Vinahid of the first steam engine History of winemaking of steam engines. Zastosuvannya steam engines is practical

Interest in water betting, yak affordable price energy, appearing at once from the first ancient scientific knowledge. To tame this energy, people tried to improve three thousand. What are the main stages of the path? Whose thoughts and projects have taught people to take the new maximum mischief?

Change your mind about the appearance of steam engines

The need for mechanisms, building ease of labor processes, the foundation of the plant. Approximately until the middle of the 18th century, windmills and water wheels were used for tієї meti. Possibility of victorious energy of the wind to lie down in the middle of the day. And for the victorious water wheels of the factory, it was necessary to be on the banks of the rivers, but you can’t start it handily and dotsilno. That efficiency of the others and others was exceedingly small. We need a fundamentally new engine, easily curing and consolation tsikh nedolіkіv.

History of winemaking and perfection of steam engines

The creation of a steam engine is the result of long-term reflections, successes and catastrophes of impersonal events.

cob way

The first, one by one, the projects were less than divovizhkas. For example, Archimedes constructing a steam garmata, Heron Oleksandriysky winning the energy of pari for opening the doors of ancient temples. And notes about the practical use of the energy of the bet for bringing other mechanisms into action are known to the workers Leonardo Da Vinci.

Let's take a look at the biggest projects on the same subject.

In the XVI century, the Arab engineer Taghi al Din developed the project of a primitive steam turbine. However, the practical zastosuvannya won not take away through the strong rise of the jet of bets that are fed on the blades of the turbine wheel.

Fast forward to the middle of France. The physicist and talented wine-maker Denis Papin, after a lot of recent projects, mount on an offensive structure: a vertical cylinder was filled with water, and a piston was installed above it.

The cylinder was heated, the water boiled and evaporated. A couple that expands lifted the piston. Yogo was fixed at the upper point of the pylon, and the cylinder and condensation of the steam were reached. After the condensation of the steam in the cylinder, a vacuum is established. Zvіlneniy vіd kіplennya piston pіd vplivym atmospheric vice directing the vacuum. The very bottom of the piston moved vikoristati like a working head.

Otzhe, the corisny piston stroke of the syllables of the sanctioned vacuum through the condensation of parity with the ovnishnim (atmospheric) vice.

That's why Papin's steam engine as and most of the upcoming projects, took away the name of steam-atmospheric machines.

Tsya construction is small even the original is small - the bula was transferred to the repetition of the cycle. Days come to the idea of taking a couple not in a cylinder, but okremo in a steam cauldron.

In the history of the creation of steam engines, Denis Papin is the culprit of another important detail - the steam boiler.

And the shards of the steam began to take the pose of a cylinder, the dvigun itself shifted to a rank of dvigunіv zvnіshny goryannya. Ale, through the presence of a rozpodilchogo mechanism, a kind of uninterrupted work, tsі projects may have known practical zastosuvannya.

A new stage in the development of steam engines

Nearly 50 rocks for water pumping at coal mines Thomas Newcomen's steam pump. Vіn rich in why repeating the front design, but even more important novelties - a pipe for the introduction of condensed steam and an outside valve for the release of a bet.

The only negative was that the cylinder had to be heated before the hardening of the bet, then cooled down before the condensation. But the demand for such engines was high flooring, which, despite the obvious lack of economics, the remaining copies of these machines served right up to 1930.

At 1765 roci English mechanic James Watt occupied with the improvement of Newcomen's machine, vіdokrem condenser vіd steam cylinder.

It appeared that the cylinder could be heated up continuously. KKD machine immediately virus. In the coming years, Watt will significantly improve his model by equipping it with an attachment for filing a bet either from one or the other side.

It became possible to win the machine not only as a pump, but also to bring it to a new stage. Watt took away a patent for his vineyard - a steam engine without interruption. Start mass release of these machines.

At the beginning of the 19th century in England, over 320 Watt steam engines were produced. They began to purchase and other European lands. Tse took a significant growth industrial production in wealthy galuzahs like England itself, and the sovereign powers.

Twenty years earlier than Watt, in Russia, the Altai mechanic Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov worked on the project of a steam engine.

The factory authorities urged you to induce the unit, which would lead the bi to the blowing of the smelter.

Incited by him, the car was a two-cylinder one, which ensured the uninterrupted delivery of the adjoining one to her.

Successfully proprated over the second month of the month, the boiler gave flow. Polzunov himself was dead until this hour. The car was not repaired. The first miracle of the work of the Russian winemaker was equally forgotten.

Through the steel of Russia that hour light of knowing about wines I. I. Polzunov with great zapіznennyam.

Also, in order to bring a steam engine into the air, it is necessary that steam, which is vibrated by a steam boiler, expands, pressing onto the piston or turbine blades. And then their movement was transferred to other mechanical parts.

Congestion of steam engines in transport

Regardless of those who did not exceed 5% of the KKD of steam engines at that time, until the end of the 18th century they began to actively win to the rural state and on transport:

France has a car with a steam engine;
in the United States, a steamboat is being launched between the cities of Philadelphia and Burlington;
in England, a steam locomotive was demonstrated;
a Russian peasant from the Saratov province patented a caterpillar tractor with a capacity of 20 liters. with.;
Repeatedly tried to try to induce light from the steam engine, but, unfortunately, the pressure of these aggregates is small with a large vase of light, the test was not far away.

Already before kintsu XIX A century of steam engines, having played their role in the technical progress of the industry, sacrifice money and electric engines.

Steam outbuildings near the 21st century

With the emergence of new sources of energy in the XX and XXI centuries, there is a new demand for victorious energy betting. Steam turbines become an invisible part of the AES. The steam that brings them to the air will take away the fire of the nuclear fire.

Turbines are widely vikorated at condensing thermal power plants.

In a number of countries, experiments are being carried out to eliminate wagers for the sony energy.

Not forgotten and piston steam engines. In girsk cities like a locomotive dosi vikoristovuyut locomotives.

Cі nadіynі trudіvniki і bezpechnіshі, і cheap. Power lines are not needed for them, but they are hot - wood that cheap grade of vugillia plant under your hand.

Modern technologies make it possible to capture up to 95% of wikis in the atmosphere and increase the CCD up to 21%, so people have not yet separated from them and practice over the new generation of steam locomotives.

If you need help, I will be glad to help you

Promislovist England demanded a great amount of firewood, and the fox became less Daedalus. U zvyazku z tsim vidobutok stone vugill has become extremely relevant.
The main problem for the vidobutka was water, it flooded the mines, it flooded the mines, the bottom її caught up in the water, it was possible to throw broken diggings and shukati new ones.
From tsikh reasons termіnovo buli needed mekhanіzmi for vіdkachuvannya vіdkachuvannya vіdkachuvannya vіdkachuvannya vіdkachuvannya vodіvі, the axis of them became the first steam engines.

At the next stage, the development of steam engines was created (at 1690 roku) reciprocating steam engine, which beat the robot for heating up and condensing the steam.

Born in the French town of Blois in 1647. At the University of Angers, he learned medicine and took off the steps of a doctor, but did not become a doctor. The Dutch physicist H. Huygens blamed a lot for this share, under the influx of such a Papen, he began to develop physics and mechanics. In 1688, he published a description (with his own constructive additions) of a powder engine project presented by Huygens to the Paris Academy of Sciences in the form of a cylinder with a piston.
Papen also designed the design of a water center pump, designed a fuel for melting a warehouse, a steam wagon and an underwater choven, a wine pressure cooker and a sprat of machines for drinking water.

First in the world pressure cooker:

In 1685, Papen's rozі zveshhenii tіkat from France (through the persecution of the Huguenots) to Nіmechchini and prodovzhuvav there pratsyuvati over his car.
In 1704, at the plant "Veckerhagen", he built the world's first cylinder for a steam engine and in the same year, having inspired a boat on a steam traction.

The first "machine" of Denis Papin (1690 rec)

The water in the cylinder, when heated, turned into steam and the piston collapsed uphill, and when it was cooled (steam condensed), it was created and atmospheric vice pushing the piston down.

To fix the machine, it was necessary to manipulate the shear-valve and the stopper, move the half-light and cool the cylinder with water.

In 1705, Roci Papen developed another steam engine

When the tap (D) opened, steam from the boiler (right-handed) straightened into the middle chamber and after the auxiliary piston pushed water into the chamber. After that the tap (D) closed, the taps (G) and (L) at the funnel were filled with water and the middle capacity was filled with a new portion, the taps (G) and (L) closed and repeated the cycle. Tim himself managed to lift the water to the heights.

In 1707, Papen came to London to take a patent for his work in 1690. The robots were not known, because at that hour the cars of Thomas Pivnochi and Thomas Newcomen (div. below) appeared.

In 1712, Denis Papin died ill-fated and buried at an unmarked grave.

The first steam engines were bulky stationary pumps for pumping water. Tse explained to them that it was necessary to pump water from the digging and coal mines. Why the boules of the mine slumped, it was more important to pump water out of them, as a result of not shaking the mine, it was possible to throw and cross to a new place.

In 1699 roci, an English engineer, having taken away a patent for the “fire engine” wine, recognized for pumping water from a digger.
Pivnochi's machine was not a steam pump, but not a motor; he didn't have a cylinder with a piston.

The head mole in the car Pivnoch was those that the couple settled into okremyu cauldron.

Dovidka

Thomas Pivnochi's car

When the tap 5 comes out, steam from the boiler 2 is fed into the vessel 1, blowing out the water with a pipe 6. The valve 10 is open when it is open, and the valve 11 is closed. For example, the pumping tap 5 closed, and cold water was supplied through the tap 9 into the vessel 1. The steam in the vessel 1 cooled, condensed, and the pressure fell, swirling water there with a tube 12. Valve 11 opened when it did, and valve 10 closed.

The pump Pivnochi buv is low-power, slowing down a lot of paliva and pratsyuvav often. For these reasons, the Pivnochi machine did not gain a wide width, and “piston steam engines” came to replace it.

At 1705 roci podnavshi ideї Pivnochi (boiler, what’s the cost) and Papena (cylinder with piston) prompting piston steam pump for robots in the mines.
Until then, the machines had been thoroughly tried for about ten years, the docks did not start to work properly.

About Thomas Newcomen

Born on February 28, 1663 in Dartmouth. Farrier for fach. In 1705, J. Cole's bed with a tinker was driven by a steam pump. The steam-atmospheric machine was victorious for pumping water in the mines and found a wide width in the XVIII century. This technology in our time vikoristovuyut concrete pumps on budov.
Newcomen did not take away a patent, but the remains of a steam water pump were patented in 1699 by T. Severi. The Newcomen steam engine was a universal engine and could only work as a pump. Try Newcomen's reciprocating stroke of a piston for a paddle wheel wrapper on ships appeared not far off.

He died on the 7th sickle 1729 near London. Named after Newcomen to wear "The State of the History of Technology in Great Britain".

Thomas Newcomen's car

A bunch of steam lifted the piston, then a trifle of cold water bubbled up near the cylinders, the steam condensed (charging the discharge in the cylinder) and the piston fell under the influx of atmospheric pressure.

On the vіdmіnu vіd "Papin's cylinder" (for some the cylinder served as a boiler), in the Newcomen's machine the cylinder of water flints vіd the boiler. In this rank, a greater or lesser equal work was reached.
In the first versions of the machine, the valve control was manual, and then Newcomen came up with a mechanism that automatically opens and closes the valves at the right time.

A photo

About cylinders

The first cylinders of the Newcomenian machine strove with midi, the trumpets with lead, and the yoke was made of wood. Dribnі parts roblis іz ductile hall. Newcomen's old machines, circa 1718, had a small chisel cylinder.
Cylinders were made at the Abraham Derby brewery near Kolbrukdel. Derby, having improved the casting technique and allowed to trim the cylinders sufficiently good quality. For otrimanny more less correct and smooth surfaces of the walls of the cylinder, vikoristovuvsya verst for visverdlyuvannya muzzle narad.

Like so:

For 50 years, Newcomen's machines were deprived of the same mechanisms that were attached to the industrial distillery.

At 1720 roci describing a two-cylinder steam engine. Vinahid of publications of his leading robot "Theatri Machinarum Hydraulicarum". This manuscript was the first systematic analysis of machine-building.

The car proponated by Jakob Leopold

It turned out that the pistons were crushed with lead, lifted by the pressure of the bet, and lowered under the damp vaga. The idea of a crane (between cylinders), after which the steam was let into one cylinder and immediately released from the other.
Allegedly, I didn’t have a car, I only invented wine.

In 1766 roci Russian winemaker, working as a mechanic at the Altai oil-fired and metallurgical plants, having created the first in Russia and the first in the world with a two-cylinder steam engine.
Pozzunov having modernized Newcomen's machine (to ensure uninterrupted robotic work, having installed two cylinders, instead of one) and having proponovuvat vikoristovuvat її for bringing in the ruh khutra of smelting furnaces.

Sumna dovidka

In Russia at that time, steam engines were few and far between, and Polzunov took all the information from the book “Grounding of the Mining Works” (1760) authored by I.A. Schlatter, who described Newcomen’s steam engine.

The Empress Catherine the Other was informed about the project. Vaughn praised Yogo, ordered to hire I.I. Polzunov in the "mechanic with the rank and rank of an engineer lieutenant captain" and award 400 rubles.
Having urged on to wake up a small car, it would be possible to bring out and take away all the nedolіki, inevitably at the new winemaker. The factory bosses didn’t fit in and they didn’t think it would be a great car. At the quarter 1764 Pozzunov rozpochav budіvnitstvo.
In the spring of 1766, life was basically completed and testing was carried out.
Ale 27 May Povzunov died in the dry.
Yogo scientists Levzin and Chernitsyn alone proceeded to the rest of the testing of the steam engine. At "Denniy zapisci" on 4 lindens, it was marked "correct machine operation", and on 7 th April 1766 the entire installation, steam engine and forced blower, was put into operation. In total, for three months, the work of Polzunov’s machine did not only correct all the spending on everyday life in the sum of 7233 rubles 55 kopecks, but it gave a net profit of 12640 rubles 28 kopecks. Prote, 10th leaf fall 1766 p. after that, as a cauldron burned out at the car, it stood without a day for 15 years, 5 months and 10 days. In 1782 p. the car was picked up.

(Encyclopedia of the Altai Territory. Barnaul. 1996. Vol. 2. S. 281-282; Barnaul. Litopis of the city. Barnaul. 1994. part 1. p. 30).

Povzunov's car

The principle of robotics is similar to Newcomen's machine.
Water was poured into one of the cylinders filled with steam, the steam condensed and discharged in the cylinder, under the pressure of the atmosphere the piston went down, at the same moment steam entered the other cylinder and the wines rose.

The supply of the lead bet to the cylinders was fully automated.

Model of a steam engine I.I. Polzunov, crushing behind the original armchairs in the 1820s.
Regional Museum of Barnaul.

At 1765 roci to James Watt having worked as a mechanic at the University of Glasgow, he was commissioned to repair a model of Newcomen's machine. It is not clear who її zhrobiv, but at the university there is already a sprat of fate.
Professor John Anderson urged Watt to marvel at the fact that it is not possible to work with this cim tsikavim, but let's take a prilad.
Watt not only repaired, but also improved the car. Vіn having added to it a small capacity for cooling the steam and calling it a condenser.

Newcomen steam engine model

The layout of the equipment with a cylinder (diameter 5 cm) with a working stroke of 15 cm. llyanoy olієyu and hanging by the oven, changing the amount of water, which is raised in one cycle, and making a layout.
In the process of experimentation, Watt got overwhelmed by the inefficiency of the machine.
With the skin new cycle, part of the energy of the bet went to the heating of the cylinder, which was cooled down after the water was poured in to cool the bet.
Provіvshi a number of doslіdіv Watt deyshov vysnovka:
“... In order to finish the steam engine thoroughly, it is necessary that the cylinder be hot, like steam, to enter before the new one; On the other hand, the condensation of the vapor for the establishment of a vacuum is small for temperatures no higher than 30 degrees Réaumur ”(38 degrees Celsius) ...

Model of Newcomen's machine, with some experimentation in Watt

How it all started...

Formerly, Watt got excited as a couple in 1759, which his friend Robison, who rushed about with the thought “about the power of a steam engine for transporting goods,” took it.
That same fate Robison went to war to Pivnіchnoi America, and Watt without any blockages on the right.
Two years later, Watt turned to the idea of steam engines.

“Near 1761–1762 pp.,” Watt writes, “I worked on the power of the bet in Papenov’s cauldron and worked on a kshtalt steam engine, staring at a new syringe, about 1/8 inch in diameter, with a small piston, with a tap for the inlet of steam from the boiler, as well as for the inlet of yoga from the sprinkler in a loop. If the valve was opened from the boiler into the cylinder, then the steam, going into the cylinder and blowing on the piston, increased the significant bias (15 pounds), as if the piston were being driven. If the vantage was raised to the required height, the boiler was turned upside down and the tap was opened to release the bet into the atmosphere. The couple came out, and the vantage dropped. This operation was repeated several times, and if in this device the crane turned in the hand, prote, it was not important to come up with attachments to turn it automatically.

A - cylinder; B - piston; C - stock from a hook for p_dv_shuvannya vantage; D - outer cylinder (casing); E and G - open the steam intake; F - tube that drives the cylinder from the condenser; K - capacitor; P - pump; R - reservoir; V - valve for exiting the air, which is blown in pairs; K, P, R - filled with water. Steam is let in through G into the space between A and D and through E into cylinder A. With a small piston in the pump cylinder P (the piston is not shown on the small one), the water pressure K decreases and the steam from A goes to K and then settles down. In A, there is a distribution, and a couple that are between A and D, emboss on the piston and lift it up at once, moving it up to the new vantage.

The main idea, which made Watt's machine look like Newcomen's machine, was in an insulated chamber for condensation (cooling of the steam).

Visual image:

At Watt's machine, the condenser "C" of the water-silicons in the working cylinder "P" did not need to be constantly heated and cooled, the air was far away from the KKD.

In 1769-1770, the rocks at the mine of the gіrnichizavodnik John Roebuck (Roebuck ticked by steam engines that day of the financial day of Watt), bula zbudovana great model Watt's machine, having taken away his first patent in 1769 for yak vin.

The essence of the patent

Watt vyznach his guilt yak " new method changing the cost of betting, and then, the fire of the fire machines.
The patent (No. 013) had low new technical data. position, beaten by Watt at his engine:
1) Keeping the temperature of the walls of the cylinder even, the temperature of the steam, which is up to the new one, for the ventilation of the thermal insulation, steam shirt
and the presence of contact with cold bodies.
2) Condensation of steam in an okremіy vessel - condensers, the temperature in which is due to bula pіdtrimuvatsya on the level of the navkolishny middle.
3) Visible from the condenser to check other bodies that do not condense, behind the auxiliary pumps.
4) Zastosuvannya surplus betting vice; in the vents, there is no water to condense the bet, there is no more than a superfluous vice with a swish into the atmosphere.
5) Zastosuvannya "rotary" machines with a unidirectional overwrap piston.
6) Robot with non-condensation (tobto from a lowered vacuum). This paragraph of the patent describes the design of a narrowed piston and four parts. Under the pressure of bets, which were stagnant at that hour, in 1 atm, the introduction of an okrem condenser and the re-rolling of the new one meant the real possibility of lowering the wager and the paliva of more lower doubles.

A few hours later, Roebuck was bankrupted and Watt's new companion was the English linguist Matthew Bolton.
After the liquidation please Watt and Roebuck, the car was prompted and sent to the Bolton plant in Soho. On niy Watt, having stretched out for a thriving hour, having re-examined all his thorough wines.

About Matthew Bolton

Just as Roebuck was running in Watt’s car, the pump was more and more exhausted, which was to blame for vryatuvati yogo mine from flooding, then Bolton at Watt’s vineyards was running a new type of dvigun, which was to blame for replacing the water wheel.
Bolton himself tried to make improvements to Newcomen's car in order to change the vitratypal. Winning the model, she called out the hoarding of the numerous London grand friends and patrons. Bolton was talking with the American scientist and diplomat Benjamin Franklin about how to get cold water into the cylinder more quickly, about how to improve the valve system. Franklin didn’t have a moment to think of anything sensible at this galoosa, but having put his trust in another way to achieve savings, in the best way to save that dima.
Bolton dreamed not about anything else, like about the light monopoly of the production of new cars. "It was my thought," writing Bolton to Watt, "to rule the order of my plant, entrepreneurship, so that I would take care of all the technical stuff necessary for the life of machines, and the stars would send us the whole world with machines of any kind."

Bolton clearly saw that for whom you need to change your mind. A new car cannot be done in the old artisanal ways. “I allowed,” writing to Watt, “that your machine is worth a penny, more precise than a robot and great sounds, so that it would be better to put it into circulation. Best way to improve the reputation and to be worthy of the wine trade - to increase the viability of the hands of the impersonal technicians, as if for their non-government, marriage, to prove that technical benefits, they began to give a filthy robot, but it would be marked on the reputation of the wine trade.
In order to get away with it, having proponuvated a special plant, de “for your help, we could learn and learn a lot of miracle workers, yak, provided with the best tool, we could use vikonat tsey wines for twenty hundreds of dollars cheaper and with such a large scale. , as if by a robotic farrier that master of mathematical tools.
Personnel of highly qualified robots, new technical possession - the axis is necessary for the life of a machine on a mass scale. Bolton already understands the categories and concepts of the guilty capitalism of the 19th century. Ale, for now, there are still more dreams. Not by Bolton and Watt, but by synamis it was organized for thirty years for that mass production of machines - the first machine factory.

Bolton and Watt are discussing the production of steam engines at a plant in Soho

The first step in the development of steam engines was the sealing of the upper part of the cylinder and the supply of steam not only to the lower, but also to the upper part of the cylinder.

So Watt and Bolton, bula prompted steam engine.

Now the steam was supplied alternately in the empty cylinders. The walls of the cylinder were thermally insulated from the outer core.

Watt's machine has become more efficient than Newcomen's machine, but KKD is still remarkably low (1-2%).

Yak Watt and Bolton were the same PRor their cars

About the technology and culture of manufacturing in the 18th century, there could not be a movie. Watt's leaves to Bolton are reminiscent of skargs for drunkenness, villainy and the night of robots. “We can afford a little more for our Soho workers,” he wrote to Bolton. - James Taylor sipping stronger drink. Vin stubborn, nimble and dissatisfied. The car, over which Cartwright worked, is a successive series of pardons and misses. Smіt those іnshi unlit, and for all of them it is necessary to look out for a day, so that nothing worse comes out.
Vіn vimagav vіd Bolton vzhittya suvorih zahodіv i vzagalі buv stilny pripinit vyrobnitstvo cars near Soho. “Usіm ledars need to be told,” writing wine, “that if the stench will be so disrespectful, like dosi, then marry them out of the factory. If we spend our lives on cars in Soho, it will be too expensive for us, and if we can’t improve the production, then we need to add and distribute the robot on a bik.

Preparing parts for machines with good quality. Therefore, different vuzli machines were made in different factories.
So, at the Wilkinson plant, they drilled and bored cylinders, they also robbed the bottom of the cylinders, the piston, the pump and the condenser. The chavun casing for the cylinder was made at one of the breweries near Birmingham, the copper pipes were brought from London, and small parts were worked on the machine's life. In all parts of the firm "Bolton and Watt" zamovyka for rahunok zamovnik - vlasnik mine chimlin.
Step by step, the fine parts were brought on a plate and collected under Watt's special control. Pіznіshe vіn having written a report on the instructions for choosing a car. The cauldron sounded riveting on the mіstsі with the mіstsevy forgers.

After the successful launch of the machine for driving on one of the pits near Cornwall (by getting into the best pits), the Bolton and Watt company took off a lot of magic. The gentlemen digged that Watt's machine was doing well there, but Newcomen's machine was powerless. And the stench began negainoly to seize the Watt pumps.
Watt buv blockages by a robot. Vіn tizhnami sitting over their armchairs, їzdiv on the installation of machines - nowhere could it be done without yogo help that watchfulness. Vіn buv one and everywhere mav to comprehend.

So that the steam engine could be driven into other mechanisms, it would be necessary to turn the rotary-translational movement on the wrapper, and for the equal movement to attach the wheel like a flywheel.

It was necessary for us to tie the piston and the balancer hard (until that moment, the lancet and the motuzka were victorious).
Watt, having allowed the transfer of the piston to the balancer with an additional toothed smear, and also place the gear sector in the balancer.

Tooth sector

Tsya system seemed to be undesirable and Watt bov zmushheny vіd ї vіdmovitysya.

The transfer of the wraparound moment was planned to be done with the aid of a crank mechanism.

Crank mechanism

Ale, the crank had a chance to be explored, but the shards of this system were already patented (1780) by James Pickard. Picard propagated Watt cross-licensing, and then Watt followed the propositions and won the planetary gear in his machine. (about patents and ambiguities, for example, you can read the articles)

planetary gear

Dvigun Watta (1788)

When the machine was closed with an uninterrupted wraparound swing, Watt had a chance to make a number of non-trivial tasks (spread the bet on two empty cylinders, automatically adjust the wrappers and straight-line piston rod swing).

Watt's parallelogram

Watt's mechanism for finding pressure on the piston of a straight-line piston.

Steam engine of impulses patented by James Watt in 1848 by Fraiberze in Nimechchin.

Vіdtsentrovy regulator

The principle of the air center regulator is simple, the faster the shaft rotates, the more the vantage diverges under the air center force, and the more the steam pipelines overlap. The vantages are lowered - the steam pipeline is turning up.
A similar system has long been known in the boroshnomelnіy spravі for regulation vіdstanі mіzh zhornami.
Watt adapting the regulator for a steam engine.

Attachment parorozpodіlu

Piston valve system

The armchair was put together by one of Watt's assistants in 1783 (the letters were added for clarification). B and B - pistons connected by a tube and collapsing in pipes D, connected to the condenser H and tubes E and F to cylinder A; G - steam pipeline; K - stock, to serve for changing the BP.
In the image on the armchair of the pistons BP, there is a pipe D between the pistons B and B, as well as the lower part of the cylinder A under the piston (not shown on the small one), which adjoins to F, filled with a pair, also at the upper part of the cylinder A above the piston, so povidomlyayetsya through E i through Z z capacitor H - rozrіdzhennya mill; when pіdёmі BP higher F і E the lower part A through F will be connected with H, and the upper part through E and D - with the steam pipeline.

Clear little one

However, right up to the 1800s, Watt continued to swell with poppet valves (metal discs, which rose or fell over the upper windows, and were driven by a collapsible valve system), the shards of the “piston valve” system were of high accuracy.

The development of the mechanism of parorosis was mainly taken up by Watt's assistant, William Murdoch.

Murdoch, having continued to perfect the mechanism of parolysis, and in 1799 patented the D - shaped spool (box spool).

The fallow in the position of the spool, the windows (4) and (5) are brought out of the closed space (6) by the excess spool and the filled pair, or by the empty 7, obtained from the atmosphere or by the condenser.

After all the improvements were made, the axis of such a machine was:

The steam for the help of the steamer, alternately feeding into the different empty cylinders, and the central regulator keruvav with the valve for supplying the steam (as the machine was overdone, the valve was crooked and navpakryavsya, as if it was overdone).

First video

This machine could already work not only like a pump, but also lead to other mechanisms.

In 1784 roci Watt took out a patent for universal steam engine(Patent No. 1432).

About mlyn

In 1986, roci Bolton and Watt were in London to see the Mlyn (“Mlyn Albion”), which was driven by a steam engine. If mlyn was allowed to go, the right pilgrimage began. Londoners were chugging with technical improvements.

Watt, unaware of marketing, has become obsessed with the fact that he respects your practice and respects the access of third parties. Bolton, having vvazhav, that more people were to blame for the car about the car, and that he saw Watt's scum.
In the meantime, Bolton and Watt did not see a shortfall in clients. In 1791, the millers burned (or maybe they burned it, because the millers were afraid of competition).

For example, in the last ten years, Watt pripinyaє to finish his car. On the sheets Bolton writes:
“It’s even possible that, with a little blame, there’s nothing better to improve at the mechanism of the machine, but those that we have already robbed will not be allowed by nature, as for most of the speeches she designated her nec plus ultra (Latin “gave nowhere”).”
First of all, Watt stverzhuvav, that you can’t add anything new to the steam engine, and as if you’re busy with it, then I don’t need to improve the details and re-verify my many swirls and guards.

List of Russian literature

Kam'yansky A.V. James Watt, yoga life and scientific-practical activity. St. Petersburg, 1891
Weisenberg L.M. James Watt, winemaker of the steam engine. M. - L., 1930
Lisnikov M.P. James Watt. M., 1935
Confederates I.Ya. James Watt - winemaker of the steam engine. M., 1969

From this, vvazhatimutsya, the first stage of the development of steam engines is over.

The further development of steam engines was due to an increase in the pressure of betting and a thorough gamble.

Quote from BSE

The universal dvigun of Watt is the source of economic efficiency, having a wide width and playing a great role in the transition to capitalist machine vibration. "The great genius of Watt," wrote K. Marx, "is manifested in the fact that the patent, taken by him from the quarter of 1784, giving a description of the steam engine, depicts it not as a vineyard only for special purposes, but as a universal dvigun of great promiscuity" ( Marx, Do., Kapital, vol. 1, 1955, page 383-384).

Watt and Bolton's factory until 1800, prompting St. 250 steam engines, and until 1826 there were up to 1500 steam engines in England from the heat of bl. 80000 hp For a redkishny vinyatka, cars like Watt were sent. After 1784, Watt was engaged in the head rank of polypshennyam virobnitstva, and after 1800, fate and sovsim vіdіyshov vіd sprav.

Exactly 245 years ago - September 5, 1769 - James Watt took away the patent for the steam engine he found. Why not guess the history of the creation of a steam engine from the most recent hours?

Vlasne himself patent that yoga vlasnik -

The history of the creation of a steam engine begins with the fact that the first description of the accessory, which, having been brought into the rut for additional wagering, is dated to the first centuries and to lie with Heron of Alexandria.

A couple, walking along dotichny іz juz, yakі were fastened on kuli, and zmushuvali yogo wrap around.

The right steam turbine was designed already in Middle Egypt by an engineer of the 16th century, an astronomer and an Arab philosopher Taki-ad-Din Mohammed. The history of the creation of the Trival steam engine. Vіn vinayshov the method of wrapping gossip for an additional bet. Vіn buv straightening on the shovel, fixed on the circumference of the wheel.

Italian engineer Giovanni Branca, having proponed the car at 1629 roci. Vaughn bula is recognized for the wrapping of an anchor cylindrical attachment in mortars, as if in its line it was raised and lowered a pair of pestles in mortars. In such steam engines, the steam flow was not concentrated, and it led to great expenditures of energy, even a significant part of the energy of the steam rose on all lines.

For a further development of the history of the creation of a steam engine - a steam connection - an economic situation is needed, for which the engine manufacturers could achieve this result. Ale in the ancient epic, like in the middle epoch, and in the epic Revival there were no such minds. Less than until the end of the 17th century, steam units were created, but for the time being, they were just like curiosities. First car made by Spanish winemaker Iєronimo Ayans de Beaumont. Yogo vinogodi mali great infusion for the patent T. Pivnochi.

English Edward Somerset in 1655 described the basic principle of the development of steam engines and the spectrum of their zastosuvannya. In 1663, he overruled the project, and in the castle of Raglan, having installed an extension for driving water on the wall of the great gate. Denmark's annexation collapsed for an additional bet (even in the 19th century it was possible to bury it in the wall, de-rotting the engine). But there was no way to risk a penny for the sake of this winemaker, and the further development of the steam engine seemed impossible. The French physicist and winemaker Denis Papen also contributed to the history of the creation of a steam engine - he worked on the creation of a vacuum, and a closed cylinder.

Spivpratsiyuchi with the Dutch physicist Huygens, in the 1670s, having worked on the aggregate, with a vibe of a path, we took off the cylinder.

Papen was battling the inconsistency of the vacuum of the occupied one under the hour of vibration, after arriving in Great Britain in 1680, having cut the same cylinder, and after the additional sprinkles, as if condensate in the cylinder, having achieved a greater vacuum.

So with the help of an aggregate of vin zooms for an additional spool thrown over the pulleys, increase the vantage, attachments to the piston. Ale, the machine worked only for demonstrating its capabilities and for repeated work it was necessary to її re-raise it, and then pick it up. Todі vinakhіdnik zrozumіv, scho to automate the cycle requires steam in a warm boiler. The zavdyaks of whom Papen is considered to be the culprit of the steam boiler, and by such a rank he has broken the path of the Newcomen steam engine.

Ale vin not zaproponuvav povnu design of the steam engine, scho functioning. Papen made a great contribution to the history of the creation of the steam engine, which worked on the design of the chute, which collapsed for the help of the wheel with reactive power in the wake of Pivnochi and Taki ad-Dina. So it goes without saying that wines are attributed to a number of important outbuildings, one of them is an outside valve.

From all the descriptions of the pastures for the cherry needed and the brown ones, the actual zastosuvannya did not know the right thing. The first steam engine (in the entire history of the creation of a steam engine), which brought real melancholy, was broken up by a military engineer from England, Thomas Pivnochi, in 1698. Tsya construction - "fire installation". In 1698 Pivnochi took off a patent for it. The piston pump was blown on fire, but it was not efficient, because the heat of the steam was ruined during the hour when the container was cooled. Through the high pressure of steam, the pipelines and the capacity of the engine vibrated at times, which is why it is not safe in operation. The whole aggregate was stagnant at other galuzahs, on water mules for wrapping the wheels, and in the mines, water was pumped out for help. The winemaker gave the construction one more name "a miner's friend".

In 1712, the English farrier presented his vinahid - "atmospheric dvigun".

The whole model of the Pivnochi steam engine was perfected, but Newcomen significantly changed the working pressure of the wager. First of all, the dvigun was stagnant for the recovery of the native land from a deep mine. At this pump, the yoke is tied to the draft, which goes down to the pump chamber shaft. Reciprocating thrust rods passed to the pump piston, which supplied water. This steam engine of Newcomen, having become the first engine in the history of the creation of a steam engine, which was widely recognized in practice. The very beginning of the industrial revolution in Great Britain will be tied to the wine-making of this dvigun.

In 1763, the first vacuum-two-cylinder steam engine was built in Russia.

Zastosuvali її at the Barnaul Kolivano-Voskresensky factories in order to bring into the working camp povіtrodune smartly.

The attackers who improved the efficiency of steam engines and made a great contribution to the history of the creation of a steam engine were the Englishman Richard Trevitik and the American Oliver Evans. Trevitik zbuduvav one-stroke promislov dviguni high grip.

The rich stench is like "Cornowell dviguni". Їхній working vice becoming 50 pounds per square inch, or 345 kPa (3.405 atmospheres). Ale zbіlshennya vice led to zbіlshennya nezbezpeka vibukhіv in boilers and machines, and tse in his hand led to many accidents. Therefore, one of the head parts on steam engines is the lateral valve. Yogo confession - tse release of a zayvogo vice. The safe operation of these units began with the accumulated knowledge and after the standardization of the operations, the operation of the service.

Appointment

steam engine- dvigun zovnіshny zgoryannya, which transforms the energy of the wager into mechanical work.

Vinahid...

History of winemaking steam engines start your own work from the first side of our land. We have a lot of attachments, descriptions by Heron of Oleksandriysky, and what to do with the ferry. A couple, which came out of the nozzles along the dot, fixed on the coolers, disturbed the engine to turn around. The right steam turbine was found to be in the midst of Egypt in abundance. Її wine-maker є Arabic philosopher, astronomer and engineer of the 16th century Tagi-al-Dinome. A spit with spades, having begun to wrap around the streams of bets, let's straighten on the new one. In 1629 p. a similar solution was proposed by the Italian engineer Giovanni Branca. The main minus of these winemakers was those that the streams of wagers rose, and it was insane to lead to great expenditures of energy.

Further development of steam engines could not be imagined without the help of minds. It is necessary for the bulk and economical dobrobut and the need for these wines. Obviously, there were no such minds and could not be until the 16th century, through the flooring a low rіven development. For example, in the 17th century, a couple of copies of these wines were created, but seriously they were not adopted. The creator of the first is the Spaniard Ayans de Beaumont. Edward Somerset - teachings from England in 1663, having published the project and installed a pair of extensions for driving on the wall of the Great Vetez in Raglan Castle. But if the rocks are all new and importantly accepted by the people, then no one has bothered to finance this project. The creator of the steam cauldron is the Frenchman Denis Papin. During the course of the last inspection, the cylinder was checked for additional vibuha of the gunpowder of the wines, so that the new vacuum can only be taken away for the additional okrop. And for the cycle to be automatic, it is necessary that the steam was carried out all right in the boiler. Papen is credited with vinahid chovna, which collapsed for additional reactive force in the combination of the concepts Tag-al-Dina and Pivnochi; also, the after valve is brought in by the way.

All the descriptions of the outbuildings did not seem practical. Navit "fire installation", as of 1698, designed by Thomas Savery, did not last long. Through the high grip of the couple in the containers with the natives, the stench often vibrated. Therefore, yoga vinahid was respected by the unsafe. At the light of all these misfortunes history of winemaking steam engines I could have interrupted, but no.

Prev'u - zbіlshennya per click.

The pictures show the Cugno steam tractor. How can you remember, wine is too cumbersome and unmanageable in management.

An English farrier, Thomas Newcomen in 1712 demonstrated his "atmospheric engine". Vіn buv improved model of steam engine Pіvnochi. Vіn otrimav his zastosuvannya yak vіdkachuvannya water from the mines. At the mine pump, the yoke was tied to the draft, which descended to the shaft to the pump chamber. Reciprocating thrust thrust was transmitted to the piston of the pump, which supplied water to the mountain. Newcomen's engine is popular and will drink. With the advent of this dvigun, it is customary to evoke the beginning of the English industrial revolution. In Russia, the first vacuum machine was designed by I. I. Crawling in 1763 roci, and through the rіk the project of letters of instillation in life. Vaughn led in a povіtroduvne artfully at the Barnaul Kolivano-Voskresensky factories. The idea of Oliver Evans and Richard Trevitik, about victorious pairs of high pressure, brought significant results. R. Trevitik successfully introduced the crafts of one-stroke engines of a high grip, like "Cornish engines". Regardless of the progress in efficiency, the number of vibra- tions of boilers also grew, as if they did not show the great pressure. For this reason, it was customary to make a zapobіzhny valve for the release of the screw vice.

The French winemaker Nicolas-Joseph Cugno demonstrated in 1769 the first self-propelled steam transport system, which is: “fardier à vapeur” (steam vіz). Yogo vinahid can be taken by the first car. The self-propelled steam tractor vikoristovuvaniya as mobile dzherelo mechanical energy demonstrating its efficiency, driving the wind from different CX machines. In 1788, John Fitch was prompted by a steamboat, which was regularly received along the Delaware river between Philadelphia and Burlington. Vіn mav mіstkіstyu total 30 people, and peresuvsya zі shvidkіstyu up to 12 km/year. On February 21, 1804, at the Pendarren metallurgical plant near Merthyr Tydville in Pivden Wales, the first self-propelled saloon steam train was demonstrated, which was inspired by Richard Trevitik.

Vinahid of the steam engine became a turning point in the industrial and infamous history of humankind. At the turn of the 17th-18th centuries, there were changes of mind to replace the low-powered and inefficient living "motors", windmills and water wheels on the mechanisms of a completely new type. steam engines. The steam engines themselves were made possible by the industrial revolution and the achievement of modern technology development.

What do you care pershu vinayshov steam engine Scottish mechanic James Watt - even if not for nothing, yoga is named after the international unit of tension Watt! However, in reality, Watt, having perfected the mass and propagated a new type of engine, and the history of steam engines, took its cob richly earlier.

The winning wager for bringing into the mechanism was first described by the ancient Greek scientist Heron of Alexandria, who worked around the 1st century A.D. e. Same Heron's name of the famed Eolіpіl (abo “cool of Eol”) - a sphere with nozzles that emerge from it is fixed on the axis. The sack, filled with water, heated up on the fire, and the steam that came out of the nozzles brought the sphere into a wrap.

Obviously, everything was no more than a little game, but it was forgotten more than a thousand times more. Previously, after Heron, the power of steam was tested by the Arab engineer and philosopher Taghi-al-Dinome - in the 16th century he created the prototype of a steam turbine, which was born. Mayzhe in a hundred years - in 1615 - the Frenchman Solomon de Caux describes an attachment, which, for help, can raise water. And in 1629 the Italians Giovanni Branca did the same a car that predicts a turbine, - The heated steam came out of the tube and hit the shoulder blades on the wheels, and the wheel itself rattled around.

At about the same hour, the Spanish engineer Jeronimo Ayans de Beaumont created steam engine with cylinder- this mechanism has stuck on the development of the underside at the gallery of the steam engines. And in 1663, Englishman Edward Somerset described a steam engine for driving from wells and mines, and then took a patent for this wine. Created by Somerset, the machine worked for a day in one of the English castles, but showed far from the best results.

A great role in the development of steam engines was played by two people: the Frenchman Denis Papin and the Englishman Thomas Seivery. Pa-pen in the middle of the 70s of the 17th century, a wine cylinder, in which a vacuum is created for the help of gunpowder, and then (1680) attaching this cylinder for robotic wagering. Until the end of the century, the French scholar had come close to the creation of the industrial design of the steam engine, and even outperformed Seivery - in 1698, the English took away the patent for the car, and in 1702 the mechanism of its design began to be victorious for pumping and pumping water. However, the steam engines took away even wider borders - the stench of the boules was already incomplete.

But even though the extensions of Papen and Seiver were little stagnant in practice, then why did people play important role in the history of technology? On the right, in the fact that the ideas of these wine engineers formed the basis of the steam engine, created in 1712 by the Englishman Thomas Newcomen. The vineyard worker smashed the Seiver design machine with the cylinder of the Papin system, as a result of which he showed up to finish the engine thoroughly, like a pratsyuvav on the par. Cicava detail: the carving was done manually by the machine - for these purposes they hired a special person, the task of which was included in the singing frequency of opening and closing the valves. How to remember the legend, in 1713 the boy Humphrey Potter, who worked on one of the cars, foresaw, how to make valves and practice independently. In the early 1715s, the steam engines of the Newcomen system showed up as a completely automatic system of steam distillation.

Here it is necessary to add two important respects. First, everything is described above steam machines and vacuum(or atmospheric). In machines of this type of steam, the cylinder was heated up, and the piston collapsed. The principle is simple: the steam is near the cylinders, heating it to a high temperature, after which cold water flows onto the cylinder. As a result of this, cooling is sharply cooled, and the cylinders settle down (vacuum), due to which, under the pressure of the atmospheric pressure, the piston enters the corner of the cylinder, robylyachs at their robot. In another way, all the machines were stopped only for the purpose of moving the water - the wine-makers did not fall into the thought that for an additional wager it was possible to bring the mechanisms to ruin. So what to say Newcomen's car often referred to as a steam pump.

Above the capital, Newcomen's steam engines were stripped of single mechanisms attached to victoria. Less than on the cob of the 1760s, ruins began to fall in this region - Humphrey Gainsborough created perfect steam engine, yak, however, did not have a large pomp. And to start a right revolution in this gallery was sued by the Scottish engineer and winemaker James Watt.

In 1765, Watt came up with the idea that it was not necessary to cool the cylinder, but rather to beat the very strength of the grip of the bet, and not the vacuum. Already in 1769, having taken away the patent for this wine, the machine itself of a new design was created only in 1776 - Watt at that hour was having a hard time with pennies and it was simply not possible for him to realize his ideas.

But the greatest winemaker of James Watt, who made yoga famous, appeared only in 1781: he created the same engineer steam engine. It became possible to change the reciprocating rotation of the piston onto the flywheel wrapper for the help of the so-called planetary mechanism. And in 1784, Watt's steam engine turned out to be a residual sight - in it, an efficient and simple crank-and-rod mechanism and impersonal other improvements appeared. The rose itself began to be called universal steam engine, and not without reason: the car nevdovzі z'appeared at factories and plants, and on the cob of the 19th century the engines of the Watt system were put on the first locomotives and steamboats.

Tsіkavo, that a working steam engine (and not only one) was created in Russia - for all in the car Ivan Polzunov, founded in the period from 1763 to 1766. Polzunov's first engines showed good results, and in 1764 the life of a great steam engine for a metal brewery was revealed. The life ended in 1766, and the start was made after the death of the culprit. Unfortunately Povzunov steam engine It took less than 42 days to propagate - after the breakdown, it stopped breaking, and after an hour it was dismantled.

As you can see, the history of steam engines does not begin with the testimony of James Watt, however, the winemaker himself, having created in a proper and efficient way, that hand-held machine, which he added to the development of industry and technology. For tі merits in 1882 іm'yam Watta began to be called the unity of tightness, we know it like wat.