Vodneviy zv'yazok formula. Chemical water tie: apply. See the chemical bond

What is a water call? Vіdomy vsіm application tsgogo zv'yazku є zvichayna water (H2O). Through those that the acid atom (O) is more electronegative, lower two atoms and water (H), vin xba scho resonates with the atoms in the water, connecting electrons. After the creation of such a dipole is established. The sour atom is charged with a small negative charge, and the water atom is a small positive charge, which is attracted to electrons (their unshakable wager) on the sour atom of the sour molecule of H2O (tobto water). In this order, one can say that the water link is between the water atom and the electronegative atom. An important feature of the water atom is those that, due to the attraction of one happy electron, one's nucleus is exposed (that is, a proton, not shielded by other electrons). I want the watery link is weaker, lower covalent, the same wine will call for a number of anomalous powers of H2O (water).

Most of these bonds are responsible for the participation of atoms of the advancing elements: acid (O), nitrogen (N) and fluorine (F). There are several reasons why the atoms of these elements may be small in size and are characterized by a high electronegativity. The atoms of the larger (sirka S or chlorine Cl) water bonds, which are settled, are weaker, regardless of those that, due to their electronegativity of the element, can be compared with N (tobto with nitrogen).

I use two types of water-based link:

1. Water intermolecular link- They are between two molecules, for example: methanol, ammonia, hydrogen fluoride.
2. Vodnevy linkage intramolecular- are in the middle of one molecule, for example: 2-nitrophenol.

So in the present hour there is a thought that the water of the day becomes weak and strong. The stench breathes one kind of one in terms of energy and long-term bond (stand between atoms):

1. Water links are weak. Energy - 10-30 kJ / mol, double streak - 30. Usage of speech, overexploitation of more, є butts of a normal or weak water streak.
2. Water links are strong. Energy - 400 kJ / mol, dozhina - 23-24. Data, otrimani experimental way, to speak about those, scho strong links are settled in advancing ions: ion-water difluoride -, ion-hydration hydroxide -, ion oxonium hydration +, as well as in various other organic and inorganic compounds.

Influx of water intermolecular bonds

The anomalous significance of that melting, enthalpies of evaporation, and of some other half-lifes can be explained by the obviousness of the bonds of water. Water may have abnormal values ​​of all overpowering powers, and hydrogen fluoride and ammonia - boiling point and melting point. Water and hydrogen fluoride in solid and rare mills, through the presence of water intermolecular bonds in them, are introduced into polymerization. This link explains not only the high melting point of these speeches, but also their small thickness. Moreover, when water is melted, the bonds often collapse, through which water molecules (H2O) are packed more.

Dimerization of certain speeches (for example, benzoin and otsova) can also explain the presence of an aqueous link in them. A dimer is two molecules that are bound together. For this reason, the boiling point of carboxylic acids is higher, lower at half, which may be approximately the same. For example, in acidic acid (CH3COOH) the boiling point is 391 K, at the same time as in acetone (CH3COCH3) it is 329 K.

Influx of aqueous intramolecular bonds

This connection is also added to the structure and power of various branches, such as: 2- and 4-nitrophenol. And the most important example of the watery link is cedeoxyribonucleic acid (short: DNA). Molecules of acidic acid are burnt like a subwire spiral, two threads of a kind of connection between themselves with a watery link.

Vodneviy zv'yazok є we specialize in the type of chemical zv'yazku. It seems that water with electronegative non-metals, such as F, O, N, may have abnormally high boiling temperatures. Although the series of H 2 Te - H 2 Se - H 2 S, the boiling temperature changes regularly, then for the transition from H 2 S to H 2, a sharp decrease in temperature is expected. The same picture is observed in the series of halogenated acids. It is worth mentioning the presence of a specific interaction between H2O molecules and HF molecules. Such an interplay can make it easier to split the molecules into each other, that is. change their letkіst, henceforth, increase the boiling point of common speeches. Due to the great difference in EO, the chemical bonds H-F, H-O, H-N are strongly polarized. Therefore, the atom has a positive effective charge (δ +), but in the atoms F, O and N it has an excess of electronic power, and the stink is negatively charged (δ -). As a result of Coulomb's gravity, there is an interaction of a positively charged atom of one molecule with an electronegative atom of another molecule. Through the arc of a small size of a positively polarized atom, the water of that zdatnosti is deeply penetrated into the shell of the sudidny (covalently not bound to it negatively polarized atom), the watery link is settled. Zavdyakovym molecules are attracted one to one (bold dots indicate water bonds). The water connection is even wider and plays an important role in the processes of differentiation of crystallization of electrical dissociation and other physical and chemical processes.

Molecules of water fluoride HF in a solid rare and in a gas station associated with a zigzag

lance (Fig. 23).

Rice. 23 Water links HF Rice. 24 Water bonds in H 2

A water molecule can make two water atoms and two unconnected electronic pairs (Fig. 24).

The energy of the aqueous bond (21-29 kJ/mol or 5-7 kcal/mol) is approximately 10 times less than the energy of the strong chemical bond. Proteolytic bonds are bonded in pairs of dimeric molecules (H 2 O) 2 , (HF) 2 and formic acid. In the middle of the day, the atoms of HF, HO, HN, HCl, HS, the energy of the water bond drops. It also changes with the rise in temperature, to which the speeches in the vapor-like state show the watery sounds of an insignificant world; won is typical for speeches in rare and hard camps. Such speeches are like water, ice, rare ammonia, organic acids, alcohols and phenols, associations in dimers, trimers and polymers. The rarest station has the greatest number of dimers.

One of the planets of the Sonyach system does not avenge on its surface such a great amount of water, like our Earth. Seas and oceans, the average depth of which is close to 6 km, cover 71% of the surface of the Earth. There is a great amount of water at the sight of snow and ice in the subpolar regions.

This amazing fact still does not know an unambiguous explanation. Insanely, water plays a great role in the vindication and foundation of life on our planet. Rich in what tse pov'zano z presence of intermolecular water links. Therefore, water can be in a rare and wind up near a solid state (lid) in the minds, in which it is similar to water with more important elements (syria, selenium, etc.) gas-like.

Water bonds are approximately 20 times less irritant, lower covalent, and ale stink suffocate the water of the native land or with ice (and not gas) in the great minds. Water links are less likely to collapse, if the water rarely turns into steam. At temperatures higher than 0 ° C (or lower than the boiling point), water no longer has such an ordered intermolecular structure. Therefore, in rare water, the molecules bind together with each other only a few aggregates of several molecules. Qi aggregates can voluntarily collapse one by one, fixing the crumbling homeland. Ale, at lower temperatures, the order becomes larger, and the aggregates become larger. Nareshti, the kriga is being established, as if such a structure could be ordered. At the crystal, the ice between the molecules is filled with empty ones. Obsjag tsikh emptiness is greater, lower expansion of the okremoї molecule H 2 O. Therefore, ice may be smaller, lower water is rare and floats on the surface of the water. The greater number of other speeches, when frozen, increases its thickness. In this manner, the water links give the water one unique power, without which it would hardly be possible to make a good life in quiet parts of the Earth, where the temperature of the charge drops below 0 ° C. Yakby ice sinking near the water, then with the help of all the water the basins would freeze to the very bottom. It is important to consider that the ribis would have been good enough to live for such minds. A person could melt ice, transforming it into water for their own needs, but it would also require great amounts of additional energy.

One more side of the manifestation of watery ties - the black color of pure water in її comrades. If one molecule of water oscillates, other molecules will oscillate and bind with it with a watery bond. On the ruins of these kolivans, red exchanges of the sony spectrum are stained, as they are the most accessory in terms of energy. In this way, from the sleepy spectrum "filtered" red changes - their energy is tarnished and dispersed by water molecules, which tingle, at the sight of heat.

At the white sleepy light of different colors, nibi is equal to one. That sleepy light is given to the eye "bilim" - let's lighten up the color. If you "filter" the change of one of the spectrum boards, then you begin to see through another one - at the other black board of the spectrum. Wine and farbuy water in a dark blue color. Ale for whom it is necessary, so that a sleepy promin is not less than lower through a 2-meter tovscha of clean water and "putting in" a lot of red promenіv.

To understand the mechanism of sprinyatya color by our eyes, you can help "color of colors",

Often, a watery link combines parts of one and the same molecule tobto. є intramolecular. Tse for rich organic speeches.

Fig. 25

Often, water links are seen as electrostatic interplay, strong with a small amount of water, which allows the proximity of mutual dipoles. We can also talk about it as a variety of donor-acceptor bond, non-valent interaction between water atom. H covalently attached to an atom A groupie A-H molecules RA-H and an electronegative atom B another molecule (otherwise the functional group of the same molecule) BR". The result of such interactions is complex RA-H···BR′ different levels of stability, in which the atom acts as a “bridge” that links fragments RAі BR'.

The peculiarities of the watery link, which її are seen in an okremic look, є її are not too high in volume, її breadth and importance, especially in organic fields, as well as side effects, are associated with small sizes of water and other days.

power

The energy of the aqueous bond is significantly less than the energy of the great covalent bond (does not exceed 40 kJ/mol). However, there is enough energy to bring about the association of molecules, so that they can be combined into dimers or polymers. The association of molecules itself causes abnormally high melting and boiling temperatures of such substances as hydrogen fluoride, water, ammonia. Links of this type, although weak for ionic and covalent bonds, play an even more important role in intra- and intermolecular interactions. Water links are rich in what they mean by the physical power of water and rich organic solids (alcohols, carboxylic acids, amides of carboxylic acids, collapsible ethers). The value of the aqueous binder (enthalpy of the solution to the complex) is deposited according to the polarity of the complex and is collapsing ~ 6 kJ/mol for complexes of hydrogen halide molecules with inert gases up to 160 kJ/mol for ion-molecular complexes (AHB) ±; yes, for the complex (H 2 O H OH 2) + illuminated H2Oі H3O+- 132 kJ/mol in the gas phase.

By the water

Grotgus mechanism

$\backslash mathsf((H\_2O)\_2)\; =\; \backslash mathsf(H\_2O)\; \backslash cdots\; \backslash mathsf(HOH)$

In nucleic acids and proteins

Vodnevyy zv'yazyok znachnoy miroy signifies authority and such biologically important speeches, like proteins and nucleic acids. Zocrema, elements of the secondary structure (for example, α-helices, β-folds) and tertiary structure in protein molecules, RNA and DNA are stabilized by water bonds. In these macromolecules, the water-links spit out the parts of the macromolecules, fluffing up into a single form. For example, the underlying helical structure of DNA is signified by the significant presence of water links, which combine pairs of nucleotides, thus linking one complementary strand to each other.

In polymers

A lot of polymers are made stronger with watery ties at the head lancers. Among the synthetic polymers, the most common butt is nylon, and water ties play the main role in the crystallization of the material. Water links are also important in the structure of artificial polymers (for example, cellulose) and in rich forms in nature, such as wood, wood and lion.

Div. also

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Notes

Literature

• Chemical Encyclopedia. Radianska encyclopedia. - M., 1988.
• V. V. Moscow. Water link in organic chemistry. Sorosivskiy osvіtniy zhurnal, 11999, N 2, p.58-64
• Pimentel J., O. McClelan. Vodneviy zv'yazok, prov. from English - M., 1964.
• Epstein L.M., Shubina O.S. Bagatoliky vodnevyy svyazok // "Nature". - 2003. - No. 1.
• Water call. Zb. Art. - M., 1964.
• Pauling L. The chemical bond. - N. Y., 1967.

Posilannya

• - article from the encyclopedia "Circumnavigation"
• Water call- article from the Great Radianskaya Encyclopedia (3 editions). Johansen A.V..

Intramolecular interaction Intermolecular interaction

Urivok, scho characterizes the vodnevyy zv'azok

If Prince Andriy arrived at the ready for a new room and in pure whiteness lay on down jackets and warm pillows, vіn vіdchuv, what a battle, about how vin brought a call, it was far, far away. The Prussian Union, the blessing of Austria, the new Saint Bonaparte, the departure and the parade, and the reception of Emperor Franz for tomorrow occupied yoga.
Vіn flattening his eyes, but in the same place at the vuhah yogo, the cannonade crackled, firing, clattering of the wheels of the crew, and the axis again descended from the mountains stretched with a thread of musketeers, and the French shoot, and vіn vіdchuvaє, like tremt yoga heart, іzhan vіzhn Shmit, and whistling cheerfully at the cool of the new one, and you feel the tenfold joy of life, which you don’t see from the very childhood.
Vіn prokinuvsya...
“So, it’s all good!…” having said wine, happily, like a child, laugh at yourself, and having fallen asleep, a young, young sleep.

The next day I'm drunk. Recalling the hostility of the past, guessing us before those who need to introduce themselves to Emperor Franz, guessing the minister of the military, the friendly Austrian adjutant's wing, Bilibin and rozmov in the evening. Dressing up at the front of the dress uniform, like a wine has not been put on for a long time, for a trip to the palace, wine, fresh, chewy and garni, with a moving hand, took you to Bilibin's office. At the office, the chotiri of the lady of the diplomatic corps were being exchanged. With prince Ipolit Kuraginim, who was the secretary of the embassy, ​​Bolkonsky knew; with others, know Bilibina.
Panov, who were at Bilibin, svitsky, young, wealthy and cheerful people, piled up at Vіdnі and here a lot of folds, like Bilibin, the head of this cloak, calling ours, les nftres. At this coat, which was composed of diplomats, maybe it was their own, that they didn’t have anything good with war and politics, the interests of the greater world, hundreds of women and the clerical side of the service. Tsi panov, mabut, willingly, like his own (honor, like a stench robbed not rich), they took Prince Andriy to his gard. From something, and as an object for entering into Rozmov, you were made a sprat of food about the army and beat, and Rozmov again rose to inconsistencies, fun, jarry, and judge.
- Ale is especially kind, - speaking alone, robbing a fellow diplomat of bad luck, - especially kind, that the chancellor directly told you that he was promoted to London, and that he was so surprised at the price. Chi bachite yogo figure with tsomu?
- But what a better, sir, I see Kuragin for you: a man in misfortune, and this Don Juan, this greedy man!
Prince Ipolit was lying by Voltaire's armchair, putting his feet over the handle. Vin laughed.
— Parlez moi de ca, — saying wine.
- Oh, Don Juan! Oh snake! - heard the voices.
- You don’t know, Bolkonsky, - Bilibin turned to Prince Andriy, - that all the men of the French army (I didn’t say much - the Russian army) - are nothing in the region with them, that the people have earned among women.
- La femme est la compagne de l'homme, [Woman is a man's friend,] - having washed Prince Ipolit and becoming marvelous at his lorgnette on his feet.
Bilibin and ours rejoiced, marveling at the Vіchі Politu. Prince Andriy Bachiv, who is Polite, what wine (little known) may be jealous of his squad, he will be a temptation to that suspіlstva.
- No, I am obliged to invite you to Kuraginim, - Bilibin said quietly to Bolkonsky. - Vіn charіvniy, if razmіrkovuє pro politіku, need bachiti tsyu importance.
Vіn pіdsіv up to Іpolit i, zіbravshi on his forehead his folds, curled with him rozmov about politics. Prince Andriy and others surrounded both.
– Le cabinet de Berlin, I don’t care about uvazi, – having started Ipolit, meaningfully looking at everything – sans exprimer… comme dans sa derieniere note… vous comprenez… vous comprenez… et puis si sa Majeste l au principe de notre alliance… [Berlin cabinet you can’t express your thought about the union without speaking ... like your remaining note ... you will understand ... you will understand ... in fact, that the majesty of the emperor does not change the essence of our union ...]
- Attendez, je n'ai pas fini... - saying wine to Prince Andriy, grabbing yoga by the hand. Et ... - Vіn pomovchav. - On ne pourra pas imputer a la fin de non recevoir notre depeche du 28 November. Voila comment tout cela finira. [Check, I'm not skinny. I think that we will commend you for not delivering I ... It is impossible to respect the right to end the rejection of our dispatch from the 28th leaf fall. What else should be skinned.]
I let go of Bolkonsky's hand, showing them that now I have finished.
Demosthenes, te reconnais au caillou que tu as cache dans ta bouche d'or! .
Mustache laughed. Polite laughed loudly. Vіn, povne, suffering, suffocating, but not a moment vanishes in the wild laughter, which stretches the yogic life of unruly denunciation.
- Well, sho, gentlemen, - having said Bilibin, - Bolkonsky my guest is at the house and here at Bryunni, and I want to take part in it, I can do it, I can use the joys of local life. Yakby mi buli at Bryunni, it would be easy; ale here, dans ce vilain trou morave [at tsіy kіy kіy moravskiy іy diri], tse more important, i ask you all for help. Il faut lui faire les honneurs de Brunn. [You need to show Brunn to you.] You take the theater on yourself, I am a conscience, you, Polite, sensible, woman.
- You need to show Amelі, charіvnіst! - saying one of ours, kissing the tips of the fingers.
- In the wake of that bloody soldier, - Bilibin said, - you need to turn to more people-loving glances.
“I’m sure I’m hurrying up with your hospitality, gentlemen, and now it’s time for me to leave,” Bolkonsky said, looking at the anniversary.
– Where?
- To the emperor.
- O! about! about!
- Well, goodbye, Bolkonsky! Goodbye, prince; come and eat earlier, - the voices broke down. - We take care of you.
- Ask for more praise for the order at the delivery of supplies and routes, if you speak with the emperor, - saying Bilibin, escorting Bolkonsky to the front.
- I want to praise, but I can’t, I know how, - chuckle, Bolkonsky.
- Well, start talking more. Yogo addiction - audiences; but say yourself not to love and not vmіє, like you will.

On the way out, Emperor Franz was only slightly surprised at the guise of Prince Andriy, who stood at the recognized mister between Austrian officers, and nodded to him with his old head. Ale after leaving, the aide-de-camp of the court handed over to Bolkonsky the Emperor's bazhanna to give him an audience.
Emperor Franz having taken yoga, standing in the middle of the rock. In front of him, as if rozpochinati Rozmov, Prince Andriy was struck by those that the emperor did not hesitate, did not know what to say, and reddened.
- Tell me, when did the battle begin? - after sleeping fast.
Prince Andriy Vіdpovіv. After what food was followed, the flooring was simple food: “How healthy is Kutuzov? How long have you been out of Krems?” And so on. The emperor, speaking with such viraz, all meta yoga was supposed to be only in order to increase the number of meals. Vіdpovіdі on qі nutrition, as it was obvious, they could not say yoga.
- What year did the battle begin? - having slept the emperor.
“I can’t convey your majesty, about this year the battle began on the front, but in Dyurenshtein, when I had changed, the attack began on the 6th year of the evening,” Bolkonsky said, pozhavlyuyuchisya and at any moment, letting go, that you are ready to go to new. the head of a truthful description of the son, who he knew and bachiv.

1.2 Apply a z'ednan with a water bell

In rich varieties, if there is a strong link between molecules or different groups of the same or similar molecules, the whole link can be attributed to water atoms, which show a bivalent character. For example, dimers of aliphatic acids, difluoride ion and HF dimer, the structure of which is shown in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1

Voden to serve as a happy atom in another important class of spoluk - borovodnye. The simplest member of this family is diborane (2 H 6). However, the boletus sounds are not seen as if from a watery viscous, since they cannot be broken into fragments, which are stable molecules. We can look at it from the side only if you want to set them with complexes with watery viscous.

Боровороди були названі електронодефіцитними молекулами (термін електронодефіцитний у застосуванні до бороводнів не зовсім виправданий, тому що у всіх випадках електронів достатньо для заповнення всіх зв'язувальних молекулярних орбіталей), тому що вони не мають достатньо електронів для утворення тієї кількості двоелектронних зв'язків, яке , maybe, toil on the vazі їhnyu molecular geometry. Diborane may have V-H bonds, but there are only fourteen valence electrons. Based on the method of molecular orbitals, rozrahunki show that terminal bonds are normal two-electron bonds, and local bonds are described as tricenter two-electron bonds.

The description on the basis of the method of molecular orbitals of the difluoride ion is similar to the description of diborane, the shards for the establishment of local bonds here are some electrons. Equally important is the change in the molecule is linear, moreover, the water moves in the middle of the F-F. The two main fillings of molecular orbitals are most importantly 2pσ-orbitals to fluorine and ls-orbitals to water with the addition of 2s-orbitals to fluorine. The lower two orbitals have symmetry σ g and є for all three atoms. Larger orbital σ u (її vuzol posіdaє atom vodnya) - expanding frequently atoms in fluorine. However, the atom of fluorine can reach one or the other, so that the fluffing effect is small, and the orbital σ u may have negative energy (that is, it binds electrons), which is enchanted by the great electronegativity of the fluorine atom.

You can transform σ g - і σ u -orbitals into equivalent orbitals θ 1 = σ g + σ u і θ 2 = σ g – σ u , localized on two links F–Н, which demonstrates the viability of the place in the barnyards, orbitals which cannot be localized on links.

The difluoride ion is not typical for semi-watery bonds, which is due to the fact that the water atom is mixed in the middle between two important atoms. The energy of the water bonds is less pronounced, lower for the difluoride ion, and the water is tightly bound from one atom, lower from the other, like dimers of formic acid (Fig. 1.1). In fact, the geometry of the two components that make up the complex, trochs are dried up in the same geometry in the insulating mills.

Table 1.1 Energy of dimerization of possible gas-phase dimers from water

Dimer	Dimerization energy, kJ/mol -1
	29±4
	22±6
	19±2
	9±1
	7±1

The shift of the acid-base balance of the molecular complex of the ion pair to the right was revealed with the shift of the polarity of the source. KRIM of the Higher, FICHENT INSHISHITE TO spectroscope of the individual vodnevikh Zv'yazkiv, yaki vicoristovy, with one side, for іndifіkatsya, and with ilinshoi - at the Rossshifrovtsya Electronic Nature. To the fact that the watery bell is blamed only for that ...

Vodneviy zv'yazok v_d intermolecular. As a spectral fixation of the H-linkage, and the sign of the association is not, it is a true indication of the intramolecular nature of the aqueous linkage. In addition, intermolecular H-links (the first spectral manifestation) appear at a low concentration of speech in a neutral retailer, as well as intramolecular H-links in these minds are saved. Water...

The length of the chemical bonds of the molecule of the retailer, the dipole moment of the molecule of the retailer and the viscosity, are expressed by the approaching equalities (2) The coefficient of the multiple regression becomes KMMR = 0.999. At the table 2 representations of the energy value of water links in various retailers, otrimani for ur. (1) and (2), among the literary tributes. Table 2 The energy values ​​of the water links...

For their behavior in terms of two categories: a) speech, which may have ionic conductivity (electricity); b) speech, which cannot be distinguished by ionic conductivity (non-electrolytes). Before electrolytes, there are more inorganic acids, bases and salts. Before non-electrolytes lie a lot of organic deposits, for example, alcohol, carbohydrates. Electrolytic dissociation. ...

Water call- tse interrelationship between two electronegative atoms of one or the other molecules for an additional atom water: A-H ... (a characteristic denotes a covalent link, trioma dots - a water link).

One sign of a watery bond can be between a water atom and another atom that I make. Vono may be smaller, lower the sum of the radii of these atoms.

As a rule, stinks are blamed between atoms of fluorine, nitrogen and acid (the most electronegative elements), moreover - for the participation of atoms of chlorine, sirki and other non-metals. Mineral water bonds are dissolved in such rare rivulets as water, hydrogen fluoride, inorganic acids, acid, carboxylic acids, phenols, alcohols, ammonia, amines. During the crystallization of water, the links in these speeches are saved.

The dependence of the physical powers of speeches from the molecular structure in the nature of the intermolecular interaction. Injecting a watery zvezka on the authority of speeches.

Intermolecular water bonds create the association of molecules, which leads to an increase in the boiling point and melting of speech. For example, ethyl alcohol C2H5OH, building to association, boil at +78.3 ° C, and dimethyl ether CH3OSCH3, which does not dissolve water bonds, is less than -24 ° C (the molecular formula of both is C2H6O).

The release of H-stars from the molecules of the retailer sprya polypshennu rozchinnosti. Thus, methyl and ethyl alcohols (CH3OH, C2H5OH), which dissolve H-bonds with water molecules, are not separated from each other.

Intramolecular water linkage settles down with a friendly spatial dispersal in the molecules of the same groups of atoms and specifically blends in with power. For example, the H-link of the middle molecules of salicylic acid increases the acidity. Water bonds play an extremely important role in the molding of the spacious structure of biopolymers (proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids), which signify their biological functions by a significant world.

Forces of intermolecular interaction (Van der Waals forces). Orientation, induction and dispersion interaction.

Intermolecular interaction- interactions between electrically neutral molecules and atoms.

Before van der Waalsowim forces are seen to interact between dipoles (permanent and inductive). The name is due to the fact that this force is the cause of the change to the internal pressure of the real gas of van der Waals. Qi vzaєmodії it is important to signify the forces, vidpovidalnі molding of the space structure of biological macromolecules.

Orientation: Polar molecules, in which gravity centers of positive and negative charges do not run, for example, HCl, H2O, NH3, are oriented in such a rank, so that the charges were known to be the same charges. Between them blame the burden. (the energy of Keezoma) is manifested by the following:

E K \u003d -2 μ 1 μ 2 / 4π ε 0 r 3,

de μ1 and μ2 are dipole moments of mutually dipoles, r is between them. The tension dipole-dipole can only be affected if the gravity energy outweighs the thermal energy of the molecules; ring out in every place in hard and rare speeches. Dipole-dipole interaction is manifested in polar regions (water, hydrogen fluoride).

Induction: Under the action of the charge of the polar molecule, the electron haze of non-polar molecules shifts from the positive charge to the negative charge. A non-polar molecule becomes polar, and the molecules begin to attract one to one, more weakly weaker, lower two polar molecules.

(Debye energy) is indicated by viraz:

E D \u003d -2 μ by 2 γ / r 6 ,

de μ nav is the moment of the induced dipole.

The attraction of the permanent and induced dipoles is even weaker, and the polarizability of the molecules of most speeches is small. There is only a small distance between the dipoles. This kind of interaction is manifested by the head rank in the polar regions in non-polar rozchinniks.

dispersion: Between non-polar molecules can cause tension. Electronics, as they perebuvayut in post-yoyny rus, may appear to be centered on one side of the molecule, so that the non-polar part will become polar. This results in a re-distribution of charges in the su- sidnir molecules and short-time bonds are established between them.

(Energy of London)

E L \u003d -2 μ instant 2 γ 2 / r 6,

de µ inst is the moment of the Matte dipole. London gravity forces between non-polar particles (atoms, molecules) are even short-lived. The energy value of such a weight lies in the form of particles and the number of electrons in the induced dipoles. The linkages are even weaker - the weakest of all intermolecular interactions. However, stinks are the most universal, which is blamed among molecules.