom in the influx of conservative ambushes, he made young people grow up to new heights. Rudіn volіє razmіrkovuvati pro kokhannya, nіzh love, and love itself for him is one of the winning philosophical topics.

The main drawings of people of the "rudinian type" were revealed at the last moment of the virishal yoma of testing - "testing with love", which, indicative of the right value of the heroes, Turgenev sounded "having spent" in their testing. Whose experience Rudin did not show: he was alive in words, he was at the moment, if he needed to show courage in action, appearing weak and cowardly. I broke down and immediately stepped in front of a serious change

ROZDIL 3

EVOLUTION OF PSYCHOLOGISM IN I.S. TURGENEV'S NOVEL PRO"NEW PEOPLE".

3. 1. The type of the hromada dyach of the epoch of the late 50s to the beginning of the 60s in novels about "new people".

1. Like an artist, like an artist, who was quick to see on all the great occasions of the daily life of a suspenseful life, Turgenev realized the need to create the image of a new hero, a building change of passive noblemen of the type of Rudin and Lavretsky, an hour passed by. Whom of the new hero of Turgenev should be known among the democrats of various people and could not be described with maximum objectivity in two novels - "Forward" (1860) and "Fathers and Children" (1862). The staging of a meal about a new child in Russian history is presented in "Forward the Day" with a kind of philosophical overture - on the topic of happiness and obov'yazok (15, Turgenev and Russian realism.-L .: Rad.pismennik, 1962, p.183). In "Next Day" it was not enough to inject into the natural chaos of life and thoughts, to which the very thought and the author's mind were inadvertently reprimanded, "- writing M.A. Dobrolyubov at the article" When will a good day come? "" "Neperedodnі" - the first novel, in a way that the hero's enormous value, is impeccably hardened, and at once the first novel from the figure of raznochintsya at the center. The new hero is characterized as a direct counterpart to Rudin and Lavretsky: neither to his idiom nor to individualism in the least, pragnennya to selfish goals is alien to him. In the presence of all the power of an individual character, necessary for a historical fiend, to put a fight for the freedom of the native land behind it: "the innocence of the will", "the thoughtfulness of the unity and long-standing passion" and so on. in the novel "Neperedodnі" to change "let's go to people", as they reflect and suffer, a person of strong character and purposefulness is inspired by the great idea of ​​​​fighting for the freedom of the fatherland, like a wine under the rule of all his life. Insar again people of the new era. "There is nothing for the new one," says S.M. Petrov, "who gives rise to Hamletism, nor painful reflection, nor shyness to self-flagellation. (44, I.S. Turgenev. Creative way. ., 1978).

You won't choke on the music of Krasnomovstvo, which was so much for the "loose people" like Rudin or Beltov.

Insarov, in order to zastosuvat dobrolyubivsku characterization of the new generation of new people, "no, in my mind shine and noise. In his voice, hey, there are no notes to scream, wanting and є sounds even stronger and firmer. 21, Zіbr.

Tsіlіsnіst speciality, narodzhena vіddanіstyu great deed, give it strength and greatness. The novel "Forward" means that the heroes of Russian literature are new people-raznochints-democrats. Romani Turgenev of the 1860s, in the years before, in which social problems were of great importance. Її show vividly in the novel "Fathers and Children". In "Fathers and Children" Turgeniev turns to the "vіdtsentrovoi" structure of the novel. In the wake of the historical turmoil, the historical turning point in the novel, there is a hero. "Water hour at "Fathers and Children" first Turgenev develops a novel, the structure of which is determined by the opposition of the social and political forces" (36, -L., 1974).

2. Turgenev was wary of life, that the democrats, from which ideologically rose from such wines, are a great and growing force, as they have already shown themselves a huge vigor among the wealthy galuzy. Turgenev realized that the very democratic middle can become a hero. The heroes of the first two novels were close and understood Turgenev. Now I’m stuck out of the heads of artistic inspiration as heroes of the new era of people of a different temperament, lower characters of the middle noble intelligentsia of the 30s and 40s. Іnuє thought, scho "great to catch and condense in the images of Insarov and Bazarov, draw a new suspіlny type, the artist is not able to deeply grasp his sustenance, not zmіg - through the novelty of the character - to the point of transforming himself into a new one" (56, -M., 1979) .

The psyche of people of the type of Bazarov and Insarov was left behind by the singing world "closed", the shards "required by Bazarov, and so it became for Turgeniev" , having respected D.I. Pisarev. Having taken into account the fact that there is no "psychological analysis, related to the retelling of Bazarov's thoughts, we can only guess what we are thinking and formulating before ourselves our reconciliation. In the process of evolution of Turgenev's psychology," - the author of the note. . . Shatalov, - became his own outlet. When the head -to -year heroes are described by the head of the other -row, the close artist, the psychologist analiz in the clocks of all the bilsh stir. new types, having caught them strangely, who have not yet been recognized, having put on figurative significance, it is possible, to inspire not so disparate strokes of the behavior of real osibs, more like chіkuvannyam and hopes, that they connected with the new hero.

Looking at the problems of Turgenev's novels from the beginning of the 50s to the beginning of the 60s, we commemorate that Turgenev, like before, ignoring the truthful reflection of everything new and progressive in Russian life. "Precisely and strongly reflect the truth, the reality of life is the best happiness for a writer, to instill that truth does not escape from his powerful sympathies" - writing wine (11.ХУ, p.349). The novels "Forward" and "Fathers and Children" showed that the heroes of Russian literature are new people - rіznochintsі-democrats. The merit of Turgenev and Poland is that the first in Russian literature, having marked the appearance and future of a greater role already, for example, the 50s.

3.2. Transformation of the role of love-psychological conflict in novels"about "new people"

The great ideological and artistic role in the novels of I.S. , the results of the love-psychological collision have a different plan. That structurally affirming function is changing in connection with the evolution of the genre system. Tse own line is zoomed in by the change of problems.

In the novel "Neperedodnі", the kohannya became like unity among the perekonannya and the fate of the sleeping right. History vzaєmin Іnsarov and Oleni Stakhovoї - it is no less than the history of an unruly kokhanny, based on spiritual sleepiness; Specialists of life are closely intertwined with the struggle for light ideals, for fidelity to the great supremacy.

In "Forward", just like in "Rudin" and "The Nest of Nobles", through a love-psychological collision, the character is revealed, and not only the leading heroes, but also other ones. Glibina and the power of kokhannya, form її show characterize the features of the characters' features - Shubina, Bersenev, Insarov. Turbineless and light-hearted Shubin, although he suffers for an hour in the bayouzhost Deer, to love is so very shallow, like a shallow occupation of mysticism. Lyubov Berseneva - quiet, rozchulena, sentimental-blah. And then Insarov appears, and with such force he sings to Olen, who is afraid of him. It is selfless and bezmezhne almost, which oshopila її, awakening in her passions, її courageousness-everything shows the strength of character and the richness of Insarov's specialness. Turgenev is a little more familiar, more unsatisfactory in his works, scenes of kohannya, a new type of introduction between the heroes of the novel. Having fallen in love with Olena, Insarov lives no weaknesses in character, like "zayvі people", like the strength of yoga. You are afraid that love is up to the girl, you can’t imagine marveling at the yoke of the vine yet, like you can divide the right life for a person, start a yoma. But Insarov does not allow thoughts, so "for the satisfaction of the special one, feel free to change your rights and your footwear" (U111.53). All the same, you know the moral look of the raznochintsa-democrat of the 60s. It is noteworthy that the position before Insarov at Olenya is somewhat different, lower among the first heroes of Turgenev's novels. Natalya is ready to bow before Rudin. Olena “observed that I didn’t want to be shy before Insarov, but give you a friendly hand (U111.53). Olena is not just Insarov’s squad - she’s a friend, one-minded, a fellow participant in yoga.

And naturally, in opposition to Rudin and Natal, Lavretsky and Liza, Insarov and Olena, they know their own happiness, their life path is marked by a high idea of ​​feat in their happiness to the people. The harmony between the ideal and the behavior of Oleni is most clearly shown on the scenes of the novel, dedicated to the image of the birth and development of the її like Insarov. Accept someone else's goal. Х1У, in the aftermath of Insarov’s chergovoi, there is an offensive dialogue about Bulgaria between him and Olena:

- Do you love your fatherland? she said uneasily.

It’s not yet visible, - vіdpovіv vіn, - If some of us die for her, then we can say that you love vіn її.

So, if you were allowed the opportunity to turn around to Bulgaria, - continued Olena, - would it be hard for you in Russia?

I’m giving up, I don’t blame anyone, - after washing wine.

Tell me, - Olena started again, - is it important to learn Bulgarian language?

Insarov... talking again about Bulgaria. Olena heard yoga with devouring, deep and summative respect. If Vіn skіnchiv, she once again slept yoga:

That you didn’t lose everything in Russia? And if vіn pіshov, she marveled at you for a long time "(У111, 65-66). Sudden intonation feed Deer viklikan to the fact that її love is not possible to timate Insarov in Russia, At the same time, at the skin nourisher of the Deer, amulets are seen, and a nasty search for a safe path, which leads to the magical plant with Insarovim.

- So you follow me everywhere?

Everywhere, to the ends of the earth. De you will be, I will be there.

You don’t deceive yourself, you know that your fathers never

do not fit in with our slyub?

I'm not fooling myself, I know.

Do you know that I am a poor, mayzhe zhebrak?

Why am I not Russian, why was I not destined to live in Russia, why would you happen to break all your ties with the fatherland, with your relatives?

I know I know.

Do you know that I, dedicating to myself the right to be important, unworthy, that I ... that we happen to be attacked not by one insecurity, but by an underestimation, humiliation, maybe?

I know, I know everything... I love you.

What can you see in the sight of your own little sounds, what is there, alone, among strangers, you, perhaps, will be stunned to practice ... Vaughn laid her hand on his lips.

I love you, my love” (U111,92). Reindeer domineering supremacy hotness of activity, goal-directedness, building innocence with a thought and minds of a superfluous middle man, and a smut, inexhaustible exercise for the brown people. Reasonable, mindful of her missions, out of the way to a person of integrity, to have a broad perspective in life and boldly go forward.

In the novel, the types of Russian life in front of the fall of the krіpatstva are variously represented by Turgenev. "All stinks with their historical zmіst, - as S.M. Petrov, a historian, shows, - sing along with the main theme of "Forward", which zumilio roztashuvannya zodiac characters of the deer as the compositional center of the novel."

Shche N.A. Dobrolyubov vvazhav image of the Deer in the middle of the novel. In this heroine, in the opinion of criticism, "the need for a new life, new people, has not been fulfilled, as now all Russian society is suffocated, and to call it not only so called" illumined "... but fear, innocence in one’s own strength, and, nareshti, ignorance: why work? - constantly stun us ... and we all joke, pragnemo, check ... check, if you want to explain to us, what to work.

In this rank, Olena, who imagined, in one thought, the young generation of the country, their fresh forces are characterized by spontaneity of protest, out of the joke of the "reader" - rice, domineering heroines of Turgenev. courage and heroism. Olena drew in a new wind. Turgenev, having taken into account that the development of the creative work insufficiently explained the development of the depicted characters directly and insufficiently clearly indicated their share. Winning before the epilogue, when the important thoughts of the Deer about the guilt of їх іz Іnsarov before the sky "for the grief of the poor self-sufficient mother" sound the theme of the impossibility for a person of trivial happiness. "Olena didn't know, - rob the whiskers in front of Turgenev, - that the happiness of a skin person is based on misfortune of another." On the first two novels in Turgenev's "Forward the Day", the novel structure of the type "scenes from life" is expanded, in which the features of the chronicle and the story are combined: most of the hero's life (one and all) hangs in scenes divided by great chronological failures plot core. In the main prices, with the maximum frequency, there is a single psychological situation (mostly on the basis of a love colism) with an authoritative inner movement. In Turgenev's "Next Day" they continue victorious love-psychological conflict as a result of moral characteristics and assessments of their heroes, their names, the strength and richness of their inner world, and their characters are developed. Like in earlier novels, the love-psychological collision in "Forward" "misses" the great suspіlny zmіst.

"Fathers and Children" is a narration of a socio-psychological novel. The great social problems that praised the Russian suspense thought in the 1860s and reliably recognized Turgeniev in "Fathers and Children" put this novel in the political and artistic perspective of other writers' novels. Turgenev to transfer the center of gravity to the collision, which reveals social problems, the result is a love intrigue in the middle (Х1У-ХУ111). The love-psychological conflict in the novel is compact, which is less than five divisions, although the role is important.

Turgenev, for some right, the kohanna was a high criterion, showing the rubbish between Bazarov’s words about the kokhanny and the great impressions to Odintsovo, which fell into the dark, it’s not possible to belittle Bazarov, but now , stale nіhіlіsta lurk richly weakened by the strength of a sense, lower in the "rozsyropivsheesya" in front of Katya Arcadia. The kohannya of the rest of Bazarov is called blancmange for short. In the share of an advanced rіznochintsa-democrat, as it is mentioned in criticism, love rarely played an all-primal and even more "fatal role"; And it’s not unusual in Turgenev’s “Fathers and Children” to introduce a love story in a different place.

And at Bazarov was given as a sign of the mighty power of love, the triumph of youth. "The roses with Anna Sergievna have even more colossal lilts, having lost their baiduzh znevaga to everything romantic: and, having lost one, having become maddened by the romance of oneself." "Yogo's blood lit up, guessing about her; wine was easily conceived of by her own blood, but then it moved into the new one, which he didn't allow wine to do, over which he began to mock, which overwhelmed all his pride" (1X, 126) ).

In "Fathers and Children" in Turgenev's first love-psychological collision does not play a structurally satisfying role. The structure of the new Turgenev's novel is due to the opposition of social and political forces, building contacts, only in essence and "fighting actions" of the ideological order. Having examined the role of love-psychological conflict in Turgenev's novels about "new people", we note that, like in previous novels, there are a number of functions. Through the love-psychological collision, the characterization is revealed, in "Forward" there is "missing" the great supple zmist that wins the structurally affirmative function. In "Fathers and Children" the role of love-psychological kolіzії is much weaker, because the center of heaviness is transferred to the coloses, which open up social problems.

3.3. Evolution of the principles of psychological analysis of the "inner person" in novels from the 1850s to the beginning of the 1860s. ("Forward the day, Fathers and children")

Like the artist Turgenev, he is interested in detailing the development of the character, like under the initial influx of the middle, and as a result, to achieve a stable independent internal development of the heroes.

Psychological analysis in the novels about "new people" takes on a new quality: the author's veils of the author's spirit are gradually reduced to the reception of inner talk, which wants to be heard in the later novels of Turgenev.

An hour of work on novels about "new people" commemorates the evolution of Turgenev's psychological method: "indirect analysis," says S.Y. one-hour penetration in the middle".

And this evolution did not mean the emergence of some principles, the analysis of the inner world and the transition to others, but the development of trends, in the form of an ear of the authoritative psychological method of Turgenev, captivated by the possibilities laid in the new. This process can be used as an accumulation of creative knowledge of the growth of the artistic mastery of the writer. Turgenev to the edge of the possibility of psychological analysis in objective evidence, as it appeared to be accessible to Russian literature until the 1860s. I Nevipadkovo Herzen hanging 1860 in "Dzvoni" he named Turgenev "the greatest contemporary Russian artist". The novels "Forward" and "Fathers and Children" continue the evolution of Turgenev's psychological method as a result of the artist's creative development and the promotion of Russian and foreign literature.

In novels about "new people" - with novelty in character - Turgenev's victorious versatility of psychological analysis - and among them so, as in early novels and stories, they were episodic, but they did not get used to them.

Nasampered - tse notes, sheets, schodenniks. For example, the tricks from the worker Deer are grouped in such a way that a complete picture of the formation is created, almost like Insarov. Introduced dreams, unfamiliar poriv - nastіlki hitki, scho unreasonable їhnіy zv'yazok z navkolishnіmi furnishing.

At "Forward", how doslidniki designate; the writer is richly supportive of the incompatibility of the landscape with the internal camps of the heroes. Landscapes framed with psychological functions. So, summing up that swaying, the Deer are seen and creased with special landscape features: “Before the wound, she loosened up and lay down in a lizhko, but she could not fall asleep. The first fires of the sun were blown into the room ... "Oh, how to love me again! - She yelled out with a raptom and did not hesitate, she brightened up the light, opened her arms (U111, 88). vіn vyrіshiv not appear), following the landscape advance check and її rozcharuvannya: "... but I wanted to once again flirt with Insarov. Vaughn walked away, without a thought, that the sun had long since disappeared, obscured by important black glooms, that the wind rvuchko rustled near the trees and swirled the cloth, that he drank raptov rising and rushing with a step along the road... The glare shone, thunder struck... ; the sky has become a bit cloudy (V111.90).

During the period of work on the novel "In front of Turgenev, the clear clots and spheres of the human psyche became accessible to us.

Samy conceived a great suspense-political variability and aggravation. Becoming rich in an arsenal of tools for psychological analysis. "Community-political problems now appear in Turgenev's novels to be distinguished by characters that are new in today's inner world, which writers had not imagined before," I respect the reporter S.Y.Shatalov.

In novels about "new people" on the development of characters, you already know how to win, for example, how to repeat. At the dialogue with Pavel Petrovich, without intermediary before the duel, Bazarov intersects with them, so I repeat only a few phrases (and not my own, but my own colleague). The dermal yogi did not have a good word for words, and the veterinarian seems complacently unaware of the ritual of the duel, foolishly performed by Pavel Petrovich; I see irony, like at the address of the enemy, so in my own way with my own address. Guessing about the causes of the duel, Pavlo Petrovich seems to be:

- We alone cannot stand it. What is more?

What more, - repeating ironically Bazarov.

Well, up to the very minds of the duel, then there will be no seconds in us - why take them?

Same, de їh take?

І before the duel itself:

- Can we get started?

Let's get started.

New clarification, in my opinion, do not mind?

I don't care...

May I choose?

I deign." (1X, 134).

With the help of quiet repetition, without a doubt, the significance of their own methods of psychological analysis, invested in the marginally minimal, sufficient protein, shows the exercise of Bazarov and Odintsova to get closer to each other, they are silent, increasingly praised.

However, in Turgenev’s creativity, it is objectively opposed to the more important vipadkiv of Tolstoy’s widening repetitions, not to repeat it, but to take a lullaby, a pause, a rather peculiar psychological, semantic emphasis on the okremoi phrase, but to reinforce the words.

So, in the novel "Forward the Day" a short-hour departure of the ailing Insarov from the lighthouse camp is depicted: "Reseda, - whispering wine, and his eyes were flattened." on the apartment. Provіvshi Olena, Insarov thinking: "Chi is not a dream?" Ale, the subtle smell of mignonette, depleted by Olena in the yogo bіdnіy, dark kіmnatsі, guessing її vіdvіduvannya. The word "reseda" in the mouth of Insarov means that the thought about Olena did not leave him with a heavy ailment. There are simply no other words on "this topic" in the novel. By accepting the old tuzi, or zamovchuvannya, as if it is zustrichaetsya and in the front works of Turgenev, it is reminiscent of a special zmist here.

Axis Bazarov at the Rozmovi z Arcadia (Ch. 1X) to rob the rizikovanu statement: "Yege-ge ... you have more meaning in the sky; Bazarov said, he is left with a posture of respect.

But another point of dawn is still seen in the subtext - it is given to understand about it ... to the minds: "friends made a sprat of babies from the Movchans" - and then they transferred Rozmov to a different direction ...

Corner. At "Father and Children" Fenichka enters the terrace - first at Arcadia, and "Pavlo Petrovich sternly frowning his eyebrows, and Mikola Petrovich zniyakoviv" Fenechka only faded and swirled - more than anything, but after that less destroyed by the arrival of Bazarov

At the distribution of Х1Х, motivating their own view of the mother of Odintsov, Bazarov

It’s embarrassing to talk about those who are not hired by them. "Arkady was thoughtful, and Bazarov lay down and turned into disguise to the wall. There was a sprinkling of hvilin among the Movchans" (1X, 156).

Odintsova befits both, but resentment is pragmatic to take one in one

feel your own.

Goal.XXY. languishing on the respect of his vision with Bazarov, Arkady asks for a speech: "Hiba you remember that I'm already crying"

s-pіd yogo infusion? Please explain what you thought

at whom Katya (“So, having grown up, but I won’t tell you about it yet, because you are proud youngsters”). Turgeniev intermingles with a statement on the psychological pause in the dialogue: "Katya has promoted." (1X, 165). With the help of this help of psychological analysis, it is important to post the main character.

Zustrivsha Arkadiya and Bazarova, Mikola Petrovich, they were lucky at Mar’ino, according to the price of Arkady, they are different: “Yak, then it’s better here! here... Arkady chirped raptly, throwing an indirect glance back and locking.” (1X, 13). This is the first attack on those who are Bazarov, "the enemy of the strong winds," and Arkady at his presence to be ashamed of himself. Nezabar after that, Mikola Petrovich begins to read the verses of "Evgen Onegin", Bazarov interrupts his recitation This friend has a dark (albeit more specific) psychological characterization of Bazarov as an implacable opponent of "romanticism". It is not without reason that Bazarov will tell Arkady in a few hours:

Thus, in these novels of Turgenev, the central theoretical foundation of this "psychology" is realized: the writer "is obliged to know and understand the roots of the phenomena, but only imagine the phenomena themselves."

The "hidden" psychological analysis of Turgenev is stingy and "superficial" only at first glance. For the help of such an analysis, Turgenev is reconsidered, for example, for the one who Bazarov is no longer a seemingly mocker, a skeptic and a heartless scholar. About tse to speak the scene of the explanation of Bazarov from Odintsovo. Nedoliki, urivki phrases, promotion promotions, pauses show that both of you have been walking along the edge of the river for the whole hour. Ale on the bike, it seems to be more widely visible, zreshtoy, building itself "nіhіlіst". About Suvoru people, strimane strength, experience Bazarov to celebrate such a poor omen before his death: to the father’s last call: “Evgene! ... son my, dear my, dear son!” - Bazarov is right, and his voice sounds tragic urochist notes: "Who, my father?" (1X, 163).

At the link with the cim, verbally tell the typical judgment of Turgenev about the reception of psychological analysis, which was used in the review of Ostrovsky's piece "Bidna named". "Pan Ostrovsky, in our eyes, so be it, climbs into the soul of the skin of osib, created by him, - states Turgenev, - ale mi it is permissible to remind you that the operation can be perfectly correct by the author of the zazdalegіd. Individuals of yoga should be already in the hands of the sovereign yoga, if wines are brought before us. Tse psychology, to tell us, maybe, but the psychologist is guilty of appearing in the artist, as the skeleton under the eyes of the living and warm body, for whom the wines serve as a mitznoy, but as an invisible support ... to us, - to rob Turgenev's visnovoks, - you are simple, raptov ruin, in some of them the human soul hangs loudly ... ”(P. XU111.136).

Looking back at the novelty, the character of the Turgenevs turns to, nachebto, let's make it an old trick for the 19th century - enter the description of the hero's child in the text. Ale, everything is nutritious for how you introduce it. Schodennik Deer does not only shorten the number of sides of the novel, to know the reader with his character up to the mood, but, maybe, deacons turn them on with a path to change. In addition, the worker is made up of urivkiv, which they hide (their own scenes), moreover, the skin of them shows up in blotches. "All the same, I signify the honorary A.I. Batyuto, - he reinforces the vision of the image of the spiritual development of the Deer, creating the illusion of its cinematic continuity."

The mentally folded camp of his heroes in Turgenev is conveyed through the little ones of the outward revolutions. So, after a nightly party with Bazarov, that intimate-psychological relationship with him, Odintsov, turned out to be a bad one. Її collapsible mental camp - evidence of the futility of one's life, the novelty of novelty, fear of the possibility of addiction - are transmitted to Turgenev through the little ones of the heroine's zovnіsh ruhiv: “Bazarov is strimko viyshov get out. Odintsova, jerking herself up from her armchair, straightened her swiveling crotches to the door, somehow turning Bazarov around ... Lamp For a long time, Anna Sergievna burned in the room, and for a long time she was left unharmed, more than once running her fingers over her hands, as if lightly biting the night cold. The flow of unfathomable thoughts and feelings, like zavdyachny characteristic details, is guessed by the reader, spiraling on Bazarov’s intimate-special experience, on yoga positive human nature, Turgenev’s simple nihilistic description of romance. The tragedy of love is to bring Bazarov to the point of being empty, hot and as if wiped away. deprive the upper plane of the nіhіlіstіchnії svіdomostі vyyavlєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєє next to the upper planі yogo from Arcadia ".

Why should there be two moments - the manifestation of the inner spiritual state through the calls of the ruh and the mimic changes, and the verbal hardening of the numerous, nіgіlіstichnyh glances, the reason for shutting down the romantic life of the companion, - given by the author, instructed, in an estimate.

In Turgenev, as if it was louder than ever, a portrait of the main socio-psychological features of the specialty is built up in a special way. In the static portrait of Olenya Stakhova, the main psychological peculiarity is also manifested - the very inner spiritual tension, biased, impatient whispering. "I recently passed the twentieth river. The height of the sky was high, the appearance was small, pale and swaggering, the big gray eyes were under round eyebrows, sharpened crimson gussets, the forehead was straight, the forehead was straight, the mouth was straight and the head was darkly Russian. thin neck In all її ії іstoі, in virazі disguise respectful and trohi stale, in a clear, scarlet look, in a smile, nibi tension, in a quiet and nervous voice, it was nervous, electric, it was jerky and quarrelsome. , in a word, what could not suit everyone, what could inspire others .. Her hands were narrow, rosy, with long fingers and legs were also narrow, she walked swiftly, mighty strimko, trochs sagging forward. .

The history of the aftermath of the speech of the main characters begins from the writing of the writer to the adoption of "an advance, an unresolvable non-big-time advance like in the novels of Dostoevsky, but psychologically striking."

Thus, the image of Stakhova is blamed on the sphere of Shubin's subjective-expressive movie. To feed Bersenyev at the robot over the breasts of Deer Shubin, from the vіdchaєm vіdpovіdaє: nі, brother, do not show off. If you see a person, you can come to see. Marvel, the lines are clean, strict, straight; zdaєtsya, no matter what the similarity is. It didn’t come here ... It’s not given, it’s like belongings to the hands. You remember, how can you hear? I don’t want to ruin the rice, but I’ll just look at it and change, but in sight the whole post changes. “(U111,10).

Speaking about the ovniy look of the Deer, Shubin reveals the folding of the spiritual "I". The previous respect for the main dialogue features is changed by the sketchy images at the moment they appear in the scenes of the dialogical movement.

Short descriptions of other characters in a row also give rise to a great psychological depth. Uvar Ivanovich, Venetian actors, Rendich - all people are alive, but not alive; two-trioma rices of Turgenev commemorate the very essence of the inner world.

How is the name of the successor A.I. Batyuto, especially

similar characteristics in the novel "Fathers and Children": Kukshina, Fenechka, - all other characters are dressed in a rounded frame. The heirs of I.S.

Thus, Professor S.E.

of a social type, the artist was able to achieve a deep understanding of his day, not a zoom - from the novelty of his character - it was enough to change into a new one. "

Later, the process of evolution of Turgenev's psychologism had its own splitting. When describing more of the main and other characters, like those close to the artist, the psychological analysis invariably zaglyublyuvavsya and became a daedal indicative. When christening different types of old types - the head rank of new ones - there is a turn to indirect psychologism. Indicating the evolution of Turgenev's psychologism in the mainstream of Russian psychological realism, it is impossible not to point out a kind of recurrent flow in his progressive potency. The reason is mindful by the samist of new suspіlny types of chi new subjects of psychological research.

3 A C L U C E N I E.

Patanni's outrages, the viscous of the problems of his problems and the psychologism at the novels of K.S. Turgenev 1850s-the earnings of the 1860s Rock, Milki Visnovka, and we have a problem, uninvited for the meaning of the Radyanski Litterait in the gallus, vimaaga of brushed viscen.

The psychological mastery of the writer is easily seen in connection with his ideological and aesthetic tasks. Psychologism is defined by the concept of a person and the activity of a skin artist and, in particular, by the form of typification, that is. the system of psychologism in connection with the artistic way of the writer.

We tried to examine the problems and the originality of psychologism in the novels of I.S. Turgenev in the 1850s - n.

In the first division of the work, the data of Turgenevnevstvo about the structural and genre features of Turgenev's novel of the 1950s-1960s were studied, the problems of "secret" psychologism are considered in the aspect of the manifestation of typological and individual soils in the socio-psychological novel of Turgenev. Turgeniev is one of the most famous representatives of the psychological technology of Russian critical realism; This peculiarity of the psychologism of the writer is manifested most clearly in the typologically controversial systems of psychologism. In this manner, we destroyed the role of the creative individuality of the writer in the literary process of the 1850s - 1860s.

This problem was examined from the butt of the novels of the 1850s - the cob of the 1860s is not vague. For example, in the 1830s - at the beginning of the 1840s, Russia became on the path of transformation from a feudal monarchy to a bourgeois one. A revolutionary situation was being prepared in the country. Lenin, having characterized this epoch, like the epoch of lamanna ambushes of the old patriarchal fortress Russia, if "the old is irrevocably, it collapsed before everyone's eyes, and the new only invested." A new social force appeared on the historical arena - the revolutionary-democratic intelligentsia. Turgenev uncompromisingly rozmirkovuvav about the characteristics and zabakh social transformation and about the positive hero, which is acceptable to him. The leading heroes of Turgeniv novels are illustrating the new pragnia of the new Russia.

The idea of ​​development, the idea of ​​progress was always close to I.S. Turgenev. The great merit of Turgenev is the creation of that development of a special kind of novel - a suspile novel, in which, at the same time and quickly, new and still most important trends of the era were born. The main heroes of the Turgenev novel are the titles of "zayv" and "new" people, noble and raznochinno-democratic intelligentsia, in a meaningful historical term, the moral and ideological and political spirit of Russian society, its inspiration and pragnennya.

The social nutrition of Turgenev's novels took away the artist's intuition for the hour of the image, the noise of specialness. The artist of the psychological technique is not a pragmatically significant psychological development of character and victorism in any love-psychological conflict.

Psychologism is viewed as a dynamic system; The evolution of the psychologism of the Viklikan as a development and aggravation of the problems of Turgenev's novel.

We tried to show that the love-psychological collision in the novels about "new people" uses up its structural and satisfying functions, the flooring is typical for it in the novels "Rudin",

"The Nest of Nobles", shards of the character of the new hero, and his suspense-moral positions could not be developed within the framework of the traditional colloquium. The connection between the changing nature of the character in the novels "Forward the Day", "Fathers and Children" evolves, develops and develops psychological analysis.

It is not possible to keep up with these successors, as they inspire Turgenev with such a writer, who, having reached artistic heights, is no longer approaching the "dialectics of the soul" of L. Tolstoy. Psychological analysis of Turgenev is deep, original and effective in knowing the inner world of a person.

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