Forged, stamped and stamped - are the wheels more beautiful and why do they smell? Stamped kuvannya Stamped kuvannya

Kuvannyam It is called metal processing, which is in a plastic steel, a static or dynamic vice. When forged, the shape and structure of the metal change. Virib, otrimaniy kuvannyam, name forging. There are two types of forging: free and with stamps.

The forge vibrates either with a shock (dynamic) action on the metal, the energy of the falling parts of the hammer (mechanical forge), or with a full (static) infusion, de victories the pressure of the press.

Vilna kuvannya

Vilne kuvannya zastosovuyut in the minds of serial and dribno-serial production. Before the forging operation, there is drawing, draft, beading, punching, stitching, cutting, etc.

When you win The length of the forging is increased for the change of the cross section. A different type of draw is a broach, if the workpiece is turned over after a skin blow.

litter- operation, wrapped to draw. During the siege, the transverse section of the forging is larger than the height of the rahunok.

The firmware of the opening is carried out for the help of a puncher, called the firmware. Firmware possesses a deep opening or a burial - (deaf firmware). On fig.3 7 the schemes of the deyakyh operations of the free forging were induced.

The kuvannya is beaten on sledgehammers or hydraulic presses.

Thresh- Machines of dynamic, percussive injection. Trivality of deformation by them becomes thousandths of a second. The metal is deformed for the amount of energy accumulated by the roaring (falling) parts of the hammer until the moment of its closure from the workpiece. One of the main types of hammers for forging grind steam.

Hydraulic press - static machines; triviality of deformation to become a few seconds. The metal is deformed by the additive of the susyl, which is created behind the help of the mother, which is fed into the working cylinder of the press.

Fig.38. Schemes of forging operations: a - double-sided firmware, b-skrіz-

ny firmware, v-firmware, g-cut, d-sokiri, e-bend,

w-stamping in padded dies, w-broach

Stamping

Stampings are called forgings in steel molds-stamps. The productivity of stamping is dozens of times greater, lower forging. In addition, with stamping, it is significantly greater, lower with free forging, accuracy of measurements and surface cleanliness. However, stamping is less likely to be done in mass and serial production, which means that it is less likely to be spent on the production of a stamp tool when a large batch of parts is prepared. Stamping is hot and cold, bulky and sheet.

Hot stamping(Kuvanna in stamps). Just as with free forging, the metal, which is embossed with strikers to the top and bottom, can freely flow to the sides, then when stamping, the metal is cut off by the surfaces of the stamp, and the workpiece is filled with the form of a shaped empty (strand).

The allowance for mechanical processing with hot forging is approximately two times less, lower with free forging. Hot stamping is carried out on hammers and forging machines.

Stamping on hammers- The largest expansion method of hot stamping. Stamp ( Rice.39 ,a) It is made up of two parts: upper 1 and lower 2. The lower part is attached to the stamp holder, we will install it on the shabot, and the upper part - in the woman; fastening of the skin part to the stamp is made with a wedge and a dowel. Mіstsya kriplennya vykonuyut at the sight of the "dove's tail". Offended parts are empty, to form a glass, which is the shape of the forging.

Rice.3 9. Stamping of blanks of gear wheels in a one-handed stamp

For stamping, the workpiece is heated to the forging temperature and placed in the lower empty 2 stamps. Under the blow, in the upper part of the stamp, a flow and a filling glass were thrown. Excessive metal is seen from the glass in the empty Kiltsevu and makes it so called oblu (bully). Rice.39 ,b), which helps to shorten the filling of the empty stamp, overshooting the distance to the metal of the empty rose of the stamp. Tears are cut on a press in a special stamp in a hot or cold state. For a number of strums, the stamps are subdivided into single-handed and rich-strums.

Single-handed stamps zastosovuyt for the preparation of simple molds and for the stamping of blanks, in front of the preparation of free forgings. Tsya predgotovka polagaє at the nearest forms zagotіvlі to the form of the finished forging.

Bagatoruchkovy stamps can be harvested, stamped and drilled. In the blanks, the operations of drafting and bending are used, in the stamping ones - on the blanks of the residual shape, in the deep fittings, the stamping of the rod (rolled blank).

The blanks are rolled out from both sides of the stamp, and the stamping is in the middle. On the Rice.40 a bagator-handle stamp was introduced, as well as sketches of the workpiece, and deformation during the final transitions of stamping and ready forging. Preparing to walk on the cob at the lingering string 4, de stretch. Then її deform at the rolling stalk 3 for cutting at the ends, then transfer it to the last stalk 1, after which її stamp the back into the front stalk 2, and then into the residual stalk 5.

Rice.4 0. Bagator hand stamp

AT Rest of the Rocks expand ballless stamping at closed stamps. When it comes to significant savings on metal, there is a need for extrusion presses and dies, as well as forging mechanical power of forgings. For hot stamping, zastosovuyut crank presses, friction and steam threshing.

Stamping on horizontal sledgehammer machines ( GCM). On the vіdmіnu vіd molіv vіd sledgehammers vozzun ruhaєtsya horizontally, tsі vіdnіvі machines zіvayut horizontal-sledgehammer. Such machines are used for the preparation of forgings to make the shape of empty or thick shearings (bolts, rivets, etc.), as well as for the preparation of forged ring-shaped forms (bushings, nuts, rings).

These machines achieve high productivity, ensure greater accuracy, lower when stamped on hammers and may not give output.

Rice.4 1. Scheme of punching a ring at the gas condensate field

Stamping at the GCF should start before the hanging operation of the heated rolled billet. The stamp has two strings. At the first stem, a hanging is carried out to trim the outer contour of the ring ( Rice.4 1,a), at another string ( Rice.4 1b) punch P sewing that vishtovhue I will prepare. The vice, which is being developed by the GCF, is kolivaetsya from 500 to 3000 kN.

Rice.4 2. Scheme of cutting sheet material

Cold sheet stamping zastosovuєtsya for slate steel, aluminum and yogo alloys, midi, brass and other. It's easy to stamp it to a visor, a drawstring and a fold. Folding stamping є dannym transferring operations.

Virubuvannya stop the preparation of a sheet of flat parts; The shape of the contour can be whatever: colo, square, etc. Tsim method can break through the door. The cutting die has two main parts ( fig.42): die 4 and punch 1.

When rusі down the punch 1 with the best edges of the working contour zrіzaє part of the workpiece. In the case of reversed Russia, the surplus of the workpiece 3 rests on the sign 2 and is taken from the punch.

Vityazhka hold empty bins from sheet blanks. Put a blank with a diameter D at the turning of the matrix ( Rice.4 3a) and pull the punch against the flask ( fig.43,b). In order not to see it, I will prepare, round the edges of the punch.

Rice.4 3. Scheme of drawing from a sheet blank

Like a gap a between the matrix and the punch, the solidity of the blanks, then the torso of the walls will be filled with the same; if the gap is smaller, then the walls become thinner. For the mass change, form, for example, the ribs of the hardness, the blank is additionally molded at the stamps.

Cold stamping is vibrated by mechanical cranks, hydraulic or friction presses.

To take the cold hardening, the deacons will cast a spell. As if stamping at the kіlka transition from the great deformation, then it’s scorched bagatorazovo.

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Methods for processing metal with a vise acknowledgment divided into two types.

1. Metallurgy, are used for making blanks of permanent transverse cutting (rods, dart, sheets, etc.), which are to be made for the preparation of parts for additional front plastic molding and processing of cuts. The main metallurgical methods of processing with a vice pro-skating rink, dragging and pressing.

2. Machinery, recognized for otrimannya details or blanks, scho to wash the shape and size, close to the shape and size of parts; in machine-building, the main methods of cutting blanks are by means of a vise kuvannya and stamping.

Rolling(Figure 3.10, a) polagaє in obtiskannі zagotіvlі 2 between rolls that wrap around 1 .

Presuvannya(Figure 3.10, 6) swear by shtovkhachem 4 prepared 2, what to know at the vtultsі 3, through matrix opening 1.

Drawing(Figure 3.10, c, d) polygaє at the stretched blanks 2 through the empty sound matrix 1; with this, the transverse cut of the workpiece is filled with the form of a transverse cut to the opening of the matrix.

Stamping(Figure 3.10, e) change the shape and size of the workpiece for the help of a special tool - a stamp.

Sheet stamping take flat and spacious details from blanks, which have significant less rozmіrіv near the plan (arkush, strichka, smuga). When sheet stamping (Fig. 3.10, d) harvesting 3 to deform behind the help of the punch 1 that matrix 2.

Kuvannyam(Figure 3.10, e) change the shape and size of the blanks 2 the path of the last infusion with universal tools 1 on the okremі dіlyanki zagotіvlі.

At volume stamping(Figure 3.10, e) on the preparation, which is in the form of a dart 2, pour in with a stamp 1, moreover, the metal of the workpiece is filled with an empty die, filling it up and forming it.

Rice. 3.10. The main types of metal work with a vice: a - rolling; b - pressing; c, d - wire drawing; e - sheet stamping (one of the processes); e - forge; P - susilla of rolling rolls; R tr - zusilla grating; R p - zusilla pressing;

R pr - zusilla stretching; R to - zusilla kuvannya; R w - zusilla stamping.

Kuvannya — a method of processing metal in a vise, which is used for additional forging tools or stamps, when the tool is pressed on bagatorazov, often by pouring into the heated workpiece, as a result of which it is deformed and step by step nabvaє given forms and dimensions. Forging is the only way to make large forgings (weighing up to 250 tons): shafts of hydroelectric generators, ship engines, rolls of rolling mills, etc. Kuvannya zastosovuyt zastosovuyt dribnoseriynom or single forgings, as well as for the preparation of great forgings.

Forge can be used either in padded dies, manual or machine, which can be done on steam hammers or on hydraulic forge presses. At hand forge zastosovat kovadla, large and small hammers (sledgehammers and handbrakes), tongs for chopping and trimming the workpiece, barbs, chisels, pidbіyniki, obtiskannya (Fig. 3.11, a-h), at machine forge strikers, obtiskannya, rozkochuvannya, pinching, cartridges (Fig. 3.11, i-p).

Rice. 3.11. Tool for manual and machine forging: a - kovadlo; b - sledgehammer;

c - handbrake; d – ticks; e - beard; e - chisel; g - pіdbіynik; h - obtiskannya;

ta - flat strikers; to - viriznі strikers; l - rounded strikers; m - obtiskannya;

n - rozkochuvannya; pro - pinching; p - cartridges.

The main operations of forging are draft, hanging, broach, flashing, winding, beading. by fall call such a technological operation of processing a vice, for which the height of the outer workpiece changes with an one-hour increase in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe transverse cut (Fig. 3.12).

With any siege of a cylindrical eye, you can look at it without rubbing at the ends (Fig. 3.12, a)(ideal option) or for obviousness, rubbing at the ends (Fig. 3.12, b)(Real version). For stability during the siege of cylindrical workpieces, the height of the workpiece h 0 can't be more 2,5 diameter:

Rice. 3.12. Schemes of fall of a cylindrical eye without rubbing on the ends (a - ideal variant) and for obvious rubbing on the ends (b - real variant):

h oі h1- vykhіdny and kontsevy rozmіri fermented viroba; d- Diameter of the blank; d1- Diameter of the part; ∆h- Amount of fall; P- Zusilla fall down.

Visajuvannyaє fall off with a variety of species. With this metal, it is less likely to be upset on parts of the back of the workpiece (Fig. 3.13, a). Firmware - the operation of keeping an empty shell for a shell of a metal (Fig. 3.13, b) for an additional tool - firmware. For finishing the necessary form of the details, there are vicorist stamps (small 3.14).

Rice. 3.13. Hanging diagrams (a) and double-sided firmware (b).

Rice. 3.14. Scheme of stamping for underlay stamps.

Hot stamping- the same type of metal processing with a vice, when forming a forging from a heated billet, it is necessary to use an additional special tool called stamp. When stamping, overbig metal is surrounded by empty surfaces or protrusions in other parts of the stamp. At the end of the stamping process, the metal is occupied by the entire closed empty die (handles) as far as the configuration of the forging. For this hot volume stamping, it is possible to trim forgings of a folding configuration with minimal overlaps (or without them) and with smaller tolerances, lower when forging (Fig. 3.15).

Rice. 3.15. Stamping schemes for the closed (a) and closed (b) stamps: h zaz- Promіzhok.

For the presence or absence of the teaser, the stamps are divided (Fig. 3.15, a) and closed (Fig. 3.15, b).

Stamping is carried out on cold and hot (deposit due to the temperature of heating of blanks), molding, shaping, stitching, etc. (for the type of operations), molotov and press (for the type of stagnant possession).

The main parts of the stamp are the punch and the matrix. Stamps, recognized for hammer and crank-hot-stamping presses, are formed from the upper and lower parts, on the dotic surfaces of which there are struts for the subsequent shaping of the mold. Dies are made from carbon steel alloyed (mainly with chromium) die steels.

Stamping at the same stamps characterized by a change in the gap between the rough and unbreakable parts of the stamp. At the gap, a bully (obliy) is seen. The world has a change in the gap of metal, which is in the new, intensely cools down, increases between the flow of metal and increases the opir displacement of the tease. Zavdyaki to whom all the empty stamps are filled, and only excess metal is thrown into the teasing. Seizures are annually removed from special stamps.

When stamping in closed dies, the gap between the rough and indestructible parts of the stamp is sufficient for the perceptible movement of the parts to the stamp, but not for fixing the scuff. That is why, in order to get rid of the incompleteness of the blanks of the empty die, or the increase in the height of the forging, it is necessary to strictly trim the evenness of the obsyagiv of the metal and forgings.

Before stamping in closed dies, you can see the stamping in pressure. Hot stamping zastosovuetsya at large-series or mass production, allowing forgings of folding configuration with minimal overlaps and smaller (paired with standard methods) tolerances.

The productivity of stamping is significantly higher, lower forging. At the same hour, a stamp is an expensive tool, intended for the preparation of only one specific forging. Zusillya when stamping more, lower when forging the same forgings. Therefore, the mass of forgings, which are prepared for volume stamping, rarely exceeds 20 kg.

The main features for forging are stamping, forging and stamping grinding and pressing. Forged Hammer serve as scraps of metal workpieces by blows of falling particles. Behind the genus, the threshing drive will be steamed (Fig. 3.16, a), pneumatic (Fig. 3.16, b) mechanical, hydraulic.

Rice. 3.16. Principal schemes of hammers: a - steam-powdered: 1 - woman; 2 - straight; 3 - piston; 4 - cylinder for supplying steam; 5 - lower striker; b - pneumatic: 1 - working cylinder; 2 - compressor cylinder; 3 - piston of the compressor cylinder; 4 - connecting rod; 5 - shaft; 6,7 - upper and lower spools in the same way;

8 - piston of the working cylinder; 9 - a woman of a hammer; 10 - upper striker; 11 - lower striker.

Paropovіtryanі thresh(Div. Fig. 3.16, a) be driven in pairs or squeezed under a pressure of 0.7 ... 0.9 MPa. Babi moving 1 shodo direct 2 vіdbuvaєtsya with Russian piston 3 pіd dієyu stifled bet chi povіtrya. When applying a bet (or again) at the upper empty cylinder, the falling parts move down and give a blow to the workpiece, placed on the lower striker 5. When applying a bet (or a squeezed wind) to the lower empty cylinder, the falling parts rise at the top position.

Pneumatic grinder(Div. Fig. 3.16, b) avenge two cylinders: robot worker 1 and compressor 2. Piston 3 compressor cylinder is moved by a connecting rod 4 view of the crank shaft 5. When it comes again, it squeezes hard (P = 0.3 MPa) at the upper or lower empty cylinders and when pressed on the pedal or the handle, which opens the spools 6 i 7, fit near the working cylinder 1. Working cylinder dіє on the piston 8. Piston at once with a massive rod 9 at once, with a woman of a hammer, in which the upper striker is creaking 10, When the falling parts move down, the upper striker hits the blanks, which are placed on the lower, unruly striker. 11.

The base of the sledgehammer (shabot) has a mass, which in 8 - 15 times overwhelms the mass of falling particles. Shabots of stamping hammers are more massive - 20-30 times more than the mass of falling elements. This ensures high KKD impact (η = 0.8 ... 0.9) and high precision of the stamping parts. In addition, for tsієї well meti threshing, it is possible to strengthen the regulation of the guides for the ruhu woman.

Behind the way the robots are divided grind simpleі subway diy. In the hammers of a simple fire, the falling part (woman) falls freely under the influx of its own gravity, and in the hammers of the underhand fire, it is additionally torn apart. The speed of female high-moisture hammers can reach 25 m/s, and the speed of great hammers is 3...6 m/s.

Paropovіtryanі kuvalnі threshing the weight of falling particles is 500 ... 5000 kg, and stamping - 500 ... 30,000 kg. Forgings weighing 20 ... 2000 kg are made on sledgehammers, as a rule, from rolled blanks or from gold pieces. The maximum mass of stamped forgings is 1000 kg.

At the carefree steam threshing hammers, the shabot is replaced by a lower, rumbly woman, connected with an upper woman by a mechanical or hydraulic sound.

The necessary hammer is to be selected on the basis of the rozrahunka or for the final tables.

Crank punch presses may be a constant head, which is older than the sub-radius of the crank (Fig. 3.17). Stamping on crank presses is characterized by high productivity and height accuracy of workpieces. Harvesting is made with a stamp during the turning movement of the upper part of the yogo for the help of the vishtov-huvachs. Zavdyaki tsyomu manually stamped in closed stamps for the purpose of embedding and stitching.

Rice. 3.17. Scheme of a crank stamping press: 1 - punch; 2 - emphasis; 3 - drive;

4 - electric motor; 5 – rukhliva matrix; 6 - drive shaft; 7 - head runner;

8 - cover; 9 - crank shaft; 10 - wings; 11.12 - upper and lower strikers.

Cranks stamping presses 6.3 ... 100 MN successfully replace stamping grinders with a mass of parts 630 ... 10000 kg. Prot vartіst crank hot stamping press 3 - 4 times more for the varіst equivalent to the technological capabilities of the hammer.

Horizontal forge machines(GKM) (Fig. 3.18) to make stamps that are made up of three parts: indestructible matrix 3, sub-movable matrix 5 punch 1, that grow at two mutually perpendicular planes.

Rice. 3.18. DKM scheme

rod 4 with a heated dilyanka, slaughtered to a punch, lay a matrix at the indestructible 3. The position of the bar is fixed with an emphasis 2. When the GCM is turned on, the matrix 5 presses the bar to a non-destructive matrix, emphasis 2 kill, and the punch 1 hitting the protruding part of the bar, deforming it. The operation of the GCM is explained by the kinematic diagram shown in Fig. 3.19.

Rice. 3.19. Kinematic diagram of a horizontal sledge machine: 1 - ruhliva

cheek; 2 - the system of importances; 3 - pozzun; 4 - crumbling cams; 5 - connecting rod;

6 - crank shaft; 7 - head jack.

Head carrier 7, which carries the punch, is aimed at the crank shaft 6 for help connecting rod 5. Rukhliva schok 1 aim at the wind from the whip 3 system of important 2. Bichny pozzun collapses with fists 4, mounted on the ends of the crank shaft 6. Horizontal sledgehammers will sound from zusillya up to 30 MN. The main operations that are carried out on the GCM are hanging, flashing and punching.

Stamping on the GCM can be done for a few passages in four strings, the axis of which is horizontally one over one. Leather crossing is counted for one working run of the machine.

Diya hydraulic press based on the law of hydrostatic pressure of Pascal, which was in 1698. pointing out that “a vessel filled with water is a new machine for increasing strength at the light step” (Fig. 3.20). The current hydraulic presses for stamping (Fig. 3.21) reach 750 MN.

Rice. 3.20. Diagram explaining Pascal's law.

Rice. 3.21. Principal diagram of a hydraulic press.

Sheet stamping it is recognized for the production of various flat and open arms, such as facing car parts, aircraft parts, rockets and other folding arms. Sheet stamping zastosovuyut in the automotive, aviation, electrical industry, tractor production, auxiliaries and others.

Sheet stamping reduces the cost of cutting work, ensuring high accuracy and productivity (up to 40 thousand parts per change from one machine). Like blanks of vicory leaf, smuga or stitch. Tovshchina of blanks ring out without revisiting S≤ 10 mm.

As a rule, with sheet stamping, plastic deformation, which ensures the necessary shape and size, takes off only a part of the workpiece. Tovshchina of walls of stamped details of a troch is vіdrіznyaєtsya vіd tovshchina of blanks. Operations, in which the shape and size of the workpiece are changed without ruinuvannya її in the process of deformation, are called formative. Pro peppers, which mean the destruction of the harvested material, are called separate.

Before the forming operations of sheet stamping, bending, drawing, flanging, crimping, distribution and other. (Figure 3.22).

Rice. 3.22. Sheet stamping operations: a - crochet; b - drawstring; in - vіdbortuvannya;

g - crimp; d - distribution.

Gnuchka(Figure 3.22, a) zastosovuєtsya change curvature harvested practically without changing її linear dimensions. AT As a result of such deformation, part of the workpiece is rotated at some other time on the right side. Plastic deformation during bending occurs on the narrow gap, which is in contact with the punch.

When cutting, it is not allowed to ruin the material, fix cracks, folds. The most weak point is the deformation zone of stretching at the outer ball of the part on the rounded punch hole. When changing the radius of rounding R prepared to the tovshchina S growth deformation. Therefore, in order to prevent the appearance of cracks, folds, or the ruining of the preparations, they surround minimum dimensions radius of rounded punch: R min =(0,1 ...2) S.

Vityazhka(Div. Fig. 3.22, b) It consists in stretching the workpiece through the opening of the matrix, moreover, the flat workpiece is converted to an empty splay, and the open workpiece has a change in transverse dimensions (Fig. 3.23). The drawstring can be zd_ysnyuvatisya without sinking or sinking of the wall of the workpiece.

Rice. 3.23. Drawing scheme: 1 - matrix with working diameter D m that radius is rounded R m; 2 – finished product; 3 - pressure; 4 - punch with working diameter D p that radius is rounded R p; 5-preparation for a drawstring with a diameter D that bustler S.

Formozmina at vytyazhtsі (Fig. 3.23) evaluate the change in diameter D3 blanks (disc type, flange) up to diameter d selected parts for the type of cylinder, which is called the draw factor:

Up to n = D3/d

When fighting without vimiryuvannya comrade walls gap z between a punch and a matrix can be more s prepared: z= (1,1 ... 1,3)S. In the event of a change of the wall of the wall, in one transition, it can be changed by 1.5-2 times, with which the gap between the punch and the matrix is ​​\u200b\u200bguilty of less than the wall of the wall, and the walls of the wall will be larger. To zastosovuyte a sweatshirt with sweat for the adoption of the security of the warehouse, as well as for the selection of parts with walls, the tovshchina of such mensha for the tovshchina of the day.

Zusillya draws at the moment, if the workpiece is full of the edge of the matrix, which is rounded, it can be assigned to the formula:

P vit \u003d 2πR m SQ p max

de Q p max- Correction of the material of the workpiece in case of a complete examination.

At boarding part of the workpiece, which is between the frontally punched opening, is pressed into the matrix, with this expansion of the opening it expands, and this workpiece of the workpiece is filled with a cylindrical shape (div. Fig. 3.22, in). It is admissible without ruining the increase in the diameter of the opening when it is beaded to lie in the mechanical power of the material of the workpiece and the її vodnosnoy comrades. s/d Q and warehouse d/d Q= 1.2. 1.8, de dQ- primary diameter of the workpiece.

At obtisk(Div. Fig. 3.22, G) an empty thin-walled cylindrical workpiece is fed into the die opening, as a result of which a change in the transverse dimensions occurs.

When distributing(Div. Fig. 3.22, e) the punch is passed into an empty thin-walled cylindrical billet, and the transverse expansion increases in the middle of the deformation. When looking at the stressed and deformed mills in the middle of the deformation, when analyzing the operations of sheet stamping, it sounds corrosive in the polar coordinate system with the pole, which bends with the center of curvature of the middle surface of the workpiece at the moment of deformation (Fig. 3.24).

Rice. 3.24. Scheme of tension during sheet stamping: R n - the outer radius of the workpiece before deformation; R n - changing radius in the polar coordinate system; r vn - internal diameter of the part; σ - stresses; ε – deformations; index ρ, θ і z be seen

to radial, tangential and axial parameters, obviously.

In the formative operations of sheet stamping, dotichhnі stresses are perceptibly small and so take, that the direc- tions of normal stresses σ p і σ θ zbіgayutsya with the head voltages of the tensor, tobto є head voltages. At rBH/s > 5 accept ρ p ≈ r BH + s/2.

Deformations in sheet stamping operations are affected if the stresses σ p і σ θ vіdpovіdat border camp (mind plasticity). In the field of minds, the workpieces are made in various sheet stamping operations of the scheme of the stressed mill and the signs of the stresses σ p and σ θ in the middle of the deformation can be different. In the operations of stretching and cutting, the tensions and p are stretched, and in the operations of pressing and distribution, they are squeezed. Voltages?

Rice. 3.25. Wash the border camp with a flat

stressed out

On fig. 3.25 graphical representation of the boundary mill with a flat stressed mill (at the ellipse and six-piece in coordinates σ s - σ θ) and a scheme of operations is drawn, deforming the workpiece in which it is formed with the signs of the stresses corresponding to the sing quadrants.

Mayuchi bazhannya change old look of a car, or simply having stumbled over the need to replace the wheels, the car owner faces a dilemma, which type of disks should win. And the shards today's market Literally perepovneniya different models іmenih i zovsіm nevіdomih virobnikіv, we'll try to help you with the cherry nutrition. Otzhe, if the disks are more beautiful, and why is it important?

See car rims

Let's take a look different types automobile disks, the superiority and quality of such materials can be deposited directly in the material, which is victorious during their preparation, as well as the method of selection.

Stamped discs

Budget cars in bulk configurations are most often equipped with stamped wheel disks, steel rims. Similar models are made from metal rolled sheets of singing comrade. At the same time, the blanks for the matochine and the rims in a hot mill are finely mixed with a press, after which the mold is prepared for the additional brewing.
In this case, the choice of rolled steel guarantees the discs high strength and plasticity, which is the main advantage of such models. With a strong blow, the stench does not crack, but bend, which allows you to carry out restoration or repair, to build without using a special tool and that possession.
However, it is impossible to state unequivocally that stamped disks are insanely better for their expensive counterparts, but the oscillations of their small varsity and maintainability are significant, which increases the depreciation of the suspension, which reduces the economy and comfort of the ride. For the very same reason, all stamped models may have special openings that allow them to be lowered. In addition, steel wheel disks are 2-3 times more important than light alloys in this case.

It is also necessary to remember that the steel is slender to corrosion, as it is possible to bring the disk into inapplicability in just a couple of years of operation. To avoid steel wheels, cover them with a special varnish or a primer, yak, vtim, not building a perfect zahisniy ball.
Well, one more shortcoming can be called an old design, which rarely harmonizes with the exterior of a modern transport system.

Lithium disks

Buying a new car should be named, which disks should be recognized. When the majority of experts recommend to pay, naturally, for the obviousness of finances.
Light-alloy models are prepared after the addition of the classical casting, if the alloy is poured at the back of the mold. When choosing a similar method between the disc and the rim, it will be leveled again, which will increase the durability and strength of the design.

The material for light-alloy discs is an aluminum alloy, titanium or magnesium can be included in the stock. Litі modelі significantly overturn for mіtsnіstyu stamped analogues, shards of їhnya between deformations are clearly more visible. In other words, to damage such a wheel, the necessary energy to strike is to be reduced by 3-5 times.
On the other side, the plasticity of metal of color metals is lower, lower in steel. And this aspect provokes great difficulties, as it is necessary. You can’t get by with handy tools. The required complex of professional robots, which includes hot rolling, argon charging, winding, etc. Before that, when heated, metal lithium disks change the molecular structure. As a result, the wheel wears out, and often becomes unacceptable for the ignoble victorious.

Litі disks, zavdjaki to that scho mayut small vag, secure a high level of reliability, security, comfort and economy, not seeming already about those who stench look miraculous. In addition, it is not afraid of corrosion, for a little bit of models of alloys with magnesium, like a vlog, the vlogs are step by step ruining, as if it were daily, or it’s badly covered with a bagatosharov.
Before the model changes, it is also possible to determine the geometric accuracy of the preparation, which will improve the car's curvature.

Forged wheels

It is immediately obvious that the mechanical forging, for which the given samples are prepared, there is nothing to be done by hand. In fact, this is the same stamping, with which the replacement of the sheet casting is made of light-alloy blanks. The main vіdmіnіst vіd vіd vіdnіnnya sіlіvіv іv polagaє vykoristanny vysokї ї temperatura і zastosuvannya іnshih forms.

Forged discs are made from alloys of color metals, at the warehouse of those alloys, some high-component components (titanium or magnesium) are significantly more valuable. At that hour, as a littya may be on the damage of the molecular structure of the metal, after the first remelting, when forging the heated workpiece, this is not observed. As a result, the discs become more powerful, durable and superb. Practice has shown that a strong blow, taking away an hour of travel, more damaging the car's suspension, lowering the integrity of a forged disk.

You can remember the price of forged and lithic mills at their machi. The first ones will be lighter by 10-25%, which will allow them to demonstrate better economy and comfort, as well as to ensure less bearing wear.
Fakhivtsi, hut, pusy Kovani Kolisni wheels of licha is one short -lived, pushale at the temple of Wartosta Virobu, and the lecture of the technology process of the vigle.

Chose what?

Wow, if you live in the city and travel all the way along good roads, but you don’t want to spend your money - the best option become lithium wheels. Tim is more, that the automakers of this year promote impersonal and similar models at an affordable price, the best of all European, Russian and Pivdenno-Korean varieties, and the largest, obviously, Chinese and Turkish.

Tim, who loves speed and does not create a building otherwise, should be attracted to forged disks, as if they could have more strength and less weight. In addition, it is likely that connoisseurs of tuning and people who may have high incomes will love.

When it comes to stamping steel discs, they are most often chosen for driving on roads with filthy pavements, vikoristo as a replacement for cast models in the winter season, and also for equipping cars a la "robot horse". CDs are inexpensive, and allow repair without third party help inspire in the minds of the sexes.