Awareness of the glare of non-metals. Nemetali. Regularities in the change of power of elements-non-metals

― the purpose of polarizing the chemical bond, drawing up to itself a high-pitched electronic bet.
22 elements are brought to non-metals.
The position of non-metal elements in a periodic system of chemical elements

group	I	III	IV	V	VI	VII	VIII
1st period	H						He
2nd period		AT	W	N	O	F	Ne
3rd period			Si	P	S	CL	Ar
4th period				As	Se	Br	kr
5th period					Te	I	Xe
6th period						At	Rn

As can be seen from the table, the non-metal elements are more importantly scattered at the right upper part of the periodic system.

Budova atoms of non-metals

A characteristic feature of non-metals is the greater (equally equal to metals) number of electrons on the outer energy level of their atoms. This is due to the great development before the advent of additional electrons and will show higher oxide activity, lower in metals. Particularly strong are the oxides of power, so that the ability to add electrons, reveals non-throwers, which are found in the 2nd and 3rd periods of VI-VII groups. How much the distribution of electrons in orbitals in the atoms of fluorine, chlorine and other halogens can be judged about their dominant powers. The fluorine atom has no free orbitals. To that atom and fluorine can only show valency I and oxidation stage - 1. The strongest oxide fluorine. In the atoms of other halogens, for example, in the atoms of chlorine, on the same energy level as the d-orbital. Zavdyaki tsyom rozparyuvannya elektronіv can be three different paths. In the first phase, chlorine can show an oxidation state of +3 and dissolve the chloride acid HClO 2, which salts - chlorite, for example, potassium chlorite KClO 2. At another level, chlorine can make up half the time, at some stages of oxidation, chlorine is +5. Before such occasions, chlorinated acid HClO 3 and її salts - chlorates, for example, potassium chlorate KClO 3 (Bertolet's sil) are seen. At the third stage, chlorine shows an oxidation state of +7, for example, in perchloric acid HClO 4 and in її salts, perchlorates (for potassium perchlorate KClO 4).

Budov non-metal molecules. Physical power of non-metals

At the gas-like station at room temperature there are:

· water - H 2;

· nitrogen - N 2;

· kissen - O 2;

· fluorine - F 2;

· chlorine - CI 2 .

I inert gases:

· helium - He;

· neon - Ne;

· argon - Ar;

· krypton, Kr;

· xenon - Xe;

· radon - Rn).

AT rare- bromine - Br.
AT solid:
· Tellurium - Te;

· iodine - I;

· astatine - At.

The spectrum of colors is richer for non-metals: red for phosphorus, bromine for bromine, yellow for sirka, yellow-green for chlorine, violet for pari for iodine, etc.
The largest types of non-metals are molecular, and the smallest types are non-molecular. Cim and explain the power of their authorities.
The warehouse and power of simple speeches are non-metal
Non-metals work as monoatomic and diatomic molecules. Before monatomic non-metals are aware of inert gases, which practically do not react with the most active speeches. The inert gases are mixed in group VIII of the periodic system, and the chemical formulas of similar simple speeches are: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn.
Deyakі did not throw diatomic molecules. Ce H 2 , F 2 , Cl 2 , Br 2 , Cl 2 (elements of the VII group of the periodic system), as well as oxyfuel O 2 and nitrogen N 2 . W triatomic molecules form ozone gas (O3). For non-metal speeches, which have a hard steel, put together a chemical formula to do it smoothly. Atoms of coal in graphite are united one by one in a different way. Seeing the frame of the molecule in target structures is important. When writing the chemical formulas of such speeches, like in the case of metals, an omission is introduced, so that such speeches are composed of less than atoms. Chemical formulas, in their own way, are written without indexes: C, Si, S just. bud. atoms in a molecule, varying dominance. So, the smell of sour does not have a smell, just like ozone has a sharp smell, which we can see in the hour of a thunderstorm. The dominance of solid non-metals, graphite and diamond, which may also have a similar warehouse, aloe vera budov sharply revitalize (tendent graphite, hard diamond). Henceforth, the power of speech is manifested as a yogo-like warehouse, and th tim, how many atoms take place at the molecule of speech, like a stink poov'yazan_ between themselves. Non-thrown at seemingly simple bodies are found at a solid or gas-like station (for bromine wine - homeland). The stink of physical dominance, domineering metals. Solid non-thrown metals do not have the glare characteristic of metals, the stench sounds like screams, it is filthy to conduct an electric stream and heat (graphite for a little wine). Crystal bir (like and crystal silicon) may have a high melting point (2075 ° C) and great hardness. The electrical conductivity of the forest with temperature changes is greatly increased, which makes it possible to widely stop it at the heating equipment. Addition of boron to steel and alloys of aluminum, midi, nickel and other. improve their mechanical powers. Boridi (for example, boron with active metals, for example, titanium: TiB, TiB 2) is necessary for the preparation of parts for jet engines, gas turbine blades. As can be seen from Scheme 1, charcoal - C, silicon - Si, boron - May be similar to the life and may be the deacons of imperious power. As simple as speech, the stench stinks at two species - at the crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline species of these elements are already solid, with high melting points. Crystalline silicon may be the conductor of power. All elements are mixed with metals - carbide, silicide and boride (CaC 2 , Al 4 C 3 , Fe 3 C, Mg 2 Si, TiB, TiB 2). Deyakі z them mayut greater hardness, for example Fe 3 C, TiB. Calcium carbide is vicorated to acetylene.

All vіdomі on this day of chemical elements mаyut sleeping "budinok" - a periodic system. However, the stench is spread there not as if it happened, but in a strict order of singing sequence. One of the main criteria, by which all atoms are classified, are ostentatious.

Non-metals and representatives of metal elements are the basis, they are based on the borders of the tables, and the area is occupied by people. Let's get to know more closely with non-metals that characteristic.

Position in the periodic system

If you take a look at the system of chemical elements at a glance, you can determine the place of the distribution of non-metals as follows:

1. Upper right corner.
2. More mental boundary diagonals from boron to astatine.
3. Head subgroups from IV-VIII groups.

It is clear that they are clearly doing such a thing in metal. For numerical support, it will be approximately 25/85. However, this fact of antrohi does not change its significance and importance. With all the physical power of non-metals, there is a lot of diversity, but the same for their "opponents".

Varieties of simple non-metals

They designate a sprinkling of the main categories, to which all the vіdomi elementi that are looked at are considered. Physical powers - non-metals - allow them to be divided into:

• solid;
• gas-like;
• rare.

At tsmu є th, a group of elements is special - noble gases. For its characteristics, the stench does not lie long before the designation of the category.

Gas-like non-throwers

Get enough of these. Before them one can hear such simple speeches, like:

• kissen;
• nitrogen;
• halochloride and fluorine;
• water;
• white phosphorus;
• ozone.

However, it is more than reasonable for the standard parameters of dovkill. Crystalline representatives are molecular, the type of chemical bond in molecules is covalent non-polar. The physical powers of the group are similar. The stench is moaning:

• shyness;
• the building of a bezmіshuvannya between oneself;
• expandability;
• memorize the whole obligation of the judge.

In the midst of inducing speeches, there are two scouring ones - chlorine and even more unsafe, suffocating half. With this, chlorine is a yellow-green gas, phosphorus is white, which is easy to sleep on the surface.

Kisen and ozone are good oxides. The first one is the post-life component of the resurrection, the necessary life of more organisms. The other is settled after a thunderstorm at the hour of the electric discharges of a bliskavka on a sour weather. May receive the smell of freshness.

Rіdki nemetali

The physical power of non-metal groups can be described by characterizing only one speech - bromine. Shards of only wines are the homeland for the great minds of the middle of us representatives of the group of elements that are being looked at.

Tse dark-brown homeland, to finish the vapour, like the strongest otrutoy. To make a bet for the building of the castle, and folded shirts on your hands, so that you don’t have to fight for a long time. The smell of yoga is even more unacceptable, for which the element and taking away its name (at the translation bromos - stinking).

For its chemical characteristics, bromine is an oxidizing agent for metals and a carrier for strong non-metals, lower wine itself.

Irrespective of such particularities, they are obligatory to bromine, but are present in the body of a person. Without it, they blame illness, caused by hormonal disorders.

Firm representatives

Before simple speeches of the category there are more non-metals. Tse:

• everything is deep;
• red and black phosphorus;
• Sirka;
• silicon;
• mish'yak;
• one of the modifications of tin.

All the stench can finish hard, ale tenditnі speech. Black phosphorus is fatter on a dotik dry diet. Chervoniy is a paste-like mass.

We confirm from the most popular speeches - diamond is a variety of coal. The physical and chemical powers of the non-metal groups are different, the shards at the tables are scattered far from each other. So, the degree of oxidation, chemical activity, the nature of the accident - all indications will vary.

Tsіkavim non-metal at the solid state є iodine. Yogo crystals shine in sight, showing similarity with metals. It's not surprising, adzhe vin is practically known on the cordon with them. Also, the speech has a special power - sublimation. When heated, iodine transforms into a gas-like mill, bypassing it. Yogo's bet can be bright-violet in a big amount of fun.

Physical power of non-metals: table

To make it easier to recognize what the non-throwers are, it’s better to indulge in the next table. It will show you which ones have the most powerful physical powers of non-metals, and who shows their powers.

Physical power	Non-metal butt
for the greatest minds	All three are characteristic: hard (sirka, coal, silicon and others), gas-like (for example, halogens), thin (bromine)
Electrical and thermal conductivity	It is not typical for anything, but for carbon and black phosphorus
Confusion of simple speech	Duzhe rіznomanіtna. Butt: bromine - chervonium, sirka - yellow, crystals of iodine - dark purple, charcoal looking like graphite - dark gray, chlorine - yellow-green and so on
metal blisk	Characteristic liche for crystalline iodine
Malleability and plasticity	I'll return tomorrow. All solids of speech - cry, crim to diamond and other forms of silicon

It is obvious that the physical properties of non-metals are more important in terms of properties, lower similarities. Although for metals it is possible to see a few characteristics, if they are subject to the skin of them, then it is impossible for the elements we have looked at.

EDI. CHEMICAL POWER OF NON-METALS

CHEMICAL POWER TO HYDROGEN

1. WITH METALS

(Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba) → with tin and earth metals, when heated, they dissolve solid non-stable speech hydrides, other metals do not react.

2K + H₂ = 2KH (potassium hydride)

Ca + H₂ = CaH₂

2. WITH NONMETALS

with sour, halogens for normal minds, when heated reacting with phosphorus, silicon and carbon, with nitrogen for the obviousness of this catalyst.

2Н₂ + O₂ = 2Н₂O Н₂ + Cl₂ = 2HCl

3Н₂ + N₂↔ 2NH₃ H₂ + S = H₂S

3. INTERACTION WITH WATER

Does not react with water

4. INTERACTION WITH OXIDES

Transforming metal oxides (inactive) and non-metals to simple speeches:

CuO + H₂ = Cu + H₂O 2NO + 2H₂ = N₂ + 2H₂O

SiO₂ + H₂ = Si + H₂O

5. INTERACTION WITH ACIDS

Does not react with acids

6. Interaction with meadows

I don’t react with meadows

7. INTERACTION WITH SALT

Reinforcing low-active metals from salts

CuCl₂ + H₂ = Cu + 2HCl

CHEMICAL POWER

1. INTERACTION WITH METALS

With tin metals for normal minds - oxide and peroxide (lithium - oxide, sodium - peroxide, potassium, cesium, rubidium - superoxide

4Li + O2 = 2Li2O (oxide)

2Na + O2 = Na2O2 (peroxide)

K+O2=KO2 (superoxide)

With other metals of the main subgroups for normal minds, I am able to dissolve the oxide with the oxidation stage, which is equal to the number of the group.

2 Wa+O2=2WaO

4Al + O2 = 2Al2O3

1. INTERACTION WITH METALS

With the metals of the side subgroups, I settle for normal minds and when heated, the oxidizing stage of oxidation, and with the salt, the salt scaleFe3 O4 ( FeO∙ Fe2 O3)

3Fe + 2O2 = Fe3O4 4Cu + O₂ = 2Cu₂⁺¹O (chervonium);

2Cu + O₂ = 2Cu⁺²O (black); 2Zn + O₂ = ZnO

4Cr + 3О2 = 2Cr2⁺³О3

quenches oxides - often intermediate stage of oxidation

C + O₂(іzb)=CO₂; C+ O₂ (tizh) =CO

S + O₂ = SO₂N₂ + O₂ = 2NO - Q

3. Interaction with water

Does not react with water

4. INTERACTION WITH OXIDES

Oxidizes lower oxides to oxides with a higher oxidation level

Fe⁺²O + O2 = Fe2⁺³O3; C⁺²O + O2 = C⁺⁴O2

5. INTERACTION WITH ACIDS

Anhydrous acid-free acids (binary slugs) burn in an acidic atmosphere

2H2S + O2 = 2S + 2H2O 2H2S + 3O2 = 2SO2 + 2H2O

At kisnevmіsnyh, the steps of oxidation of non-metal are elevated.

2HN⁺³O2 + O2 = 2HN⁺⁵O3

6. RELATIONSHIP WITH PARTNERSHIPS

Oxidizes non-stable hydroxides in aqueous solutions to the highest oxidation level

4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O = 4Fe(OH)3

7. INTERACTION WITH SALT AND BINARY SOLID

Enter at the reaction mountain.

4FeS2 +11O2 = 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2

CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O

4NH3 + 3O2 = 2N2 + 6H2O

Catalytic oxidation

NH3 + O2 = NO + H2O

CHEMICAL POWER OF HALOGEN

1. INTERACTION WITH METALS

With puddles for normal minds, withF, Cl, Brengaged in:

2 Na + Cl2 = 2 NaCl(chloride)

Luzhnozemelny and aluminum react for normal minds:

Wa+Cl2=WaCl2 2Al+3Cl2 = 2AlCl3

Metals of secondary subgroups at rising temperatures

Cu + Cl₂ = Cu⁺²Cl₂

2Cu + I₂ = 2Cu⁺¹I (do not use iodide midi (II)!)

2Fe + ЗС12 = 2Fe⁺³Cl3 salt chloride (III)

Fluorine reacts with metals (often vibuh), including gold and platinum.

2Au + 3F₂ = 2AuF

2. INTERACTION WITH NON-METALS

With sour, they don’t interact without intercourse (F₂ is switched off), they react with sulfur, phosphorus, silicon. The chemical activity of bromine and iodine is less pronounced, lower in fluorine and chlorine:

H2+F2 = 2NF ; Si + 2 F2 = SiF4.; 2 P + 3 Cl2 = 2 P⁺³ Cl3; 2 P + 5 Cl2 = 2 P⁺⁵ Cl5; S + 3 F2 = S⁺⁶ F6;

S + Cl2 = S⁺²Cl2

F₂

React with sour:F2 + O2 = O⁺² F2

React with other halogens:Cl₂ + F₂ = 2 Cl⁺¹ F¯¹

Reacting with inert gases.F₂ + Xe= Xe⁺⁸ F₄¯¹.

3. Interaction with water

Fluorine for normal brains dissolves hydrofluoric acid + + O₂

2F2 + 2H2O → 4HF + O2

Chlorine, at different temperatures, dissolves chlorohydric acid + O₂,

2Сl₂ + 2H₂O → 4HCl + O₂

for n.s. - "chlorine water"

Сl2 + Н2О ↔ НCl + НClO (hydrochloric and hypochlorous acid)

Bromine for normal minds makes "bromine water"

Br2 + H2O ↔ HBr + HBrO

Iodine → no reaction

I2 + H₂O ≠

5. INTERACTION WITH OXIDES

REAGUE fluorine F₂

SiO2‾² + 2F2⁰ = SiF4‾¹ + O2⁰

6. INTERACTION WITH ACIDS.

react with acid-free acids, less active non-metals.

H2S‾² + I2⁰ → S⁰↓+ 2HI‾

7. Interaction with meadows

FLUORINE dissolves fluoride + acid and water

2F2 + 4NaOH = 4NaF¯¹ + O2 + 2H2O

CHLORINE when heated, dissolves chloride, chlorate and water

3 Cl₂ + 6 KOH = 5 KCl¯¹ + KCl⁺⁵ O3 + 3 H2 O

In the cold, chloride, hypochlorate and water, with calcium hydroxide chlorine vaping and water

Cl2 + 2KOH-(cold) = KCl¯¹ + KCl⁺¹O + H2O

Cl2 + Ca(OH) 2 \u003d CaOCl2 (chlorine vapor - sum of chloride, hypochlorite and hydroxide) + H2O

Bromine when heated → bromide, bromate and water

3Br2 + 6KOH =5KBr¯¹ + KBr ⁺⁵O3 + 3H2O

Iodine when heated → iodide, iodate and water

3I2 + 6NaOH = 5NaI¯¹ + NaI ⁺⁵O3 + 3H2O

9. INTERACTION WITH SALT

Withdrawal of less active halogens from salts

2KBr + Cl2 → 2KCl + Br2
2KCl + Br2 ≠
2KCl + F2 → 2KF + Cl2
2KBr + J2≠

Oxidize in nonmetal salts to a higher oxidation state

2Fe⁺²Cl2 + Cl2⁰ → 2Fe⁺³Cl 3 ‾¹

Na2S⁺⁴O3 + Br2⁰ + 2H2O →Na2S⁺⁶O4 + 2HBr‾

CHEMICAL POWER OF SIRI

1. INTERACTION WITH METALS

reacts when heated with tin metals, with mercury for normal minds: from sulfur - sulfide:

2K + S = K2S

2Cr + 3S = Cr2⁺³S3 Fe + S = Fe⁺²S

2. INTERACTION WITH NON-METALS

When heated with watercsour (sour gas)chalogens (crim to iodine), with carbon, nitrogen and silicon and do not react

S + Cl₂ = S⁺²Cl₂ ; S + O₂ =S⁺⁴O₂

H₂ + S = H₂S¯²; 2P + 3S = P₂S₃¯²

W+ 3S = CS₂¯²

WITH WATER, OXIDES, SALT

NOT REAGUE

3. INTERACTION WITH ACIDS

Oxidized by sulfuric acid when heated to sulfuric gas and water

2H2SO4 (end) = 2H2O + 3S⁺⁴O2

Nitric acid when heated to sulfuric acid, nitrogen oxide (+4) and water

S + 6HNO3(end) =H2SO4 + 6N⁺⁴O2 + 2H2O

4. Interaction with meadows

When heated, it dissolves sulfite, sulfide + water

3S + 6KOH = K2SO3 + 2K2S + 3H2O

CHEMICAL POWER OF NITROGEN

1. INTERACTION WITH METALS

reactions proceed when heated (vinyatka: lithium with nitrogen for normal minds):

With nitrogen - nitride

6Li + N2 = 3Li2N (lithium nitride) (n.o.) 3Mg + N2 = Mg3N2 (magnesium nitride) 2Cr + N2 = 2CrN

Near the hall, in these floors, the stages of oxidation +2

2. INTERACTION WITH NON-METALS

(Through the third link, nitrogen is even less active). For the greatest minds, I don’t react with sourness. Reacts less sour for high temperatures (electric arc), in nature - under the hour of a thunderstorm

N2+O2=2NO (ate. arc, 3000 0C)

In the water at a high pressure, temperature fluctuations and the presence of a catalyst:

t,p,kat

3N2+3H2 ↔ 2NH3

WITH WATER, OXIDES, ACIDS, meadows and salts

NOT REAGUE

CHEMICAL POSSIBILITY TO PHOSPHORUS

1. INTERACTION WITH METALS

reactions proceed when heated with phosphorus - phosphide

3Ca + 2P = K3P2

2. INTERACTION WITH NON-METALS

Gorinnya at Kisni

4P + 5O₂ = 2P₂⁺⁵O₅ 4P + 3O₂ = 2P₂⁺³O₃

With halogens and sulfur when heated

2P + 3Cl₂ = 2P⁺³Cl₃ 2P + 5Cl₂ = 2P⁺⁵Cl₅; 2P + 5S = P₂⁺⁵S₅

With water, coal, silicon without intermediary interaction

WITH WATER AND OXIDES

NOT REAGUE

3. INTERACTION WITH ACIDS

With concentrated nitric acid, nitric oxide (+4), with diluted nitric oxide (+2) and phosphoric acid

3P + 5HNO₃(conc) =3H₃PO₄ + 5N⁺⁴O₂

3P + 5HNO₃ + 2H₂O = 3H₃PO₄ + 5N⁺²O

With concentrated sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfur oxide (+4) and water are dissolved

3P + 5H₂SO₄(conc.) =3H₃PO₄ + 5S⁺⁴O₂+ 2H₂O

4. Interaction with meadows

With different meadows, I make phosphine and hypophosphite

4P⁰ + 3NaOH + 3H2O = P¯³H 3 + 3NaH 2 P ⁺1O 2

5. INTERACTION WITH SALT

5. INTERACTION WITH SALT

With strong oxides, showing the dominance of power

3P⁰ + 5NaN⁺⁵O₃ = 5NaN⁺³O₂ + P₂⁺⁵O₅

CHEMICAL POWER OF COAL

1. INTERACTION WITH METALS

reactions proceed when heated

Metals - d-elements are made with coal from a non-stoichiometric warehouse type of hard grades: WC, ZnC, TiC - vicarious for the selection of superhard steels

with carbon carbide 2Li + 2C = Li2C2,

Ca + 2C = CaC2

2. INTERACTION WITH NON-METALS

Z halogens react without intermediary only with fluorine, with a heating grate.

W + 2F₂ = CF₄.

Interaction with Kisnem:

2C + O₂ (lack) \u003d 2C⁺²O (chad gas),

С + О₂(ізб) = С⁺⁴О₂(carbon dioxide).

Interactions with other non-metals at moving temperatures, not interactions with phosphorus

C + Si = SiC¯⁴; C + N₂ = C₂⁺⁴N₂ ;

C + 2H₂ = C¯⁴H₄ ; W + 2S = C⁺⁴S₂;

3. Interaction with water

The passage of water vapor through the opening of the vugillya - chadny gas and water (synthesis gas

C + H₂O = CO + H₂

4. INTERACTION WITH OXIDES

CARBON HEATING METALS AND NON-METALS WITH OXIDE TO SIMPLE SPEECH (CARBOTERMIA), at carbon dioxide gas it changes the stage of oxidation

2ZnO + C = 2Zn + CO; 4W+ Fe₃O₄ = 3Fe + 4CO;

P₂O₅ + C = 2P + 5CO; 2W+ SiO₂ = Si + 2CO;

W+ C⁺⁴O₂ = 2C⁺²O

5. INTERACTION WITH ACIDS

Oxidized by concentrations of nitric and sulfuric acid to carbon dioxide

C +2H2SO4(conc)=C⁺⁴O2+ 2S⁺⁴O2+ 2H2O; C+4HNO3 (conc) = C⁺⁴O2 + 4N⁺⁴O2 + 2H2O.

With meadows and salts

NOT REAGUE

CHEMICAL POWER OF SILICON

1. INTERACTION WITH METALS

reactions proceed when heated: active metals react from silicon - silicides

4Cs + Si = Cs4Si,

1. INTERACTION WITH NON-METALS

3 halogens directly with fluorine.

Reacts with chlorine when heated

Si + 2F2 = SiF4; Si + 2Cl2 = SiCl4;

Si + O₂ = SiO₂; Si+C=SiC; 3Si + 2N₂ = Si₃N;

We don’t interact with water

3. INTERACTION WITH ACIDS

interchangeably with the sum of hydrofluoric and nitric acids, quenching hexafluorosilicic acid

3Si + 4HNO₃ + 18HF = 3H₂ + 4NO + 8H₂O

Interactions with hydrogen halides (not acids) - viscous water, water is dissolved by silicon halides and water

With fluorine-water reaction for extraordinary minds.

Si + 4HF = SiF₄ + 2H₂

4. Interaction with meadows

It changes when heated in the meadows, making silicate and water:

Si + 2NaOH + H₂O = Na₂SiO₃ + 2H₂

A critical characteristic of non-metals.

Nemetali- chemical elements, as if they make the bodies simple, so that they do not lose the powers that are characteristic of metals. The most important characteristic of non-metals is electronegativity.

Electronegativity― the purpose of polarizing the chemical bond, drawing up to itself a high-pitched electronic bet.

22 elements are brought to non-metals.

The position of non-metal elements in a periodic system of chemical elements

1st period
2nd period
3rd period
4th period
5th period
6th period

As can be seen from the table, the non-metal elements are more importantly scattered at the right upper part of the periodic system.

Budova atoms of non-metals

A characteristic feature of non-metals is the greater (equally equal to metals) number of electrons on the outer energy level of their atoms. This is due to the great development before the advent of additional electrons and will show higher oxide activity, lower in metals. Particularly strong are the oxides of power, so that the ability to add electrons, reveals non-throwers, which are found in the 2nd and 3rd periods of VI-VII groups. How much the distribution of electrons in orbitals in the atoms of fluorine, chlorine and other halogens can be judged about their dominant powers. The fluorine atom has no free orbitals. To that atom and fluorine can only show valency I and oxidation stage - 1. The strongest oxide fluorine. In the atoms of other halogens, for example, in the atoms of chlorine, on the same energy level as the d-orbital. Zavdyaki tsyom rozparyuvannya elektronіv can be three different paths. In the first phase, chlorine can show an oxidation state of +3 and dissolve the chloride acid HClO 2, which salts - chlorite, for example, potassium chlorite KClO 2. At another level, chlorine can make up half the time, at some stages of oxidation, chlorine is +5. Before such occasions, chlorinated acid HClO 3 and її salts - chlorates, for example, potassium chlorate KClO 3 (Bertolet's sil) are seen. At the third stage, chlorine shows an oxidation state of +7, for example, in perchloric acid HClO 4 and in її salts, perchlorates (for potassium perchlorate KClO 4).

Budov non-metal molecules. Physical power of non-metals

At the gas-like station at room temperature there are:

water - H 2;

nitrogen - N 2;

kissen - O 2;

fluorine - F 2;

chlorine - CI 2 .

I inert gases:

helium - He;

neon - Ne;

argon - Ar;

krypton, Kr;

xenon - Xe;

radon - Rn).

Rarely - bromine - Br.

For solid:

• coal, C;

  silicon - Si;

  phosphorus - P;

• mish'yak - As;

  selenium - Se;

  tellurium - Te;

• astatine - At.

The spectrum of colors is richer for non-metals: red for phosphorus, bromine for bromine, yellow for sirka, yellow-green for chlorine, violet for pari for iodine, etc.

The largest types of non-metals are molecular, and the smallest types are non-molecular. Cim and explain the power of their authorities.

The warehouse and power of simple speeches are non-metal

Non-metals work as monoatomic and diatomic molecules. Before monatomic non-metals are aware of inert gases, which practically do not react with the most active speeches. The inert gases are mixed in group VIII of the periodic system, and the chemical formulas of similar simple speeches are: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn.

Deyakі did not throw diatomic molecules. Ce H 2 , F 2 , Cl 2 , Br 2 , Cl 2 (elements of the VII group of the periodic system), as well as oxyfuel O 2 and nitrogen N 2 . W triatomic molecules form ozone gas (O3). For non-metal speeches, which have a hard steel, put together a chemical formula to do it smoothly. Atoms of coal in graphite are united one by one in a different way. Seeing the frame of the molecule in target structures is important. When writing the chemical formulas of such speeches, like in the case of metals, an omission is introduced, so that such speeches are composed of less than atoms. Chemical formulas, in their own way, are written without indexes: C, Si, S just. bud. atoms in a molecule, varying dominance. So, the smell of sour does not have a smell, just like ozone has a sharp smell, which we can see in the hour of a thunderstorm. The dominance of solid non-metals, graphite and diamond, which may also have a similar warehouse, aloe vera budov sharply revitalize (tendent graphite, hard diamond). Henceforth, the power of speech is manifested as a yogo-like warehouse, and th tim, how many atoms take place at the molecule of speech, like a stink poov'yazan_ between themselves. Non-thrown at seemingly simple bodies are found at a solid or gas-like station (for bromine wine - homeland). The stink of physical dominance, domineering metals. Solid non-thrown metals do not have the glare characteristic of metals, the stench sounds like screams, it is filthy to conduct an electric stream and heat (graphite for a little wine). Crystal bir (like and crystal silicon) may have a high melting point (2075 ° C) and great hardness. The electrical conductivity of the forest with temperature changes is greatly increased, which makes it possible to widely stop it at the heating equipment. Addition of boron to steel and alloys of aluminum, midi, nickel and other. improve their mechanical powers. Boridi (for example, boron with active metals, for example, titanium: TiB, TiB 2) is necessary for the preparation of parts for jet engines, gas turbine blades. As can be seen from Scheme 1, charcoal - C, silicon - Si, boron - May be similar to the life and may be the deacons of imperious power. As simple as speech, the stench stinks at two species - at the crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline species of these elements are already solid, with high melting points. Crystalline silicon may be the conductor of power. All elements are mixed with metals - carbide, silicide and boride (CaC 2 , Al 4 C 3 , Fe 3 C, Mg 2 Si, TiB, TiB 2). Deyakі z them mayut greater hardness, for example Fe 3 C, TiB. Calcium carbide is vicorated to acetylene.

Chemical power of non-metals

Vidpovidno to numerical values ​​of the visible electronegativity of the oxidation of non-metals increase in the offensive order: Si, B, H, P, C, S, I, N, Cl, O, F.

Non-thrown like an oxidizer

Oxides of the power of non-metals are shown when they interact:

with metals: 2Na + Cl2 = 2NaCl;

with water: H2 + F2 = 2HF;

with non-metals, yakі may have lower electronegativity: 2P + 5S = P 2 S 5;

with some kind of collapsible rechovina: 4NH 3 + 5O 2 \u003d 4NO + 6H 2 O,

2FeCl 2 + Cl 2 \u003d 2 FeCl 3.

Nemetali like vodnovniki

All non-metals (crimium to fluorine) show the same dominance when interacting with sour:

S + O 2 \u003d SO 2 2H 2 + O 2 \u003d 2H 2 O.

Oxygen in the presence of fluorine can also show a positive degree of oxidation, to be a guide. All other non-throwers are indicative of power. So, for example, chlorine does not sour directly, but in an indirect way it is possible to remove oxygen (Cl 2 O, ClO 2, Cl 2 O 2), in which chlorine shows a positive oxidation step. Nitrogen at high temperatures without intermediary zadnuєtsya with sourness and influencing power. It's easier than sour reaction.

A lot of non-metals show a lot of power when combined with folding speeches:

ZnO + C \u003d Zn + CO, S + 6HNO 3 kіnts \u003d H 2 SO 4 + 6NO 2 + 2H 2 O.

Іsnuyut and such reactions, in which the same non-metal є one-hour and oxidizing and vodnovnik:

Cl2+H2O=HCl+HClO.

Fluorine is a typical non-metal, which is uncharacteristic of its power, because it creates the ability to use electrons in chemical reactions.

Z'ednannya non-metals

Non-metals can form bonds with various intramolecular bonds.

See the day of the non-metals

The general formulas of water slugs for groups of the periodic system of chemical elements are shown in the tables:

Non-flying water spolki				Flying water spolki

With metals, I satisfy the water (for a deakim wine) of non-flying spoluchs, like hard speeches of non-molecular life. That's why their melting point is high. With non-metals, water satisfies the cells from half a molecular life (for example, hydrogen fluoride HF, round water H 2 S, ammonia NH 3 methane CH 4). The greatest minds have chi chi letki rіdini. When the water levels of halogens, sirka, selenium and telurium are different in water, the acids and the formulas, which are the same water levels: HF, HCl, HBr, HI, H 2 S, H 2 Se, H 2 Te. When ammonia is dissolved in water, ammonia water is dissolved, which sounds like the formula NH 4 OH and is called ammonium hydroxide. Її is also denoted by the formula NH 3 ∙H 2 O and is called ammonia hydrate.

With sour, non-metals dissolve acid oxides. In some oxides, stench shows the maximum oxidation state, equal to the group number (for example, SO 2, N 2 O 5), and the others are more low (for example, SO 2, N 2 O 3). Acid oxides are given acids, moreover, two acidic acids of one non-metal are stronger than the other, in which wine it shows a higher degree of oxidation. For example, nitric acid HNO 3 is stronger for nitrogenous HNO 2 , and sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4 is stronger for sulfur H 2 SO 3 .

Characteristics of acid slabs of non-metals

The dominance of higher oxides (that is, oxides, to the warehouse of which an element of this group is included with a higher degree of oxidation) in periods of heat change to the right step by step from basic to acidic.

In groups of beasts, the acid power of the greater oxides gradually weakens to the bottom. It can be judged by the dominance of acids, which are similar to their oxides.

The growth of the acid power of the higher oxides of the higher elements in the periods of left hand is explained by the stepwise growth of the positive charge of the ions of these elements.

In the main subgroups of the periodic system of chemical elements, the acidic power of the greater non-metal oxides changes downwards in the wild.

Halogens.

Budova atoms halogens

Elements of the VIII group of the periodic system are brought up to the halogens, the atoms of these elements are placed on the same energy level with the same electrons and until the end of their marriage there is only one electron, to which the halogens show the oxides of power. In subgroups with more ordinal numbers, the power of power changes in the link with the greater radius of the atoms: from fluorine to astatus і, obviously, their power increases. Similarly, the value of the visible electronegativity of halogens changes. As the largest electronegative element, fluorine in combination with other elements shows a constant oxidation state -1 . Other halogens can show as the whole oxidation step in the presence of metals, water and less electronegative elements, as well as the positive unpaired oxidation step in +1 before +7 at z'ednannyah with more electronegative elements: sour, fluorine.

Forgive the speeches of the halogens and their power

Chlorine, bromine and iodine in vile vessels

Characterizing simple speeches - halogens, it is necessary to guess the main theoretical insights about the type of chemical bond and crystalline everyday speech. In diatomic molecules of halogens, the atoms are bound by a covalent non-polar bond G · · G or G-G and create a molecular crystal lattice.

For the greatest minds F 2 - bright-yellow, with orange-colored gas, Cl 2 ― yellow-green blast gas with a characteristic suffocating odor, Br 2 - light-flying borax homeland (betting bromine is strong bromine, bromine opiates are more painful and do not burn for a long time), and I 2 - hard crystalline speech, building to sublimation. Near the F 2, Cl 2 , Br 2 , I 2 - the number of simple speeches is increasing, and the intensity of the farbing is increasing. Later, in changing the powers of atoms and simple speeches - halogens, the same law is manifested: with an increase in the ordinal number, non-metal powers are weaker, and metal ones are stronger.

Chemical power of halogens

Interactions with metals halogens and solutions of halides:

2Na + I 2 - 2Na +1 I -1 (sodium iodide);

2Al + 3I 2 \u003d 2Al +3 I 3 -1 (aluminum iodide);

2Al + 3Br 2 = 2Al +3 Br 3 -1 (aluminum bromide).

In the reactions of metals of side groups (transitional metals) with halogens, halogenides with a high degree of oxidation of metal are dissolved, for example:

2Fe + 3Cl 2 = 2FeCl 3,

ale 2HCl + Fe = FeCl 2 + H2.

Interaction of halogens with water and solutions of hydrogen halides (bond type - covalent polar, grate type - molecular). The similarity of chemical reactions of various halogens with water makes it possible to repeat the natural occurrence of reacting speeches. So, fluorine can cause a great reaction, which, in combination with water from vibrations, induces in dark places. The reaction to chlorine with water for great minds is more appropriate and less for zalyuvanni chi clarified swidkіst її zrostaє in rich times (vibrations are seen). It is more common to interact with aqueous bromine and iodine, and the rest of the reaction is already endothermic:

Only fluorine interacts with water non-reversibly, other halogens can also give a reverse reaction.

Aqueous varieties of hydrogen halides with acids: HF - hydrofluoric (hydrofluoric), HCl - hydrochloric acid (salt), HBr - hydrobromic acid, HI - hydroiodine.

Halogens interact with water:

2F 2 + 2H 2 O \u003d 4HF + O 2

Water burns near fluorine, sour is not the cause, but afterward the mountain, acting in the role of its leader.

To characterize the zdatnosti of some halogens (not atoms of halogens, but simple speeches) to the extent of other varieties of them, it is possible to select a “series of activity” of halogens, which is written as follows:

F 2 > Cl 2 > Br 2 > I 2,

so that the oxides of power change.

So, chlorine is vitiated by bromine and iodine (but not fluorine), and bromine can only vitiate iodine from different salts:

2NaBr + Cl 2 \u003d 2NaCl + Br 2

2КI + Br2 = 2КВr + I2.

Biological significance and stagnation of halogens

Fluorine plays an even more important role in life, roslyn, creatures and people. Without fluorine, the development of the cystic skeleton and especially the teeth is impossible. The amount of fluorine in the brushes should be 80-100 mg per 100 g of dry speech. In the enamel, fluorine is present in the appearance of Ca 4 F 2 (PO 4) 2, and it gives the best hardness and whiteness. When fluoride is not enough in the body of a person, damage to the dental tissue (caries) occurs, and too much yogurt is infected with fluorosis on the teeth. The additional human requirement for fluorine is 2-3 mg. Chlorine(chlorine-ion) important for the life of creatures and people, lower for roslin. Vіn enter to the warehouse of nirok, legends, spleen, blood, slug, cartilage, hair. They regulate the chlorine buffer system of the blood. Sodium chloride is the storage part of blood plasma and spinal cord and takes part in the regulation of water exchange in the body. Hydrochloric acid is free to enter the warehouse of the sludge juice of all savants and take an active part in pickling. In a healthy person, 0.2-0.3% hydrochloric acid is taken from the drain. Lack of chlorine in the body to cause tachycardia, decrease in arterial pressure, by the court. Sufficient amount of chlorine can be found in such vegetables as selera, radish, sturgeon, white cabbage, krip, pepper, cibulya, artichoke. Bromine also to enter up to the number of necessary microelements and most of all to be found in the hypophysis, blood. Thyroid fold, supra-nural ridge. Bromide in small doses (0.1-0.3 grown-up people) positively affects the central nervous system as an aid to galvanic processes in the cerebral cortex. In nature, bromides accumulate in such roslins as rye, wheat, barley, potatoes, carrots, cherries, and apples. Too much bromine to avenge the Dutch syria. Iodine in the organism of a person, it begins to accumulate in the womb. The human thyroid hormone - thyroxine - contains 60% of the bound iodine. This hormone is found in the blood stream in the liver, nirka, milk worms, and intestinal tract. Lack of iodine in the body of a person leads to such an illness, like an endemic goiter and cretinism, with any increase in growth and development of rosum disease. In addition to other elements, iodine will spray the growth and fertility of creatures, improving their health and fertility. The main sources of iodine for people are cereals, eggplants, kvassola, white cabbage and kolorova, potatoes, cibula, carrots, cucumbers, garmelon, lettuce, seaweed, squid.

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To be entered from the moment of confirmation Moscow 2000 Zahalnacharacteristic direct training of a certified specialist “Safety..., type of mutual modality, throwing, zastosuvannya at tehnіtsі. Nemetali, power, zastosuvannya, the most important spoluchy - oksi...

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In nature. 3. The kingdom of mushrooms (3 years) Mushrooms. Zahalnacharacteristic mushrooms, their life and life. Drіzhdzhi ... recognition of that otrimannya of speeches. THEME 2 Nemetali(27 years old) Zahalnacharacteristicnon-metals: position in the periodic system D. I. ...

The main lighting program of the primary and secondary education "secondary education school No. 10"

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be specified hot mark the main sleepy elucidate the specifics of the primary subject; 2) blatantlycharacteristic first... at the rozchinah elektrolitiv. The variety of speeches Zahalnacharacteristicnon-metals on the basis of their positions in the periodic...

The greatest scientific classification of chemical elements was based on metal and non-metal. Tsya classification has not lost its significance at the hour.

Out of 118 chemical elements at the moment, 22 elements make simple speeches that can hold non-metal power.

Nemetali roztashovuyutsya in III-VII groups. Behind the physical dominance, to the point of no metal, one should also include the VIIIA group, or the group of noble gases. Nemetali appease p-elements, as well as water and helium, which is s-Elements. For long-term tables p-elements, which are not thrown away, are ruffled to the right and more in the mind of the mind B-At.

group	I	III	IV	V	VI	VII	VIII
1st period	H						He
2nd period		B	C	N	O	F	Ne
3rd period			Si	P	S	Cl	Ar
4th period				As	Se	Br	kr
5th period					Te	I	Xe
6th period						At	Rn

Nemetali- the main chemical elements, for atoms of which it is characteristic to accept electrons until the completion of the outer ball of visibility, as a rule, the outer ball of electrons has more electrons and a small radius of atoms in the case of metal atoms.

2. Features of non-metal atoms.

Most of the non-metal atoms have up to eight valence electrons in the outer sphere, one in the water atom, two in the helium atom, and three valence electrons in the boron atom, a small radius of the atom (the orbital radius is less than 0.1 nm). Therefore, atoms of non-metals should be brought to 8e in a day. The power of atoms is characterized by electronegativity. For non-metal atoms, a high value of electronegativity is characteristic. It changes no more than 2 to 4.

Vidpovidno to the new did not throw a special row:

Fluorine- the strongest oxide, which atoms in chemical reactions do not give electrons, so that they show the power of authority.

At atoms of non-metals, oxides of power are more important, so that the power of adding electrons. Qiu building characterizes the value of electronegativity, as it regularly changes in periods and subgroups.

Non-metals can show in the same way power, although in a signifi- cantly weaker world they are equal with metals: in periods and subgroups of them, the most important building changes in the reverse order, equal with oxide.

Characteristics of non-metal elements and yogo regularly change in groups and periods.

In the periods (with the increase of the serial number, tobto left-handed and right-handed):

Increases the charge of the nucleus,

Increase the number of foreign electrons,

The radius of the atoms changes,

Increases the intensity of the bond between electrons and the nucleus (ionization energy),

Increased electronegativity,

· oxidize the power of simple speeches ("non-metal") (crim elements of the VIIIA group),

weakening the power of simple speeches ("metality") (crim elements of the VIIIA group),

weak basic nature of hydroxides and hydroxides,

· Growing acidic character of hydroxides and hydroxides,

· valency in the case of sour growth in 3 to 7, more valency is more equal to the number of the group.

In groups (with the increase in the serial number, tobto the beast to the bottom):

Increases the charge of the nucleus,

Increase the radius of the atoms (only in the head subgroups),

Changes in the intensity of the link between electrons and the nucleus (ionization energy; only in the main subgroups),

Changes in electronegativity (only in the main subgroups),

weaken the oxidation power of simple speeches ("non-metallic"; only in the head subgroups) (crim elements of the VIIIA group),

· they are reinforced by the power of simple speeches ("metality"; only in the head subgroups) (crime elements of the VIIIA group),

· Growing basic nature of hydroxides and secondary oxides (only in the head subgroups),

weak acid character of hydroxides and other oxides (only in the head subgroups),

Decreased stability of water slugs

· the valency of the elements is not changed and is equal to the number of the group.

See the link, characteristic of non-metals:

Іonna (KSI) ;

covalent (non-polar - in simple speeches (С1 2)

polar - in the case of non-metals (SCl 2).

However, there is a trace especially for the dual position of the water in the Periodic system: in groups I and VII of the head subgroups. Tse is not vipadkovo. From one side, an atom of water, like up to atoms of puddle metals, may be on the outer (and single for the new) electronic ball one electron (electronic configuration 1s 1), which is the building's power, showing the power of the leader.

In most cases, water, like puddles of metal, reveals the oxidation state +1, Ale, giving an electron to an atom, water is more important, lower to atoms of puddle metals. On the other side, the atom of water, like the atoms of halogens, for the completion of a perfect electron ball, one electron does not get out, that atom of water can take one electron, influencing the power of the oxidizing agent, which is characteristic of the halogen, the oxidation step -1 in hydrides - bonds with metals, podіbnimi to half metals with halogens - halides. But the arrival of one electron to an atom is more complicated, lower for halogens.

For the greatest minds, water H2 is gas. Its molecule, like the halogens, is diatomic.

The elements of the VIII group of the main subgroup are inert noble gases, the atoms of which may complete the outer electron ball. The electronic configuration of the atoms of these elements is such that they cannot be compared to either metals or non-metals. The stench of these objects, like in a natural system, clearly divides the elements into metals and non-throwers, occupying a camp near the cordon between them. Inert or noble ghazis (“nobility” is expressed in inertness) can sometimes be brought to non-metal, but purely formally, behind physical signs. Cі rechovina zberіgayut gazopodіbny mill to arc low temperatures.

The inertness of chemical exposure of these elements is obvious. For xenon and krypton, they are combined with fluorine and acid. Undoubtedly, in the illumination of these fields, inert gases played the role of contributors.

3. The breadth of non-metal elements.

Kisen and siliconє the widest elements, їx often falls close to 70% of the mass of earthly measles. Rare elements include iodine, selenium, telurium and other deacids, and thousands of parts of a hundred times the mass of the earth's measles fall on this part. Bagato spoluk non-metal є obov'yazkovoy warehousing growing and living organisms. Before the organogenic elements (“organic speech, which is popular”: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids) one can see: acid O (about 60% of the mass of the human body falls on this part), C, H, N, P and S. small numbers in the organisms of creatures and roslin are found F, O, I.

Two elements-non-metals make 76% of the earth's measles. Tse kisen (49%) and silicon (27%). In the atmosphere, 0.03% of the oil is sour in the earth's crust. Nemetali to become 98.5% of the mass of roslin, 97.6% of the mass of the human body. Before the warehouse again, as we dihaєmo, enter simple and folding speech, also made with non-metal elements (oxygen O 2 nitrogen, carbon dioxide CO 2 water vapor H 2 O that іn).

Voden- the head element of the All-world. A lot of cosmic objects (gas clouds, stars, including the Sun) more than half add up to water. On Earth, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere, only 0.88%. Ale tse behind the mass, and the atomic mass is even smaller. To this, a small amount of yoga is only given, and from the skin of 100 atoms on Earth 17 - an atom of water.

4. Non-throwers - just speeches. Budov.

In simple speech, non-metal atoms are bound by a covalent non-polar bond; noble gases have no chemical bonds. Zavdyaki tsom formed stіykіsha electronic system, nizh іzolovanih atomіv. In this case, single (for example, in molecules of water H 2 halogens Cl 2 Br 2), dependent (for example, in acid molecules) losses (for example, in nitrogen molecules) covalent bonds are formed.

Let's move on to a look at the existence of non-metal molecules. Non-metals work as monoatomic and diatomic molecules.

Before monatomic non-metals, there are inert gases, which practically do not react with the most active speeches. The inert gases are mixed in group VIII of the Periodic system, and the chemical formulas of similar simple speeches are: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn.

Deyakі non-metal utvoryut diatomic molecules. Ce halogens - F 2, Cl 2, Br 2, I 2 (elements of the VII group of the Periodic system), as well as H 2, N 2, O 2. Atoms of ozone, phosphorus, sulfur - from a large number of atoms (O 3, P 4, S 8), inert gases - from one atom (He, Ne, Ar, Kr).

For non-metal speeches, which have a hard steel, put together a chemical formula to do it smoothly. Atoms of coal in graphite are united one by one in a different way. Seeing the frame of the molecule in target structures is important. When writing the chemical formulas of such speeches, like in the case of metals, an omission is introduced, so that such speeches are composed of less than atoms. Chemical formulas, in their own way, are written without indexes - C, Si, S only.

The largest types of non-metals are molecular, and the smallest types are non-molecular. Cim and explain the power of their authorities.

1. Molecular Budova. In these non-metals, in a solid state molecular crystal structures. In this case, in the skin molecule, the atoms of the z'dnana are filled with a multicovalent bond, and the other molecules, one by one in the crystals of the speech, are even weaker. Therefore, for the greatest minds, there are more such speeches - gases or solid speeches. with low melting points and less than one bromine (Br 2) is home. All the speech of the molecular life, flying to that. In a hard steel, the stench of fusible melting through a weak intermolecular interaction, which reduces the molecules in the crystal, and building to sublimation.

Molecular non-metals: H 2 , N 2 , P 4 (white phosphorus), As 4 , O 2 , O 3 , S 8 , F 2 , Cl 2 , I 2 . Before them, one can see noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Kx, Rn), atoms and such as "monoatomic molecules".

2. Atomic Budova. We have non-metals atomic crystal grains , To that stench may be great hardness and even high melting point. Qi of speech is made by old lancets of atoms. Through the great power of covalent bonds, the stench, as a rule, makes a high hardness, and whether or not it changes, binds the covalent bonds in their crystals (melting, evaporation), with great vitratoy energy. A lot of such speeches have high melting and boiling temperatures, and their volatility is even lower.

Non-molecular non-metals: B (sprat of alotropic modifications), C (graphite), C (diamond), Si, Ge, P (black), P (black), As, Se, Te. All the stench of hard speech, silicon, germanium, selenium and other deacons may be the conductors of power.

The reason for the great diversity of the physical powers of non-metals is found in different buds of crystalline rocks of these speeches.

Part of the non-metal atomic crystal grains. The crystals of such speeches are made up of atoms, joined together by powerful covalent bonds. Such non-metals are rebuyed at a solid aggregate steel and are non-volatile. The butts of such speeches are diamond, graphite, red phosphorus and silicon.

Models of crystal diamonds (levoruch) and graphite. Crystals of these alotropic species are formed from atoms of carbon, joined together by covalent bonds. Graphite crystals, like diamond crystals, folded into eight balls, like roztashovuyutsya one to one, like before, like arch paper paper in a book.

A lot of non-thrown elements make up a sprinkling of simple speeches - alotropic modifications.

Alotropy is the purpose of the creation of atoms of one chemical element to create a sprinkling of simple speeches. and simple speech - with allotropic modifications and modifications.

Alotropia can be associated with a different composition of molecules - a different number of atoms in a molecule (O 2 and O 3), and with a different number of crystals. Alotropic species, which are settled by one and the very same chemical element, are essentially infuriated among themselves, both for everyday life and for power.