From the 5th to the 12th centuries it is like an era. Classic Greece. Historical epochs in chronological order

5th century. Rosewood and two wars.

Five hundred years before ours, it is respected by the rise of the Greek civilization, it began with the great war of the Greeks with the Persians and ended with the great war of the Greeks among themselves, moreover, the rose did not cause trouble. Percy's girls tried to conquer ancient Greece, Percy - the same modern Iran, which is the same as the greatest empire in the world. In 490 roci BC. the stench landed their troops on the western coast of Attica (the pivostrіv, the capital of which was Athens), but the Athenians overcame the famous marathon battle, which they fought on the marathon field. After the battle, the soldier ran the entire distance from the marathon field to Athens, saying the famous phrase “we overcame” and died, without vibrating the strain, staring at the marathon big. But for the Persians, there was a trial attack on Greece, after 10 years, the Persians turned and, for the first time, everything was more serious. At 480 BC the majestic Persian came to Greece, ordering everything on its way. Maizhe, all the pіvnіchna and central Greece, greeted the Persians without a fight. A coalition of local lands is forming in the middle of Greece, as if they were victorious against the Persians. Sparta and Athens, eternal rivals, have stunned the coalition. The first thing was for Thermopylae. This is a story about the heroism of 300 Spartans, unfortunately, we see more of the caricatures of Hollywood films. The last Hollywood film "300" - the screening of the cartoon. Virishalne bіy was given at Salamis, de unification of the Greek fleet, having found the Persian armada. Tse became a turning point in the war. On the right, for Asians, Europe in the 5th century before ours is an island, not a continent. The only pleasant way from Asia to Europe, through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles. If the Greeks, having beaten the Persian fleet, took away the lead on the sea, the stench could destroy the Persians in their continent (Asia), having crossed the sea route to the island of Europe. In such minds, the only land route from Asia to Europe would be more expensive than the black sea coasts. And tse - the territory of present-day Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Russia, Abkhazia, Georgia, Turkey and Iraq. Navit this year, not a skin person to dare to get more expensive by car, more, near the 5th century before ours. Otzhe, Xerxes (Persian tsar) virishu deprive Europe. In the 479th, in the land battle of Plataea, having flooded the contingent of the Persian troops from Greece, a kind of battle through the river, in the 479th.

The two battles (Salaminska and Plateyska) are considered even more important in the history of Europe, calling for those who, after them, began to be called the ideological base of the European civilization. After the Persian wars, it is gold in the 50th century of the fifth century BC. A rare change in the world's history, if for such a small gap an hour is created so richly. The future surge and rozkvit of sciences are seen, the philosophical thought revealed the light of Socrates. The political history of Greece, which in the last century passed through the phases of monarchy, aristocracy, oligarchs, tyranny, crystallized the Athenian democracy on the one hand, and the Spartan order on the other. This is the period of opposition of two political blocs and two light-seeing archetypes – Athena and Sparta. These two places, dividing the whole of Greece among themselves into a sphere of inflow, stayed on the borders of the war for a greater part of the 50-year period, they crossed the borders of the stench at 431 roci.

Cause the cob of warfare between Athens and Sparta (Peloponese warfare) of the actual Donin, the famous ancient Greek historian Thucydides, the father of scientific historiography, wrote about them. Yoga analysis will become the basis of such a concept, like “preventive war”. Before the speech, the father of history is respected by Herodotus, but Herodotus loves to win myths from his explanations. Myth, the information is not reverified, such Herodotus and dosі rich. I respect Thucydides as the father of scientific historiography, because he not only told wine, but also thought about what to say. Namagayuchis, vyyaviti more important, yak sound not clearly. Later, after Thucydides, Sparta was afraid of the distant settlement of Athens, as the whole period of the golden 50th century developed dynamically, then the city of Sparta became static. In 431 years BC, in order to save the distant strength of Athens and, like traces, potential aggression from the side of its immeasurably powerful supernik, Sparta first attacked Athens - the first was the first to prevent the war of antiquity. The analysis of Fucidide is up-to-date and current. Moreover, behind Thucydides, the famous, let's say, televised reason for the cob of war was the dry welding of the ally of Athens - the island of Kerkira with the ally of Sparta - the city of Corinth. The Spartans, with such success, called this dry welding into a deep Greek problem, for which the Americans attacked Iraq, motivating the war in Saddam Hussein's mythical chemical war (television cause of the war). Officially (televisionally) the conflict between Kerkiri and Corinth became the drive for the cob of the Peloponnesian war (431-404 pp. BC). The Athenians supported Kerkyra, the Spartans classified the support of the Athenians as the destruction of the thirteenth world and entered into a war with Athens. That was the first preventive war of antiquity. The relevance of the analysis of Thucydides has not exhausted itself today. In the 21st century, we foresaw new technologies, but we did not foresee anything conceptually new. We have old-fashioned ideas, today, spinning with crazy swedishness, the essence of new technologies is in the past. A long time ago preventive war broke out for about 30 years (technologies were not the same) and in it took the fate of the entire Greek world, dividing into two camps - cebula, phenomenally ruinous, all-Greek war, as it broke the economic basis of Athens and the demographic basis.

I’ll take a look at the object of follow-up and the processes that are going on, the historical epochs in order can be sorted out, but not in this sequence, until the inhabitants called out. Moreover, it is possible to put a zero point in the mind in a certain unimaginable space.

Cob vіdlіku

What is "History"? History is all that is written down. As such, the podia is not written down, but is transmitted orally, that is a retelling. Obviously, it would be wise to admit that historical epochs are less than that period of the foundation of human civilization, if writing has already been found. This is one of the most important factors that make up historical epochs, including geological ones.

Following the cycle of mirkuvannya, the cob in the course of historical epochs, will start at the moment of the wine flow of writing. But with whom, the tradition of writing cannot be interrupted.

Zokrema, є zrazki writing, yakі dated vіkom 8 and 7.5 thousand years. But the stinks did not take away the progress, but were only local manifestations of the power of the human intellect. І qi letters are not deciphered.

The first records deciphered to the present hour appeared in Egypt, approximately 5.5 thousand years ago. These are clay tablets, like they were changed at the graves. There were written down the names of the dead.

Tsya writing was no longer interrupted at the hour.

The axis is from this moment, and the order depends on historical epochs.

Historical epochs in chronological order

The dermal water-reinforced region of the Earth had writing in its own historical period. We will analyze the closest culture to us - European. And її coils, through the Cretan civilization, encroach on Ancient Egypt.

Reveal respect, looking at Ancient Egypt as a forefather of European culture, we greet the geographic landmarks. Vіdpovіdno to "Theory of Civilization" prof. A. D. Toynbee, tsі structures can develop zdatnіst, give life to other civilizations, in some ways they die out or be reborn in other cultures.

Later, the beginning of the chronology of historical epochs will be the middle of the Eneolithic.

1. ancient world, about 3000 years of wild trivality, including:

· The Mid-century, which ended approximately 3700 years ago.

· Bronze age. Ended 3100 years ago.

· Zalіzny vіk. Trivav up to 340 BC.

· Antiquity. With the fall of Rome in 476 years, the era of the Ancient World ended.

2. Serednovichchya. Trival until about 1500 roku (trivality ≈1000 roki). The beginning of the end of the Middle Ages was marked by:

· Mass resettlement of the illuminated part of the population from Byzantium to Europe.

· Fall of Tsargorod in 1453.

· Vindication of the Renaissance. Perhaps the clerk himself, having become the foundation, for whom the modern capitalist civilization was formed, with її vices.

3. New hour. This epoch thrived close to 400 years and ended like 1917 with the Zhovtnevoy Socialist Revolution. For an hour, the cultural and moral camp of the Suspіlstva recognized the neimovіrnih metamorphoses.

As if at the beginning of the New Hour, in the center of the stargazer of the splendid people, God, having created the people, the whole world and ignited the world of all speeches. That passed the era

· Revival, by the teaching staff of Tom Akvinsky, theologians began to accept as a great scientific discipline, as if they were not tied to God. Let us, the champion of Rationalism, Descartes, pronounce the postulate: "I think - already true." I for example G. Cherberi raised the whiskers, that Christianity is a fundamental philosophical doctrine. Tim himself was seeded to Deism. Pom pishla

Dripping olії at the fire, reformatting the evidence, adding Voltaire, like a stverdzhuvav, that it was not God who created the people, but the people foresaw God. It planted a schizoid split in the minds of a whole civilization. Aje, in a week, everyone went to the church, and there they knew that the stench of sin was unworthy. Ale in these days, the stench was dear to God.

And now, with the help of our speeches, they began to respect the people, but people began to recognize the lack of spiritual and mystical storage in their lives. I showed up at the door

The Age of Romanticism. Rozum was put on Uzbek, and panuvati began to feel those emotions, as if they inspired spirituality. Zvіdsi unstriking, pragnennya riziku. Mayzhe legalized duels. Formed the image of a "gentry dikun".

Having finished this period, Fejrbach, with the postulate: “It’s a little bit, it’s smut, it’s tasty and it’s delicious.” And then came the black rose of women. And at the same time, ontologically, they are the guardians of traditional values.

4. New hour. This period is three years, may be a hundred years.

Tsіkavі regularity

With the help of eminent scientists, in an hour of skin descriptions of the past epochs, ≈ 10 billion people have come to live on the planet. Ale, the phenomenon of squeezing the historical hour with the skin epoch changed its trivality by 2.5-3 times.

Є admission, that for the transition of people to a new formation, the accumulated baggage of knowledge and technological innovations is to be blamed, as if in one's line to produce a yakіsny haircut.

Prof. S. Kapitsa, based on the population growth formula for the entire planet: N(t)=200 billion/(2025-t). De N is the number of people in a given moment, and t is a given hour. Two constants: 2025 rіk ta 200 bln.

This formula allows you to induce such a schedule for the growth of the population on Earth:

I vіn zbіgaєtsya іz vіdomosti about the number of people, yakі z ієyu chi іnshоyu іnshoy іnshoy nadіtіvіstі.

According to the concept, S. Kapitsa confirmed that around the year 2025 there will be a phase transition in the development of human civilization, which will be accompanied by global changes in all spheres of life.

Historical periods of the era

First Suspility

up to approx. 3000 BC e. (Union of Upper and Lower Egypt)

Paleolithic and Mesolithic

Neolithic

Bronze Age

Zalizny vіk

ancient light

3000 BC e. - 476 p. n. e.(fall of the Roman Empire)

Hellenism

Ancient Rome

Serednyovichchya

476 - the end of the XV century(cob of the era of the Great Geographical Vіdkrittіv)

Early Middle Ages (the end of the V - the middle of the XI century)

High (classical) Middle (mid-XI - end of the XV century)

Early New Hour

the end of the XV century. - 1789(ear of the Great French Revolution)

Epoch of Renaissance (Renaissance)
The ear of the epoch of Renaissance is considered the ear of the XIV century in Italy, the XV-XVI century - in other parts of Europe.
The end of the epoch of historians respects the last quarter of the 16th century and in the last years - the first decade of the 17th century.

Revitalization is divided into 4 stages:
Proto-Renaissance (2nd half of the XIII century - XIV century)
Early Renaissance (ear of the XV - end of the XV century)
Vysoka Renaissance (end of the XV - first 20 years of the XVI century)
Pіznіshe Revival (mid-XVI - 1590s)

The era of great geographic revelations (XV century - XVII century)

Reformation I (XVI century-ear of the XVII century)

Part of the era of Enlightenment

new hour

1789 - 1918 (End of the First World War)

Part of the era of Enlightenment
There is no single thought to date the epoch of the light-gazing era. Some historians place the cob on the example of the 17th century, others - in the middle of the 18th century.
In the 17th century, the foundations of rationalism were laid by Descartes in his work “Mirkuvannya pro method” (1637). The end of the era of Enlightenment is often associated with the death of Voltaire (1778) and with the cob of the Napoleonic wars (1800-1815).
At the same time, there was a thought about linking the era of Enlightenment to two revolutions: the “Glorious Revolution” in England (1688) and the Great French Revolution (1789).

Promise coup (the other half of the 18th century - the 19th century)

XIX century

New history

1918 - our days

Historical epochs in science

Understanding the epochs in chronological order

Literature and chronology

A chronology based on the Christian era ("our era" - from the moment of the transfer of the people of Jesus Christ).
Our era, n. e. (also called "new era") - the current period of the hour, starting from 1 year for the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Anterior yoma (which ends on the cob of the first fate) - the period before our era, BC. e.
The name is often spelled out in the religious form "from the birth of Christ", abbreviations of the records - "from the R. X.", and, apparently, "before the Nativity of Christ", "before the R. Kh.".

The zero river is not victorious either in worldly or in religious notations - this is how it was instituted by Bid Vysokopovyazny on the cob of the VIII century (zero even vzagali not being widened in culture). Prote zero rok is recorded in the astronomical year numbering and in the ISO 8601 standard.

At the thought of more venerations, when counted in the VI century by the Roman abbot Dionysius Malim to the birth of the Rizdva of Christ, a pardon was broken at the rood of the rokiv.

A hundred for a thousand

Centuries of that rock BC

Yakі roki vіdnosjatsya until yаkih vіkіv

The capital of that rock

Yakі roki vіdnosjatsya until yаkih vіkіv

wonder so

The Middle Ages is the great period of the development of the European society, which is about the 5th-15th century of our yeri. The era began after the fall of the great Roman Empire, ended with the beginning of a industrial revolution in England. For ten hundred years, Europe has gone through a great path of development, which is characterized by great migrations of peoples, the formation of the main European powers and the appearance of the most beautiful monuments of history - Gothic cathedrals.

What is characteristic of the middle class

Leather historical era can be repeated. The reviewed historical period is not to blame.

Epoch Serednovichchya - tse:

• agrarian economy - most people worked in the sphere of the agricultural state;
• overpopulation of the rural population over the mіsk (especially in the early period);
• the role of the church is great;
• dotrimannya Christian commandments;
• cross walks;
• feudalism;
• the formation of powers;
• culture: gothic cathedrals, folklore, poetry.

Serednyovichchya - what are the capitals?

The epoch is divided into three great periods:

• Earlier - 5-10th Art. n. e.
• Visoka - 10-14th century. n. e.
• Pіznіshe - 14-15th (16th) Art. n. e.

Catering there is no unequivocal evidence, but only approximate figures - I’ll look at other groups of historians.

Three periods are seriously disturbed by one type of one: at the very beginning of a new era, Europe experienced troubled hours - an hour of instability and fragmentation, for example, the 15th century formed a mixture of cultural and traditional values.

Eternal superchka of official science with alternative

Sometimes you can feel the firmness: "Antiquity is the middle ground." Illuminated people huddle behind their heads, feeling such an oman. Official science vvazha, that the Middle Ages is the era that began after the capture of the Western Roman Empire by barbarians in the 5th century. n. e.

Vtіm, alternative historians (Fomenko) do not follow the look of official science. At some point you can feel the firmness: "Antiquity is the middle ground." Tse will be said not out of ignorance, but from another look. To whom to blame, and to whom not - to blame you. We podіlyaєmo thought of official history.

How everything started: the collapse of the great Roman Empire

Buried in Rome by the barbarians - this is a serious historical podia, as it became the cob of the era

The empire woke up the 12th century, and for a long time the accumulation of priceless knowledge and knowledge of people, as if they had sunk into oblivion, after that, like the Ostrogoths, gunivs and gallivs, they hoarded the last part (476 r. e.).

The process will be done: the beginning of the control of Rome came to the suffocation of the provinces, and then the center fell. The resting part of the empire with its capital near Constantinople (now Istanbul) woke up right up to the 15th century.

After the sacking of Rome by the barbarians, Europe abandoned it in the dark. Irrespective of the significant return of that turmoil, the tribes could rise up, create a unique culture around the state.

Early middle age - the era of the "dark centuries": 5-10 tbsp. n. e.

At this hour, the provinces of the great Roman Empire became sovereign powers; the leaders of the gunivs, the cooks and the franks, deafened themselves with dukes, counts and other serious titles. It's amazing, but people believed the most authoritative persons and they took their power.

As it turned out, the tribes of the barbarians were wild on the floor, you can detect them: they stench were small rudiments of sovereignty and knew metallurgy on a primitive level.

This period is also noteworthy, that three stages were formed:

• clergy;
• nobility;
• people.

Villagers, craftsmen and merchants lay before the people. Over 90% of people lingered in the villages and worked in the fields. Type gospodaryuvannya buv agrarian.

High middle - 10-14 st. n. e.

The period of development of culture. Nasampere is characterized by the formation of a singing light-gazer, a taman middle-class person. The horizon has expanded: it has appeared about the beautiful, for those who have a sense, and the world is beautiful and harmonious.

Religion played a great role - people shook God, went to church and tried to follow biblical values.

Having established a stable trade link between the Sunset and the Gathering: merchants and mandrinniks turned from distant lands, bringing porcelian, kilimi, spices and new rages about exotic Asian lands. The mustache has succumbed to the impassioned promotion of the enlightenment of the Europeans.

In the same period, the image of a person-litsar appeared, which dosi є іdeal to the greatness of the girls. Vtіm, here are the same nuances that demonstrate the ambiguity of this post. From one side, the face was good and honored by a warrior, as if having sworn allegiance to the bishop for the defense of his country. If you want to endure zhorstoy and unprincipled - only so you can fight the hordes of wild barbarians.

At the new shoes, the “lady of the heart” was bouldering, fighting for the sake of such wines. Summing up, one can say that a face is even super-cheesy to post, which is made up of honesty and vices.

Pіznіshe serednyovіchchya - 14-15th (16th) Art. n. e.

Zahidnі іstoriki vvazhayut the end of the Middle Ages in the Columbus of America (July 12, 1492). Russian historians are looking forward to another thought - the beginning of the industrial revolution in the 16th century.

The autumn of the Middle Ages (another name for the new era) was characterized by the ascension of great places. So, there were large-scale rural rebellions - as a result, the whole camp became independent.

Europe has recognized serious human losses through the plague epidemic. Tsya ailment took a lot of life, the population of some places scurried away twice.

The end of the Middle Ages is the period of the logical completion of the rich era of European history, which lasted close to a thousand years.

Hundred War: the image of Jeannie D'Arc

Pіznіshe Serednyovіchchya - tse conflict between England and France, scho three hundred years ago.

Seriously, as the vector for the development of Europe, Bula Stolitnya Viyna (1337-1453 pp.) set the vector for the development of Europe. It was not a familiar war and not a familiar historical one. It is more logical to name the opposition between England and France, which sometimes pass into the active phase.

Everything started with super girls for Flanders, if the king of England became a claim to the French crown. Successfully supported in Great Britain: small rural corrals of archers outmaneuvered the French faces. And then a miracle happened: Jeanne d'Arc was born.

Tsya string of a girl with a human position was well-worn and from her youth she was sorted out from the military authority. Їy far away spiritually unite the French and give the vision of England through two speeches:

• she shiro virila at those who are possible;
• she called out to the unity of all the French in front of the enemy.

The victory of France began, and Joan of Arc went down in history as a national heroine.

The era of the Middle Ages ended with the process of folding the greater European powers and the formation of the European Union.

Epoch bags for European civilization

Historical period of the Middle Ages - 1,000 most important fates in the development of a foreign civilization. Yakby is one and the same person, having fallen back on the cob of the middle, that bov moved to the 15th century, vin bi recognizing the same place, the floorings were replaced by significant changes, which came out.

Let’s briefly recap the main bags of the Middle Ages:

• appearance of great places;
• expansion of universities in the territory of Europe;
• the adoption of Christianity by the majority of European inhabitants;
• scholasticism of Aurelius Augustine and Homi Aquinas;
• the unique culture of the Middle Ages - architecture, literature and painting;
• the readiness of the Western European Union to a new stage of development

Middle culture

Epoch Serednyovichchya - culture is typical for us. Under it, it is widely understood that it includes non-material and material achievements of people of that era. Before them you can see:

• architecture;
• literature;
• painting.

architecture

In the same epoch, a lot of European cathedrals were built. Middle masters created architectural masterpieces in two characteristic styles: Romanesque and Gothic.

The first one originated in the 11th-13th centuries. Tsey architectonic directly indulged in suvoristu and suvoristu. Temples and castles in the Romanesque style dosi inspire a gloomy Serednovichchya. Bamberg Cathedral lies before the most important houses.

Literature

European literature of the Middle Ages is a symbiosis of Christian lyric poetry, ancient thought and folk epos. Zhodin genre of light literature does not compare with books and ballads written by middle-aged writers.

Some rozpovid about the battles of what you want! The cicavi phenomenon often appeared: people who took part in the great middle battles (for example, the battle of Gunstings), involuntarily became writers: they were the first eyewitnesses of the undertakings that they woke up.

The Middle Ages - the era of Garnoy and Likar literature. About the way of life, the sound and traditions of people can be found in the books of writers.

painting

Places grew, cathedrals were built, obviously, wine and drink on the decorative embellishment of life. There were a lot of great mіs'kі budіvel, and then і і budinki of possible people.

The Middle Ages is the period of the formation of European painting.

Most of the paintings depicted biblical scenes - the Virgin Mary of Silence, the Whore of Babylon, the "Annunciation" and others. Triptychs (three small paintings in one) and diptrichs (two paintings in one) expanded. Artists painted the walls of chapels, town halls, painted stained-glass windows for the church.

Middle-class painting is indistinctly related to Christianity and the worship of the Virgin Mary. The Maistris portrayed them in different ways: but we can say one thing - these pictures are marvelous.

Serednovichchya - the hour between Antique and New History. The very epoch prepared the ground for the beginning of the industrial revolution and the great geographic breakthroughs.