Step okisnennya sour. Oxidation stage Kisen shows a positive oxidation stage in the day
(repeated)
II. Oxidation stage (new material)
Oxidation stage- That mental charge, which takes away an atom as a result of a new supply (acceptance) of electrons, comes out of the mind, that all the links are in each ion.
Let's take a look at the atoms of fluorine and sodium:
F +9) 2) 7
Na+11) 2) 8) 1
- What can you say about the completeness of the modern equalization of atoms in fluorine and sodium?
- Which atom is easy to accept, and which one is easy to receive valence electrons with the method of completing an equal equal?
Having offended the atom and may not complete the ovnіshnіy rіven?
It is easier for sodium to receive electrons, for fluorine - to accept electrons until the end of the level.
F0+1? →F-1 (the neutral atom accepts one negative electron and the oxidation state “-1” is increased, transforming into negatively charged ion - anion )
Na 0 - 1? → Na+1 (the neutral atom gives off one negative electron and the degree of oxidation "+1" increases, transforming into positively charged ion - cation )
How to designate the oxidation ratio of an atom in PSH D.I. Mendelev?
Appointment rules atomic oxidation step in PSCHE D.I. Mendelev:
1. Voden sound showing the degree of oxidation (CO) +1 (excluded, combined with metals (hydrides) - in water, CO is more common (-1) Me + n H n -1)
2. Kisen ring out the sound of CO -2 (inclusion: Pro +2 F 2, H 2 O 2 -1 - water peroxide)
3. Metals show less + n positive CO
4. Fluorine viyavlyaє zavzhdi SO equal -1 (F-1)
5. For elements head subgroups:
Vishcha CO (+) = group number N groupie
Nizhcha CO (-) = N groupie – 8
The rules for determining the oxidation state of the atom in the next:
I. Oxidation stage free atoms and atoms in molecules simple speeches dorivnyuє zero - Na 0 , P 4 0 , O 2 0
II. AT collapsible speech the algebraic sum of 3 of the atoms with the adjustments of their indices to zero = 0 , and in folding ion yoga charge.
For example, H +1 N +5 O 3 -2 : (+1)*1+(+5)*1+(-2)*3 = 0
2- : (+6)*1+(-2)*4 = -2
Head 1 - determine the degree of oxidation of all atoms in the formula of sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4?
1. Let's put down the following oxidation steps in water and sour, and CO sirki is taken as "x"
H +1 S x O 4 -2
(+1)*1+(x)*1+(-2)*4=0
X = 6 or (+6), also, y C +6, then. S+6
Manager 2 - What is the degree of oxidation of all atoms in the formula of phosphoric acid H 3 PO 4?
1. Let's put down the following oxidation steps for water and sour, and CO for phosphorus is taken as "x"
H 3 +1 P x O 4 -2
2. Warehouse and rozvjazhemo equal, zgіdno z rule (II):
(+1)*3+(x)*1+(-2)*4=0
X \u003d 5 or (+5), also, for phosphorus C +5, then. P+5
Manager 3 - Choose the degree of oxidation of all atoms in the formula for ammonium ion (NH 4) + ?
1. Let's put the oxidation rate in water, and CO nitrogen is taken as "x"
A chemical element in the case, charges are allowed, so all links can be of the ionic type.
Oxidation steps can be positive, negative, or zero, so the algebraic sum of the steps of oxidation of elements in a molecule is equal to 0, and in an ion, to the charge of an ion.
1. Oxidation stages of metals in plants are always positive.
2. The highest stage of oxidation depends on the number of the group of the periodic system, where this element is found (to make the vine: Au+3(I group), Cu+2(II), from group VIII oxidation steps +8 can be only in osmium Os that ruthenia Ru.
3. Oxidation stages of non-metals occur depending on the atom of the wines:
- as a metal atom, then the oxidation step is negative;
- Because of the non-metal atom, the oxidation stage can be both positive and negative. Tse lie in the electronegativity of the atoms of the elements.
4. The highest negative oxidation state of non-metals can be assigned to the 8th group number, in which the element is changed, tobto. the highest positive stage of oxidation is more equal to the number of electrons on the outer ball, which corresponds to the number of the group.
5. The stages of oxidation of simple speeches are equal to 0, whether it is metal or not metal.
Elements with constant oxidation stages.
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element |
Characteristic stage of oxidation |
Vinyatki |
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Metal hydrides: LIH-1 |
||
|
Oxidation step naming the mental charge of the part in the admission, that the connection is more or less broken (maє ionic character). H- Cl = H + + Cl - , The link in hydrochloric acid is covalently polar. The electron pair is displaced by the larger world at the bik atom Cl - , because Vіn more electronegative element. How to designate the stage of oxidation?Electronegativity- The purpose of the creation of atoms is to attract to itself the electrons of other elements. The oxidation step is indicated above the element: Br 2 0 , Na 0 , O +2 F 2 -1 ,K + Cl - and etc. You can either be negative or positive. The stage of oxidation of simple speech (non-binding, free camp) is equal to zero. The degree of oxidation of sourness in the most spoluk dorivnyu -2 H 2 Pro 2, de vona dorivnyu -1 and z'ednannya with fluorine - O +2 F 2 -1 , O 2 +1 F 2 -1 ). - Oxidation stage a simple monatomic ion is more expensive than a charge: Na + , Ca +2 . Water at its sides may have an oxidation level equal to +1 (hydrides add up - Na + H - the same type C +4 H 4 -1 ). In “metal-non-metal” bonds, the negative oxidation step is the same atom, which is the most electrically opposing (data on electronegative induction in the Pauling scale): H + F - , Cu + Br - , Ca +2 (NO 3 ) - and etc. Rules for determining the degree of oxidation in chemical fields.Take a day KMnO 4 , it is necessary to determine the oxidation state of the manganese atom. Microwave:
Up to +MnXO 4 -2 Come on X- we do not need a stage of oxidation of manganese. Number of atoms in potassium - 1, manganese - 1, acid - 4. It has been shown that the molecule as a whole is electrically neutral, so the total charge can be equal to zero. 1*(+1) + 1*(X) + 4(-2) = 0, X = +7 Also, the stage of oxidation of manganese to potassium permanganate = +7. Take another butt oxide Fe2O3. It is necessary to determine the oxidation rate of the sun atom. Microwave:
2*(X) + 3*(-2) = 0, Visnovok: the degree of oxidation of the hall at which oxygen is good is +3. apply. Designate the degree of oxidation of all atoms in the molecule. 1. K2Cr2O7. Oxidation stage Up to +1, sour O -2. Salary indexes: O=(-2)×7=(-14), K=(+1)×2=(+2). Because If the algebraic sum of the oxidation steps of the elements in a molecule is equal to the number of atoms equal to 0, then the number of positive oxidation steps is equal to the number of negative ones. Oxidation steps K+O=(-14)+(+2)=(-12). On the other hand, the number of positive steps for the chromium atom is 12, the number of atoms in the molecule is 2, and one atom falls (+12): 2=(+6). Suggestion: Up to 2 + Cr 2 +6 O 7 -2. 2.(AsO 4) 3-. In times, the sum of the oxidation steps is no longer equal to zero, but to the charge of the ion, tobto. - 3. Warehouse alignment: x+4×(- 2)= - 3 . Suggestion: (As +5 O 4 -2) 3-. |
Oxide-water processes may be of great importance for living and inanimate nature. For example, the burning process can be carried out before the OVR, with the participation of the sour again. In this reaction, the oxidation-reduction of wines shows its non-metal power.
Also, OVR butts are herbal, dichal processes, photosynthesis.
Classification
Depending on the fact that it is necessary to change the value of the oxidation stage in the elements of the natural speech and the product of the reaction, it is accepted to subdivide all chemical transformations into two groups:
- oxidizing-visible;
- without changing the oxidation stages.
How to apply another group, there are ion processes that flow between speech patterns.
Oxidation-reactions - these are processes, connected with a change in the degree of oxidation of atoms, which enters the warehouse of the last days.
What is the stage of oxidation
This is the mental charge, which inflates an atom in a molecule in that moment, if the electron pairs of chemical bonds are displaced to a larger electronegative atom.
For example, in the sodium fluoride (NaF) molecule, the maximum electronegativity is shown by fluorine, so the oxidation step is a negative value. Sodium in this molecule will be a positive ion. The sum of the oxidation steps in the molecule is close to zero.
Appointment options
What kind of ion is kisen? A positive oxidation step is uncharacteristic for this, but it means that the same element is manifested in the same chemical interactions.
The most understandable stage of oxidation has a formal character, but it is connected with the effective (real) charge of the atom. It is easy to use it when classifying chemical speeches, as well as when recording processes that are being studied.
Appointment rules
For non-metals, a lower and higher oxidation stage is seen. If the first indication is assigned to the group number, then another value is more importantly indicated by the group number, in which the given chemical element is staggered. For example, at the z'ednannyh, ring up -2. Such slabs are called oxides. For example, such speeches can contain carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide), the formula of which is CO 2 .
The maximum oxidation state of non-metal is often found in acids and salts. For example, in perchloric acid HClO 4 halogen has valency VII (+7).
peroxydi
The stage of oxidation of the atom is sour in the hollows, ringing up -2, the vines become peroxide. They vvazhayut sour spoluchy, in which there is no need to avenge the ion at sight 2 2-, 4 2-, 2 -.
Peroxide slugs are divided into two groups: simple and complex. Please respect those conditions in which the peroxide group joins with an atom or a metal ion, an atomic or an ionic chemical bond. Such speeches are made with puddle and puddle-earth metals (cream lithium and beryllium). Due to the increasing electronegativity of the metal in the middle of the subgroup, it is possible to switch from an ionic type of bond to a covalent structure.
Cream peroxide in the form of Me 2 O 2 in representatives of the first group (the main subgroup) is also the basis of peroxide in the form of Me 2 O 3 and Me 2 O 4 .
As with fluorine, kisen shows a positive oxidation rate, while with metals (in peroxides) the indicator is -1.
With complex feathers, speeches are introduced, where the group speaks like a ligandi. Such speeches are established by the elements of the third group (the main subgroup), as well as by the advancing groups.
Classification of complex peroxogroups
We see five groups of such folding shelves. Pershu is folded with peroxo acids, which make a blazing look [En (O 2 2-) x L y] z-. Peroxide-ions can either enter into a complex ion or appear in a seemingly monodentate (E-O-O-), mystkovy (E-O-O-E) ligand, which satisfies the rich nuclear complex.
As with fluorine, kisen shows a positive degree of oxidation, in common with fluorine and meadow-earth metals, it is a typical non-metal (-1).
The butt of such speech is Caro acid (peroxomonomeric acid) in the form of H2SO5. Ligand peroxide group in such complexes acts as a local linkage between non-metal atoms, for example, in peroxodisulfuric acid in the form of H 2 S 2 O 8 - a crystalline speech of white color with a low melting point.
Another group of complexes is vibrated in speech, in which the peroxo group is included before the warehouse of the complex ion of the molecule.
They are represented by the formula [E n (O 2) x L y] z.
The other three groups are ce peroxide, which have crystal water, for example, Na 2 O 2 × 8H 2 O, or crystal water peroxide.
As a type of dominance of all peroxide speeches, one can see them in the interplay of the Cosmos with the differences in acids, seen in the thermal arrangement of active acid.
Like jerelo sour, chloraty, nitrate, permanganate, perchlorate can act.
Kisnyu difluoride
When the acid shows a positive degree of oxidation? Have more electronegative sour) OF 2. Won become +2. Formerly it was taken by Paul Lebeau at the beginning of the 20th century, and three times later by Ruff.
Oxygen shows a positive degree of oxidation in the presence of fluorine. Its electronegativity is more equal to 4, so the electron gap of the molecule is shifted from the bik atom to fluorine.
The power of acid fluoride
Tsya half-life is in a rare aggregate state, uncircumcised with rare acid, fluorine, ozone. Rest in cold water is minimal.
How is the positive stage of oxidation explained? The Great Encyclopedia of Oil explains how the highest + (positive) oxidation state can be assigned to the group number in the periodic table. This value is represented by the largest number of electrons, which, when fully oxidized, gives a neutral atom.
Remove acid fluoride in a puddle way, which transfers the passage of gas-like fluorine through a water gap.
In this case, cream fluoride is sour, so ozone and peroxide are dissolved in water.
An alternative way to contain acid fluoride is to carry out electrolysis of hydrofluoric acid. Chastkovo tse zadnannya so utvoryutsya when burning in the atmosphere of water fluorine.
The process follows a radical mechanism. At the same time, the initiation of free radicals, which is accompanied by the adoption of the biradical sour, is initiated. At the next stage, the dominating process is on the way.
Difluoride sour shows the sourness of the oxide power. For the power of yoga you can match with free fluorine, and for the mechanism of the oxide process - with ozone. The reaction will require a high activation energy, fragments of the first stage to form an atomic acid.
The thermal expansion of this oxide, in which the acid is characterized by a positive oxidation step, is a monomolecular reaction, which is due to temperature indications of 200 °C.
Vіdminnі characteristics
When fluoride gets sour in hot water, hydrolysis proceeds, the products of which will be the greatest molecular sour, and induce hydrogen fluoride.
The process is just quick at the puddle middle. Sumish drive that bet difluoride sour є vibuhonobezpechnoy.
This process reacts intensively with metal mercury, but in precious metals (gold, platinum) it makes up only a thin fluoride smelt. This power explains the possibility of using these metals at normal temperatures for contact with acid fluoride.
At the time of the increase in the temperature indicator, there is some oxidation of metals. Magnesium and aluminium are used as the best metals for robotic applications.
Necessarily change your original stellar appearance under the infusion of fluoride acid stainless steel, alloy midi.
The high activation energy of this acidic plant with fluorine allows it to be safely mixed with various carbohydrates, black gas, explaining the possibility of victorious acidic fluoride as a rocket fire oxidizer.
Visnovok
The chemists have carried out a number of experiments, which confirmed the validity of the stosuvannya tsієї poluki in gas-dynamic laser installations.
Food related to the various stages of oxidation of acidity and other non-metals, included in the school course of chemistry.
Such beginners are important, shards allow high school students to cope with tasks, as they pronounce in the tests of a single stately experience.
DESIGNATION
Kisen- the eighth element of the Periodic Table. Restashing in another period VI group A subgroup. Designated - O.
Natural kisen is composed of three stable isotopes 16 O (99.76%), 17 O (0.04%) and 18 O (0.2%).
The largest diatomic acid molecule is O2. It is paramagnetic and weakly polarized. Melting temperatures (-218.9 o W) and boiling points (-183 o W) are even lower. Kisen rottenly spreads near the water. For normal minds, sour is gas without color and smell.
Rare and hard kissen is attracted by a magnet, because yogo molecules are paramagnetic. Solid kisen of blue color, and rare - of blackite. Confused by the mutual injection of molecules.
Oxide has two alotropic modifications - O 2 O 2 and O 3 ozone.
Step okisnennya sour at the shelves
Oxygen makes diatomic molecules to the O 2 warehouse for the induction of covalent non-polar bonds, and, apparently, in the bonds with non-polar bonds, the stages of oxidation of the elements are zero.
It is typical for sour to reach a higher value of electronegativity, which most often shows a negative level of oxidation (-2) (Na 2 O -2, K 2 O -2, CuO -2, PbO -2, Al 2 O -2 3, Fe 2 O -2 3, NO -2 2, P 2 O -2 5, CrO -2 3, Mn 2 O -2 7).
In the peroxide type, the kisen shows the stages of oxidation (-1) (H 2 O -1 2).
In the future warehouse OF 2, the acid shows a positive degree of oxidation equal (+2) , Oskіlki fluorine is the most electronegative element and the second stage of oxidation is always the most expensive (-1).
Like a pokhіdny, in which the kisen shows the stages of oxidation (+4) you can see the alotropic modification of acid - ozone O 3 (O +4 O 2).
Apply the solution of tasks
BUTT 1
STAGE OF OXIDATION - the charge, which instantly biwinkled into the atoms in the molecule or ions, so that all bonds with other atoms were broken, and the high-pitched electron pairs went with more electronegative elements.
In the middle of the night, the acid shows a positive oxidation rate: H2O; H2O2; CO2; OF2?
OF2. tsіy spolukі kisen maє stupіn okislennja + 2
Yaka speechovina є only a leader: Fe; SO3; Cl2; HNO3?
sulfur oxide (IV) - SO 2
Which element in the III period of the Periodic system D.I. Mendeliev, being in a free state, is the strongest oxidizer: Na; Al; S; Cl2?
Cl chlorine
V-part
Some classes of inorganic compounds include such speech: HF, PbO2, Hg2SO4, Ni(OH)2, FeS, Na2CO3?
Folding speeches. Oksidi
Add formulas: a) acidic potassium salts of phosphoric acid; b) basic zinc salt of carbonic acid H2CO3.
Like speech, it comes out with the interplay of: a) acids from syllu; b) acids from a base; c) salts from sill; d) the foundations of the sill? Give examples of reactions.
a) metal oxides, metal salts.
C) salt (only for retailers)
D) a new force is being established, the foundation of that water is indestructible
Which of the following are hydrochloric acid reactive agents: N2O5, Zn(OH)2, CaO, AgNO3, H3PO4, H2SO4? Store equal possible reactions.
Zn(OH)2 + 2 HCl = ZnCl + H2O
CaO + 2 HCl = CaCl2 + H2O
Please indicate to what type of oxides to lay the midi oxide, and bring it for additional chemical reactions.
metal oxide.
Oxide midi (II) CuO - crystals of black color, crystallize in a monoclinic syngony, alkalinity 6.51 g / cm3, melting point 1447 ° C (under the pressure of acidity). When heated up to 1100°C, it expands to the approved midi (I) oxide:
4CuO = 2Cu2O + O2.
The water does not differ, it does not react with it. May weakly amphoteric power with the majestic override of the main ones.
In aqueous solutions, ammonia is dissolved by tetraammine copper (II) hydroxide:
CuO + 4NH3 + H2O = (OH)2.
Easily reacts with diluted acids with dissolved salts and water:
CuO + H2SO4 = CuSO4 + H2O.
When fused with meadows, I make cuprati:
CuO + 2KOH = K2CuO2 + H2O.
It is inspired by water, black gas and active metals to metal midi:
CuO + H2 = Cu + H2O;
CuO+CO=Cu+CO2;
CuO + Mg = Cu + MgO.
Exit when roasted with midi(II) hydroxide at 200°C:
Cu(OH)2 = CuO + H2O
or when oxidized metal midi on display at 400-500 ° C:
2Cu + O2 = 2CuO.
6. Finish the equalization of reactions:
Mg(OH)2 + H2SO4 = MgSO4+2H2O
Mg(OH)2^- +2H^+ + SO4^2-=Mg^2+ + SO4^2- +2H2O
Mg(OH)2^- +2H^+ = Mg^2+ +2H2O^-
NaOH + H3PO4 \u003d NaH2PO4 + H2O FE \u003d 1
H3PO4 + 2NaOH \u003d Na2HPO4 + 2H2O FE \u003d 1/2
H3PO4 + 3NaOH \u003d Na3PO4 + 3H2O FE \u003d 1/3
in the first drop 1 mol of phosphoric acid gm. equivalent to 1 proton. mean, equivalence factor 1
weight concentration - mass of speech in grams, which is measured in 100 g. if 100 g is the same as 5 g of salt, how much is required for 500 g?
titer - mass of speech in grams, which is measured in 1 ml. 0.3 g stitch 300 ml.
Ca (OH) 2 + H2CO3 \u003d CaO + H2O 2 / characteristic reaction - neutralization reaction Ca / OH / 2 + H2CO3 \u003d CaCO3 + H2O 3 / react with acid oxides Ca / OH / 2 + CO2 \u003d CaCO3 + H2O 4 / with acidic salts Ca / OH / 2 + 2KHCO3 \u003d K2CO3 + CaCO3 + 2H2O 5 / meadows enter into an exchange reaction with salts. yakscho with which precipitation 2NaOH + CuCl2 = 2NaCl + Cu / OH / 2 / precipitation / 6 / various meadows react with non-metals. and also with aluminum or zinc. OVR.
Name three ways of salt retention. Vidpovіd confirm by equal reactions
A) Neutralization reaction.. After the vaporization of the water, they gain the crystal power. For example:
B) Reaction of bases with acidic oxides(Div. paragraph 8.2). This is also a variant of the neutralization reaction:
AT) Reaction of acids with salts. Which way to go, for example, in that case, as if the indistinct force is established, which falls into a siege:
Yaki s inducing lower speeches can react with each other: NaOH, H3PO4, Al (OH) 3, SO3, H2O, CaO? Vidpovіd confirm by equal reactions
2 NaOH + H3PO4 = Na2HPO4 + 2H2O
CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2
Al(OH)3 + NaOH = Na(Al(OH)4) or NaAlO2 + H2O
SO3 + H2O = H2SO4
VI- part
The nucleus of an atom (protons, neutrons).
An atom is the smallest part of a chemical element, which takes its chemical power. An atom is made up of nuclei that have a positive electrical charge, and a negative charge of electrons. The charge of the nucleus of any chemical element is more expensive Z on e de Z is the ordinal number of this element in the periodic system of chemical elements, e is the value of the elementary electric charge.
Protoni- stable elementary particles, can have a single positive electric charge and mass, 1836 times more, lower electron mass. A proton is the nucleus of an atom of the lightest element - water. The number of protons in the nucleus of a healthy Z. Neutron- neutral (as it does not have an electric charge) elementary part with a mass, even close to that of a proton. The amount of mass of the nucleus is formed from the mass of protons and neutrons, the number of neutrons in the nucleus of the atom is equal to A - Z, de A is the mass number of the given isotope (div. Periodic system of chemical elements). The proton and neutron that enter the nucleus are called nucleons. The nucleus of the nucleon is bound by special nuclear forces.
Electronics
Electron- a small part of speech with a negative electric charge e = 1.6 10 -19 coulombs, taken as an elementary electric charge. Electrons, wrapping around the nucleus, spread out on electronic shells, L, M, etc. K - shell, closest to the core. The size of an atom is determined by the size of its electronic shell.
Isotopes
An isotope is an atom of one and the same chemical element, the nucleus of which has the same number of protons (positively charged particles), and the number of neutrons, and the element itself has the same atomic number, which is the main element. Due to the different isotopes, there are different atomic masses.
In case of established bonds with less electronegative atoms (for fluorine, all elements, for chlorine, all, fluorine and oxygen), the valence of all halogens is normal. Oxidation stage -1 and charge of ion 1-. A positive oxidation step is impossible for fluorine. Chlorine has a different positive oxidation state up to +7 (group number). Apply the z'ednan brought at the Dovіdkovіy part.
In most cases, chlorine is an electronegative element (EO = 3.0) in the negative oxidation state -1. In cases with more electronegative fluorine, sour and nitrogen, vin shows a positive oxidation step. Particularly different in terms of chlorine and sour, in which the degree of oxidation to chlorine is +1, -f3, +5 and +7, and also +4 and Ch-6.
Por_vnyannі s chlorine fluorine F is richly active. Vіn reacts with usima chemical elements, with tin and luzhnozemelnym metals to wind in the cold. Deyakі metal (Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Сі, Ni) in cold weather to difluoride through the solution of fluoride smelting. Fluorine is the strongest oxidant among the most common elements. Wine is the only one of the halogens that does not show positive oxidation steps. When heated, fluorine reacts with most metals, including gold and platinum. Vіn establishes a number of cases with sour, and there are only a few cases, in which sours are electropositive (for example, sour difluoride OFa). On the vіdmіnu vіd oksіv, qi spoluky call sour fluorides.
Elements of subgroups sour the significant world in the sourness of power. Head їх vіdmіnіnіst polyaє v zdatnostі vyavljatnі posіtivnі stаnі okislennі, up to
The greatest memory of the presence of halogens among themselves is on the floors, and stinks show positive oxidation stages. Mainly halogens with the largest electronegative elements - fluorine and sour, yak
Atom sour can electronic configuration [Not] 25 2р. Oskіlki tsey element for its electronegativity comes less to fluorine, it may be more likely to be in the negative stage of oxidation. Together with the half-times, de kisen may have a positive stage of oxidation, є fluorine streaks of O2 and OR.
Have 1927 r. In an indirect way, the boulder was taken off the acidic part of the fluorine, in the sour, the positive stage of oxidation is healthy with two
Shards of atoms to nitrogen in ammonia attract electrons more strongly, lower to elemental nitrogen, it seems that the stench is a negative stage of oxidation. Dioxide to nitrogen, de atoms to nitrogen attract electrons weaker, lower to elemental nitrogen, higher to the positive stage of oxidation. In elemental nitrogen or elemental acidity, the atom has a zero degree of oxidation. (Zero oxidation level is attributed to all elements in an uncombined steel.) Oxidation stage is a clue for understanding oxide-oxidation reactions.
Chlorine satisfies the whole series of oxyanions SS, SS, SS3 and SS, in which it exhibits the last series of positive oxidation steps. Chloride-ion, C1, has the electronic structure of the noble gas Ar s chotirma with pairs of valence electrons. Assignment to chotiri oxyanion chlorine can be manifested as a product of the reaction of chloride ion, SG, as a Lewis base with one, two, three, or three atoms of acid, skin, for any power of the electron acceptor, tobto. lusic acid
Chemistry of the power of the sirka, selenium and telurium is rich in what is irritated by the powers of the sour. One of the most important properties is used in these elements of positive oxidation stages up to -1-6, as they increase, for example
The electronic configuration ns np allows the elements of this group to show oxidation stages -I, +11, +IV and +VI. Shards before the change of the inert gas does not reach more than two electrons, then the oxidation stage -II is even easier. Especially for the light elements of the group.
In fact, the sour air breezes through the elements of the group with lightness, for which an atom fills two electrons, making a doubly charged negative ion. Behind the blame for the insignificant negative stages of oxidation of sour in peroxides (-1), superperoxides (-Va) and ozonides (7z), slugs, in which є zv'azka sour - sour, and also stagnation + 1 i - + II in the slugs of O. Fa i ORz kisen in all cases may have stages of oxidation -I. For the other elements of the group, the negative stage of oxidation becomes step by step less stable, and the positive one becomes more stable. In important elements, the lower positive oxidation stages are overridden.
Depending on the nature of the element in the positive oxidation state, the nature of the oxides in periods and groups of the periodic system naturally changes. In periods, the negative effective charge on the acidic atoms changes and there is a gradual transition from the basic ones through amphoteric oxides to acid ones, for example
Nal, Mgb, AIF3, ZrBf4. Under the visnance of the oxenine level, Elent_v in Z'єєднанный з заминый covalenniki signatures (Div. 1.6) osskіlki at the devotee of the Elentivniy Elentiv, then the Elentine Elentiv Elentiv, then Ostnі Myutninny , which is characterized by the largest values of electronegativity, the products have a constant negative oxidation state of -1.
I'm sour, I also have a high electronegativity value, a negative oxidation level is characteristic -2, peroxides -1. Vignatok to become OF2, at which stage the oxidation is 4-2. Luzhnі and luzhnozemel'nі elementi, for some powerfully low value of electronegativity, always have a positive degree of oxidation, equal vіdpovіdno +1 and +2. The constant degree of oxidation (+ 1) in most cases shows water, for example
For the magnitude of electronegativity, kisen comes only to fluorine. Half a sour with fluorine is unique, because only in these half a sour can a positive degree of oxidation.
Pokhіdnі positive stage of oxidation of sour by the most powerful energy-consuming oxides, building to see the chemical energy that is stored in them in singing minds. It is possible to vicorate as an effective rocket fire oxides.
And lie down to the metal, we will expand the appointments for them the most. However, the elements of the 6A group, sour after a little wine, are often found in countries with a positive oxidation level up to + 6, which shows the connection of all six valence electrons with atoms of electronegative elements.
Usі elementi tsієї podgrupi, krіm polonіyu, nemetali. In their own lungs, stench manifests as a negative and a positive degree of oxidation. In compounds with metals and water, their oxidation stages, as a rule, are -2. For example, with non-metals, for example, with sour, there may be a value of +4 or -) -6. Vignatok at his own to become kissen himself. For the magnitude of the electronegativity of wines, only fluorine is supplied, to that only in the presence of this element (ORg) the second oxidation step is positive (-1-2). In combination with other elements, the stages of oxidation are negative and sound positive -2. In peroxide water and її similar ones, they are more expensive -1.
Nitrogen is supplied only to electronegativity and sour to fluorine. Therefore, wine shows positive oxidation stages less in combination with two elements. In oxides and oxyanions, the nitrogen oxidation steps increase in value from +1 to -b5.
In cases with more electronegative elements, group VI relays have a positive oxidation state. For them (I'm sorry) the most characteristic oxidation steps are -2, +4, -4-6, which in turn increase the number of unpaired electrons when the atom of the element is excited.
Particularly good in complex anion with acidic ligands - oxo complexes. They make atoms more important than non-metal elements in positive oxidation stages (metals are less common in high oxidation stages). Oxo complexes are eliminated in the interplay of covalent oxides of the base elements with a negatively polarized acid atom of the basic oxides or water, for example
Oxide and hydroxide. Oxygen and hydroxide p-elements can be seen as the most positive oxidation step, p-elements with acid.
O, CJUg, CSO), in which chlorine exhibits a positive oxidation state. Nitrogen at high temperatures without intermediary zadnuєtsya with sourness and, also, shows invigorating dominance
In compounds with sour elements, a higher positive oxidation state can be shown, equal to the group number. Oxides of elements in the fallow land in their positions in the periodic system and in the type of oxidation stage of the element can show basic or acidic power.
Krym tsgogo, given the elements of the building show positive oxidation levels right up to +6, krym sour (less than + 2). Elements of subgroups of sour can be seen to non-metals.
Halogens, oxigen and so oxyaniones, like, for example, MPO4, Cr3O, and N0, can be seen to the widest oxidants, in which the central atom can have a high positive stage of oxidation. Like oxidizing agents
Z'ednannya OgRg and ORg are strong oxidizers, because they contain acid in a positive oxidation state - -1 and +2, and because they have a painful reserve of energy (great sporeness to an electron), the stench will strongly attract electrons to the next stage of acidity I will become in the greatest stіykі youmu.
The ionization of non-metal atoms in the positive oxidation stage of the metal ions in the high oxidation stage with acidity neutral molecules of the oxides CO, CO2, NO, NO2, 302, 5102, 5p02, MnOa of the oxidizing ions N0, 0.
Valya-niї elektrochrіy rіven аtomіv tsikh elementіv vіdpovіdaє formulaі na pr Kisen-another element in terms of electrical negativity (after the most negative fluorine), which can be attributed to a stable oxidation step in half, equal (-І) in the fluorides of the acidic oxidizing step. The other elements of the VIA group show the oxidation stage (-І), (+ IV) and (CH VI) in their semesters, moreover, for the sirka, the stable oxidation stage is (+ VI), and for the other elements (4-IV). By electronegativity
When O2 interacts with the strongest oxidizing P1P, speech O2 [P1Pb] is dissolved, in which the cation is the molecular ion Og. In the middle of the night, in some days a positive degree of oxidation is possible, with the strongest energy-consuming oxides, built to be seen for singing minds, I have stored chemical energy. It is possible to vicorate as an effective rocket fire oxides.
Protezdnist before the arrival of electrons, the stench is significantly weaker, lower in the case of other elements of VI and VII groups. With sour stench, oxidants of the RjOj type are satisfied, showing a greater positive degree of oxidation, which is +5.
Bromine and iodine show a positive oxidation state in combinations with acid and more electronegative halogens. Good Vivcheno takі kisnevmіsnі acid (і їх sоі) tsikh elementsіv, yak NOVG (brominate, salt-hybrobromіti) і HOI (iodovoty, salt - hypoiodity) HBgOz (brominate, salt - bromate) і NYUZ (iodine, salt, and also ortho-iodine, salts - ortho-periods).
